{"id":685,"date":"2021-11-23T11:14:55","date_gmt":"2021-11-23T10:14:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.declaration-langues-langage.net\/?page_id=685"},"modified":"2021-11-23T11:26:19","modified_gmt":"2021-11-23T10:26:19","slug":"appel-a-la-traduction-temp","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.declaration-langues-langage.net\/index.php\/appel-a-la-traduction-temp\/","title":{"rendered":"APPEL A LA TRADUCTION TEMP"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"685\" class=\"elementor elementor-685\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-92bcbfc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"92bcbfc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d1cde41\" data-id=\"d1cde41\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7539129a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7539129a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-667a6372\" data-id=\"667a6372\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-454278c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"454278c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">APPEL \u00c0 LA TRADUCTION<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73307176 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"73307176\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"Haut\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-462fdd22 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"462fdd22\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-308e45df\" data-id=\"308e45df\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b2a9925 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7b2a9925\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\">T\u00e9l\u00e9charger le texte de&nbsp;<br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.declaration-langues-langage.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/appel-traduction-declaration-langues-langages.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">L&rsquo;appel \u00e0 la traduction<\/a><br>&nbsp;(format PDF)&nbsp;<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47f693cc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47f693cc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-18e2cbcf\" data-id=\"18e2cbcf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ea156fb elementor-tabs-view-vertical elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"4ea156fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1311\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1311\" aria-expanded=\"false\">FRAN\u00c7AIS<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1312\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1312\" aria-expanded=\"false\">GALICIEN<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1313\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1313\" aria-expanded=\"false\">ALBANAIS<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1314\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1314\" aria-expanded=\"false\">ARABE<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1315\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1315\" aria-expanded=\"false\">OCCITAN<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1316\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1316\" aria-expanded=\"false\">JAPONAIS<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1317\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1317\" aria-expanded=\"false\">CASTILLAN<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1318\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1318\" aria-expanded=\"false\">ITALIEN<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1319\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1319\" aria-expanded=\"false\">ASSYRIEN<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-13110\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"10\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-13110\" aria-expanded=\"false\">POLONAIS<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-13111\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"11\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-13111\" aria-expanded=\"false\">ENGLISH<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-13112\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"12\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-13112\" aria-expanded=\"false\">HE\u0301BREU<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-13113\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"13\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-13113\" aria-expanded=\"false\">PORTUGAIS<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1311\" aria-expanded=\"false\">FRAN\u00c7AIS<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1311\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1311\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">INTRODUCTION <\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">\u00e0 la lecture de la <em>Proposition<\/em> <br \/>d\u2019Henri MESCHONNIC<br \/>P<em>our une<\/em> <em>D\u00e9claration sur les Devoirs envers les Langues et le Langage<\/em> et<strong> APPEL<\/strong> \u00e0 sa traduction en 1000 langues (pour dire beaucoup).<\/span><\/p><p>Cette proposition a \u00e9t\u00e9 command\u00e9e \u00e0 Henri MESCHONNIC par le Carrefour Culturel Arnaud-Bernard (Toulouse, France) qui travaillait depuis plusieurs ann\u00e9es, pour le <em>Forom des Langues du<\/em> <em>Monde<\/em>, \u00e0 l\u2019examen critique de diverses d\u00e9clarations ou propositions internationales dans ce domaine.<\/p><ol><li>MESCHONNIC a pens\u00e9 et r\u00e9dig\u00e9 cette proposition sur la base de sa r\u00e9flexion personnelle sur les langues et le langage ainsi que sur celle de sa d\u00e9couverte, au <em>Forom des Langues du<\/em> <em>Monde<\/em> dont il a \u00e9t\u00e9 le principal intervenant de 1994 \u00e0 2008, du projet lanc\u00e9 par le Carrefour d\u2019une <em>\u00ab D\u00e9claration universelle des droits pour les langues et les cultures\u00a0\u00bb<\/em> (pens\u00e9e comme compl\u00e9ment indispensable de la D\u00e9claration Universelle des Droits de l\u2019Homme), projet repris par de nombreux membres d\u2019 associations impliqu\u00e9es, dans leurs pays d\u2019origine et au <em>Forom<\/em> (plus de cent cinquante langues y ont \u00e9t\u00e9 repr\u00e9sent\u00e9es depuis ses d\u00e9buts) dans la d\u00e9fense et l\u2019illustration de leurs langues et de leurs cultures.<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>C&rsquo;est dans le cadre <\/strong>de notre r\u00e9flexion et de notre action en faveur <strong>de la culture occitane <\/strong>que nous avons invent\u00e9 le <em>Forom<\/em> des Langues du Monde \u00e0 Toulouse il y a 28 ans, et c\u2019est toujours dans ce cadre que nous avons pens\u00e9 la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de cette D\u00e9claration, estimant que la question occitane, de par la situation et l\u2019histoire de la langue\/culture occitane, exigeait des r\u00e9ponses plus larges que celles concernant des droits politiques nationaux ou r\u00e9gionaux, et notamment une prise en compte du r\u00f4le essentiel de la litt\u00e9rature et de la cr\u00e9ation culturelle et artistique sous toutes leurs formes, ce qui nous a rapproch\u00e9s du Pen-Club de Langue d\u2019Oc. On voit ici que H. MESCHONNIC nous a tr\u00e8s bien compris et est all\u00e9 bien plus loin que notre demande.<\/p><p>D\u00e8s 2006, nous avons donn\u00e9 ce texte \u00e0 traduire \u00e0 un certain nombre de personnes repr\u00e9sentant, au <em>Forom<\/em> des Langues, des associations de langues-cultures.<\/p><p>Nous avons relanc\u00e9 cette demande cette ann\u00e9e. Nous vous donnerons quelques traductions sur demande. D\u2019autres arriveront peu \u00e0 peu, et nous vous les enverrons. Celles que nous vous donnons et celles que nous vous donnerons ne sont bien entendu pas, pour nous, des documents d\u00e9finitifs, mais au contraire des documents de travail, vecteurs d\u2019\u00e9changes entre tous ceux qui s\u2019int\u00e9resseront \u00e0 ce texte et voudront le faire connaitre dans la r\u00e9daction qu\u2019ils estimeront la meilleure. Vecteurs d\u2019un travail infini, puisque, outre le fait que cette <em>Proposition de<\/em> <em>D\u00e9claration<\/em> pourra nourrir longtemps des conversations, sur ce qu\u2019il dit et donc sur comment il dit, les changements de situations des langues et des cultures pourront par la suite faire appara\u00eetre d\u2019autres interpr\u00e9tations de certains passages, \u00e0 retraduire donc. De plus, toutes les \u00e9ventuelles propositions d\u2019amendements ou d\u2019enrichissements de ce texte seront les bienvenues, et nous les soumettrons \u00e0 l\u2019examen de <strong>tous<\/strong> nos correspondants. Et feront l\u2019objet de d\u00e9bats publics au <em>Forom <\/em>comme \u00e0 notre <em>Universit\u00e9 Occitane de Lagu\u00e9pie<\/em> (France) ainsi, nous l\u2019esp\u00e9rons, que dans les nombreux <em>Forums <\/em>ou <em>F\u00eates des Langues<\/em> avec lesquelles nous collaborons.<\/p><p>Claude SICRE, Pr\u00e9sident du Carrefour Culturel Arnaud-Bernard,<br \/>concepteur du <em>Forom des Langues du Monde<\/em><em>.<\/em> Printemps 2019.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u00a0<span style=\"font-family: 'arial black', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">&#8211; &#8211; &#8211;<\/span><\/strong><br \/><span style=\"font-family: 'arial black', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>\u00a0&#8211; &#8211; &#8211;<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>Introduction d&rsquo;Henri Meschonnic<\/strong><\/span><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><p>Le pr\u00e9ambule de la \u00ab\u00a0<em>D\u00e9claration des Droits de l\u2019Homme et du Citoyen<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb de 1789 tenait \u00e0 rappeler \u00ab\u00a0\u00e0 tous les membres du corps social (\u2026) sans cesse leurs droits et leurs devoirs \u00bb. \u00c0 voir le monde aujourd\u2019hui, il n\u2019y a rien de chang\u00e9, sinon que, comme le disait ce pr\u00e9ambule, \u00ab\u00a0l\u2019ignorance, l\u2019oubli ou le m\u00e9pris des droits de l\u2019homme\u00a0\u00bb se sont beaucoup aggrav\u00e9s. Mauvais \u00e9tat g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s.<br \/>D\u2019o\u00f9 l\u2019urgence d\u2019inventer un rapport entre l\u2019\u00e9thique et la politique qui est encore une utopie. Le paradoxe du langage est que c\u2019est par lui, par lui seul que peut passer ce rapport. Or c\u2019est le lieu d\u2019une m\u00e9connaissance maximale. Et par le langage, j\u2019entends la fonction d\u2019expression de la pens\u00e9e, et une langue est un syst\u00e8me social de signes. Les implications ne sont pas les m\u00eames.<br \/>D\u00e9fendre le langage\u00a0? Mais il n\u2019est pas attaqu\u00e9. C\u2019est pire\u00a0: il est m\u00e9connu sans m\u00eame qu\u2019on le sache. Mais comment\u00a0? Avec tant d\u2019\u00e9tudes et de savoir. Justement, c\u2019est ce qui est paradoxal, tout ce savoir ne sait pas qu\u2019il produit de l\u2019ignorance, une ignorance sp\u00e9cifique, et il emp\u00eache de la savoir. Question de point de vue. Il y a un point aveugle dans le statut du langage, et ce point est vital. En quoi ce n\u2019est pas le langage qui est menac\u00e9, c\u2019est chacun de nous.<\/p><p>Parce que c\u2019est d\u2019abord et toujours avec les mots qu\u2019on agit, qu\u2019on fait mal, et la question de la d\u00e9fense des langues n\u2019est que l\u2019aspect ostensible d\u2019une ignorance, d\u2019un oubli et d\u2019un m\u00e9pris qu\u2019on ne mesure pas, qu\u2019on ne conna\u00eet pas, parce que toute notre culture humaniste n\u2019a pas appris \u00e0 les reconna\u00eetre.<br \/>C\u2019est que le langage n\u2019est pas seulement le lieu et la mati\u00e8re de la communication, il est avant cela m\u00eame, et pour cela, le lieu et la mati\u00e8re de la constitution de chaque \u00eatre humain dans son histoire. Le langage est donc indissociablement mati\u00e8re \u00e9thique et mati\u00e8re politique. Et mati\u00e8re \u00e9pique au sens o\u00f9 s\u2019y constituent les aventures de la voix humaine.<br \/>C\u2019est en tant que mati\u00e8re \u00e9thique qu\u2019il est mati\u00e8re artistique. Parce que c\u2019est en lui que nous inventons, o\u00f9 l\u2019art, tous les arts, jouent un r\u00f4le fondateur. Et m\u00e9connu. Le probl\u00e8me de la d\u00e9fense des langues d\u00e9borde donc infiniment ce qui est mis en avant, et isol\u00e9, comme si c\u2019\u00e9tait isolable, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire la question du droit, et la question des langues.<br \/>Au lieu de mettre en avant de mani\u00e8re simpliste, parce qu\u2019elle semble crever les yeux, l\u2019h\u00e9g\u00e9monie \u00e9conomique et politique d\u2019une langue sur les autres, il devrait s\u2019imposer que le probl\u00e8me majeur, d\u2019autant plus vital qu\u2019il est m\u00e9connu, pour d\u00e9fendre les langues, est l\u2019incommensurable ignorance de la pens\u00e9e du langage, qui n\u2019est enseign\u00e9e nulle part, et qui s\u2019\u00e9tale dans le r\u00e9ductionnisme et la r\u00e9gionalisation qui marquent le traitement du langage dans notre culture. Dans toutes les cultures.<br \/>En ce sens, c\u2019est tout un proc\u00e8s de civilisation, et m\u00eame une sorte de r\u00e9volution culturelle qu\u2019il y aurait \u00e0 penser, \u00e0 r\u00e9aliser, pour penser et pratiquer des rapports entre langue et culture, entre langue et litt\u00e9rature, entre langage, art, \u00e9thique et politique, qui ne sont ni pens\u00e9s ni pratiqu\u00e9s. \u00c9tant donn\u00e9 ce qui est en jeu dans le langage d\u2019histoires individuelles et collectives, on peut dire qu\u2019il n\u2019y a rien de plus profond et de plus vital pour les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s, et pour la civilisation, que le sens du langage.<br \/>Ce sens est \u00e0 lui seul le pr\u00e9ambule d\u2019une d\u00e9claration universelle des droits du langage. C\u2019est-\u00e0-dire des devoirs de l\u2019enseignement des langues, de l\u2019enseignement des rapports entre langage et soci\u00e9t\u00e9, de l\u2019enseignement des litt\u00e9ratures, de l\u2019enseignement de l\u2019\u00e9thique et de l\u2019enseignement de la philosophie politique, tous ces enseignements dans leur interaction.<\/p><p>\u00c0 en juger par l\u2019\u00e9tat actuel des sciences sociales dans le monde, des sciences du langage, et des disciplines universitaires dans leur r\u00e9gionalisation, sans oublier les enseignements primaire et secondaire, il s\u2019agit l\u00e0 d\u2019un programme onirique\u00a0? C\u2019est pourtant la situation actuelle qui est un mauvais r\u00eave. De plus, il y a une urgence. Il va y avoir, au printemps 2004, un Forum international des langues et des cultures \u00e0 Barcelone. Ce sera une rencontre mondiale de la plus grande importance. Elle a toutes chances de reconduire la D\u00e9claration universelle des droits linguistiques issue de la Conf\u00e9rence mondiale des droits linguistiques tenue \u00e0 Barcelone en 1996. Or cette D\u00e9claration est exclusivement juridique. Elle ne conna\u00eet que les notions de langue et de groupe linguistique. Ces notions courantes sont l\u00e9gitimes, mais tout \u00e0 fait insuffisantes, par leur carence de toute conception g\u00e9n\u00e9rale du langage, sans la moindre mention de son enseignement, qu\u2019on devrait rendre partout obligatoire. D\u2019o\u00f9 une grande pauvret\u00e9 de la notion m\u00eame de la langue, r\u00e9duite \u00e0 la communication.<br \/>Le compl\u00e9ment indispensable \u00e0 ce juridisme doit donc \u00eatre une pens\u00e9e d\u2019ensemble des liens entre le langage, l\u2019art, l\u2019\u00e9thique et la pens\u00e9e de la politique. Cela ne pourrait que renforcer l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 et le sens des revendications.<br \/>Il semble alors que le r\u00f4le urgent et sp\u00e9cifique des Forums des langues du monde qui se sont r\u00e9pandus en France \u00e0 partir du Forum des langues de Toulouse depuis 1992, devrait \u00eatre de combler cette carence de la pens\u00e9e, et d\u2019apporter une r\u00e9flexion d\u2019ensemble qui pourrait caract\u00e9riser une contribution fran\u00e7aise, et qui constituerait dans l\u2019id\u00e9e forte qu\u2019on ne d\u00e9fend pas les langues sans une pens\u00e9e d\u2019ensemble du langage et de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">Henri Meschonnic<br \/>Carrefour Culturel Arnaud-Bernard<\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: 'arial black', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">&#8211; &#8211; &#8211;<\/span><\/strong><br \/><span style=\"font-family: 'arial black', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>&#8211; &#8211; &#8211;<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><em>Proposition pour une D\u00e9claration sur les Devoirs <\/em><em>envers les Langues et le Langage<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p>Texte propos\u00e9 au Forom des langues le 28 mai 2006, Place du Capitole \u00e0 Toulouse, par Henri Meschonnic, Professeur \u00e9m\u00e9rite de linguistique \u00e0 l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 Paris-8, po\u00e8te, traducteur de la Bible, essayiste\u00a0:<\/p><p>Art. 1<\/p><p>Il y a d&rsquo;abord une sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 \u00e0 reconna\u00eetre aux choses du langage. Cette sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 fait qu&rsquo;on ne saurait simplement reporter sur ces questions le calque des d\u00e9clarations connues sur les droits des \u00eatres humains et des collectivit\u00e9s.<\/p><p>Se prononcer sur des droits suppose aussi de se prononcer sur des devoirs. L&rsquo;un et l&rsquo;autre pr\u00e9suppose une pens\u00e9e de ce que sont et de ce que font les langues. Mais cette pens\u00e9e semble plus active, envisag\u00e9e en termes de devoirs.<\/p><p>La sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 des choses du langage suppose elle-m\u00eame une pens\u00e9e sp\u00e9cifique. Pour tenir tous les \u00e9l\u00e9ments que cette pens\u00e9e suppose il est n\u00e9cessaire de postuler que cette pens\u00e9e doit \u00eatre une critique perp\u00e9tuelle de sa propre histoire, sous peine de ne pas penser son objet, mais de s&rsquo;identifier \u00e0 telle ou telle id\u00e9e re\u00e7ue concernant les langues et la langue.<\/p><p>La premi\u00e8re chose \u00e0 reconna\u00eetre est que penser les langues suppose de penser ce qu&rsquo;est une langue, ce qu&rsquo;est la langue, et en quoi consiste historiquement et dans son \u00e9tat pr\u00e9sent la pens\u00e9e de la langue.<\/p><p>Penser la langue soit se borne \u00e0 ne concevoir que la langue, que de la langue, et la cons\u00e9quence en est l&rsquo;isolement de la langue hors des pratiques sociales du langage dans toute leur diversit\u00e9, ce qui est certainement la plus mauvaise situation qu&rsquo;on puisse concevoir pour savoir ce qu&rsquo;est et ce que fait une langue, et pour la d\u00e9fendre.<\/p><p>Art. 2<\/p><p>Il s&rsquo;impose donc de se repr\u00e9senter que pour d\u00e9fendre une langue, et savoir pr\u00e9alablement les imites de ce que signifie la notion de langue elle-m\u00eame, il faut une th\u00e9orie d&rsquo;ensemble du langage.<\/p><p>En quoi il y a \u00e0 r\u00e9fl\u00e9chir autrement que selon le pur mod\u00e8le institutionnel que propose la \u00abD\u00e9claration universelle des droits linguistiques\u00bb de Barcelone, de juin 1996, qui ne porte que sur les langues, et montre par l\u00e0 les limites de sa pens\u00e9e du langage.<\/p><p>Une telle th\u00e9orie d&rsquo;ensemble implique une r\u00e9flexion sur les r\u00f4les, les activit\u00e9s et les forces du langage dans toutes les pratiques sociales \u2013 une th\u00e9orie des rapports entre la langue et le discours, entre la notion de discours et une th\u00e9orie des sujets, entre une th\u00e9orie des sujets et l&rsquo;art, l&rsquo;\u00e9thique, le politique, car c&rsquo;est tout cela qu&rsquo;implique la notion de sujet.<\/p><p>La langue n&rsquo;est donc pas l&rsquo;affaire des linguistes seuls, ni des politiques seuls. L&rsquo;histoire de la politique des langues n&rsquo;est pas seulement une histoire politique. Elle inclut des \u00e9l\u00e9ments qui tiennent aussi \u00e0 l&rsquo;art, \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9thique, \u00e0 l&rsquo;histoire sociale. Penser la politique des langues suppose donc cette th\u00e9orie d&rsquo;ensemble, cette tenue ins\u00e9parable du langage, de l&rsquo;art, de l&rsquo;\u00e9thique et du politique pour penser les rapports entre langage et soci\u00e9t\u00e9. Sinon on reste ou on retombe dans une pens\u00e9e de la langue seule, et de la politique seule, ce qui imm\u00e9diatement m\u00e8ne \u00e0 m\u00e9conna\u00eetre le r\u00f4le de l&rsquo;art dans la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, le r\u00f4le de l&rsquo;\u00e9thique dans la politique, donc \u00e0 m\u00e9conna\u00eetre la libert\u00e9 des sujets.<\/p><p>Art. 3<\/p><p>Tenir ensemble une pens\u00e9e du langage et des sujets doit pour cela travailler \u00e0 une critique de l&rsquo;opposition entre identit\u00e9 et alt\u00e9rit\u00e9, pour penser au contraire l&rsquo;interaction historique constante entre identit\u00e9 et alt\u00e9rit\u00e9.<\/p><p>Penser la pluralit\u00e9 des langues et l&rsquo;interaction entre les langues suppose donc de penser l&rsquo;identit\u00e9 par l&rsquo;alt\u00e9rit\u00e9.<\/p><p>Art. 4<\/p><p>Pour penser l&rsquo;identit\u00e9 par l&rsquo;alt\u00e9rit\u00e9, il est indispensable de penser l&rsquo;action des arts du langage particuli\u00e8rement, et de l&rsquo;art plus g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement, sur les transformations des modes de pens\u00e9e, de sensibilit\u00e9 et de compr\u00e9hension, donc sur la pens\u00e9e du langage et des langues.<\/p><p>Art. 5<\/p><p>O\u00f9 il importe de reconna\u00eetre un r\u00f4le privil\u00e9gi\u00e9 aux pratiques et \u00e0 la pens\u00e9e du traduire, ce qui impose \u00e0 son tour de repenser le traduire en fonction d&rsquo;une reconnaissance des arts de la pens\u00e9e, et non plus seulement comme un passage de langue \u00e0 langue, mais de discours \u00e0 discours, et \u00e9ventuellement de syst\u00e8me de discours \u00e0 syst\u00e8me de discours. Sinon, c&rsquo;est la m\u00e9connaissance habituelle, masqu\u00e9e par la bonne conscience des truismes accomplis, et qui ne voit pas que les traductions sont des effa\u00e7antes. Effa\u00e7antes des cultures, effa\u00e7antes des sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9s, effa\u00e7antes des diff\u00e9rences.<\/p><p>Ce qui suppose \u00e0 son tour qu&rsquo;une th\u00e9orie du traduire ne peut pas plus \u00eatre isol\u00e9e et pr\u00e9tendument autonome que la th\u00e9orie du langage n&rsquo;est r\u00e9ductible \u00e0 la seule notion de langue. Cette pr\u00e9tendue autonomie n&rsquo;\u00e9tant rien d&rsquo;autre que sa situation traditionnelle dans l&rsquo;herm\u00e9neutique, le sens, le signe. D&rsquo;o\u00f9 l&rsquo;effa\u00e7ante.<\/p><p>Art. 6<\/p><p>En quoi il y a lieu de reconna\u00eetre aussi qu&rsquo;un ennemi des langues, et peut-\u00eatre le premier ennemi des langues, n&rsquo;est pas l&rsquo;h\u00e9g\u00e9monie culturelle-\u00e9conomique-politique de telle ou telle langue, mais d&rsquo;abord la pens\u00e9e qui r\u00e9duit le langage \u00e0 la langue, et qui s\u00e9pare la langue de l&rsquo;art, de la culture, de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, de l&rsquo;\u00e9thique et du politique pour ne l&rsquo;envisager que dans son isolement \u2013 ind\u00e9pendamment de l&rsquo;\u00e9tude technique de ses fonctionnements qui, en tant que telle, a sa l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 dans son objet m\u00eame, \u00e0 condition d&rsquo;en reconna\u00eetre les limites.<\/p><p>Art. 7<\/p><p>La reconnaissance de l&rsquo;identit\u00e9 par l&rsquo;alt\u00e9rit\u00e9 suppose celle de l&rsquo;identit\u00e9 comme pluralit\u00e9 interne et comme histoire, non comme nature.<\/p><p>Art. 8<\/p><p>A partir de l\u00e0, il y a \u00e0 proposer un enseignement qui n&rsquo;existe pas (et \u00e0 le pr\u00e9voir \u00e0 tous les niveaux, comme un nouvelle forme d&rsquo;\u00e9ducation civique), de la th\u00e9orie du langage comme reconnaissance des rapports entre identit\u00e9 et alt\u00e9rit\u00e9, entre unicit\u00e9 et pluralit\u00e9 interne, c&rsquo;est-\u00e0-dire comme une po\u00e9tique, une \u00e9thique et une politique des rapports interindividuels, interculturels et internationaux. O\u00f9 po\u00e9tique, \u00e9thique et politique doivent \u00eatre ins\u00e9parables, sous peine de retomber dans le mod\u00e8le traditionnel. Avec son insuffisance, que beaucoup ne voient pas, et dont il faut faire prendre conscience.<\/p><p>Art. 9<\/p><p>Cet enseignement de la th\u00e9orie du langage comme th\u00e9orie d&rsquo;ensemble doit donc travailler \u00e0 reconna\u00eetre, sous le mod\u00e8le traditionnel et dominant du signe (avec toute sa coh\u00e9rence linguistique, anthropologique, philosophique, th\u00e9ologique, sociale et politique) le travail du continu comme travail du corps dans le langage, du sujet sur la langue, des inventions de la pens\u00e9e sur les langues, et comme interaction, ins\u00e9parabilit\u00e9 et historicit\u00e9 radicale du langage, de l&rsquo;art, de l&rsquo;\u00e9thique et du politique.<\/p><p>Cette exp\u00e9rience de pens\u00e9e permettrait de mieux situer les probl\u00e8mes li\u00e9s \u00e0 l&rsquo;alt\u00e9rit\u00e9 et \u00e0 la pluralit\u00e9, commun\u00e9ment con\u00e7ues comme uniquement externes, et de les montrer autant internes qu&rsquo;externes.<\/p><p>Art. 10<\/p><p>Contre la coh\u00e9rence r\u00e9gnante du signe et de la seule pens\u00e9e de la langue, il y aurait \u00e0 penser, reconna\u00eetre, enseigner et cultiver une contre-culture, une contre-coh\u00e9rence, celle de cette solidarit\u00e9 et interaction entre les cat\u00e9gories de la Raison que toute une histoire de la pens\u00e9e continue de tenir pour h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e8nes et s\u00e9par\u00e9es, ce dont t\u00e9moignent \u00e0 la fois l&rsquo;histoire m\u00eame de la constitution de ce que nous appelons les sciences humaines, et nos disciplines universitaires, qui en sont issues. Une v\u00e9ritable critique de la Raison linguistique.<\/p><p>On pourrait, et on devrait, alors, mieux comprendre et favoriser les bilinguismes et les plurilinguismes, selon chaque situation culturelle, en les situant dans une pens\u00e9e de la pluralit\u00e9 interne, de l&rsquo;\u00e9thique et de la politique des sujets. Ce que la seule juxtaposition des langues ne permet pas de penser.<\/p><p>Art. 11<\/p><p>Car si la reconnaissance de la pluralit\u00e9 des langues ne se fait que dans la politique du signe, au lieu de se faire dans la th\u00e9orie d&rsquo;ensemble du langage, elle ne peut que demeurer dans l&rsquo;opposition entre identit\u00e9 et alt\u00e9rit\u00e9, dans l&rsquo;\u00e9crasement des minorit\u00e9s par la seule force de l&rsquo;\u00e9conomico-politique. \u00c9crasement qui favorise les terrorismes particularistes.<\/p><p>Il vaudrait donc mieux parler de langues-cultures que de langues, pour mieux concevoir et pr\u00e9server les valeurs qui se sont invent\u00e9es en elles et dont elles sont porteuses \u2013 valeurs anthropologiques, artistiques, \u00e9thiques et politiques.<\/p><p>Art. 12<\/p><p>La question des valeurs implique de d\u00e9m\u00ealer ce que brouille la notion d&rsquo;in\u00e9galit\u00e9 des langues. Et qu&rsquo;il importe d&rsquo;affronter, plut\u00f4t que de postuler dans l&rsquo;abstrait seulement (le \u00abd\u00e9mocrate abstrait\u00bb de Sartre) l&rsquo;\u00e9galit\u00e9 des langues entre elles.<\/p><p>Art. 13<\/p><p>Il est incontestable que toutes les langues, y compris celles qui sont parl\u00e9es par une population peu nombreuse et tr\u00e8s localis\u00e9e, comme tout ce qui a trait \u00e0 ce qui fait une langue, sont \u00e9gales entre elles au sens o\u00f9 toute langue remplit int\u00e9gralement les fonctions linguistiques d&rsquo;une langue, pour penser, sentir, communiquer, vivre dans une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 donn\u00e9e.<\/p><p>Art. 14<\/p><p>Mais deux facteurs viennent brouiller cette notion primordiale de l&rsquo;\u00e9galit\u00e9 anthropologique des langues. Et ces deux facteurs sont d&rsquo;ordres radicalement distincts, qu&rsquo;il importe de ne pas confondre, et qui ne s&rsquo;additionnent pas.<\/p><p>Art. 15<\/p><p>L&rsquo;un est la puissance \u00e9conomico-politique d&rsquo;un ensemble national, ou th\u00e9ologico-politique, et qui s&rsquo;impose comme une trans-langue de communication pan-nationale ou internationale. Ainsi, comme puissance th\u00e9ologico-politique, l&rsquo;arabe en \u00c9gypte a au cours des si\u00e8cles \u00e9touff\u00e9 ou interdit la langue copte comme langue v\u00e9hiculaire, en la r\u00e9duisant \u00e0 un usage purement liturgique. L&rsquo;\u00e9conomico-politique est aujourd&rsquo;hui repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par la mondialisation de l&rsquo;anglais de communication.<\/p><p>Art. 16<\/p><p>Mais un autre facteur de supr\u00e9matie culturelle et d&rsquo;expansionnisme, ou de dur\u00e9e au-del\u00e0 m\u00eame de la dur\u00e9e des empires, est l&rsquo;invention dans telle ou telle langue de valeurs artistiques, \u00e9thiques et politiques. Auquel cas ce sont ces valeurs qui font l&rsquo;expansion et le prestige de ces langues, au-del\u00e0 de toute notion de communication linguistique, locale, r\u00e9gionale ou plan\u00e9taire.<\/p><p>Art. 17<\/p><p>Ce sont alors ces valeurs qui font ce que sont ces langues, ce sont les \u0153uvres qui sont maternelles et non plus les langues. Ce fait en lui-m\u00eame est tout aussi incontestable historiquement, mais il n&rsquo;a rien de commun ni avec ce qu&rsquo;est et ce que fait linguistiquement une langue et toute langue, ni avec la puissance des empires \u00e9conomico-politiques. Il importe de cesser d&rsquo;attribuer aux langues ce qui est le fait des \u0153uvres, m\u00eame et justement si leurs valeurs constituent un apport sp\u00e9cifique \u00e0 telle ou telle langue, au point d&rsquo;y \u00eatre identifi\u00e9es.<\/p><p>Art. 18<\/p><p>De telles valeurs peuvent s&rsquo;universaliser. Les valeurs politiques de la D\u00e9claration des Droits de l&rsquo;Homme de 1789, ou de la lutte pour la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 contre le maintien de l&rsquo;ordre lors de l&rsquo;Affaire Dreyfus ont bien \u00e0 la fois symbolis\u00e9 et universalis\u00e9 la langue fran\u00e7aise, mais en m\u00eame temps elles ne sont pas le fait de la langue fran\u00e7aise, et peuvent se dire et refaire en toute langue et en tout lieu.<\/p><p>19<\/p><p>Il en est de m\u00eame, autrement, des valeurs esth\u00e9tiques et \u00e9thiques des \u0153uvres litt\u00e9raires et des \u0153uvres de pens\u00e9e. Qui ont pour effet que certaines langues sont plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres que d&rsquo;autres, \u00e0 la fois porteuses et port\u00e9es par ces valeurs.<\/p><p>Art. 20<\/p><p>Ces effets de supr\u00e9matie ne deviennent l&rsquo;occasion d&rsquo;une id\u00e9e de la sup\u00e9riorit\u00e9 de certaines langues que dans et par la confusion entre la langue et les inventions de pens\u00e9e ou les combats de la pens\u00e9e qui ont fait telle ou telle culture. Ces valeurs ne d\u00e9pendent pas des langues comme langues. Mais l&rsquo;histoire culturelle qui les y associe in\u00e9vitablement ne permet pas \u00e0 elle seule de reconna\u00eetre que ce sont les \u0153uvres et les luttes, parfois d&rsquo;un tr\u00e8s petit nombre d&rsquo;individus contre leur propre collectivit\u00e9, qui font qu&rsquo;on attribue \u00e0 la langue ce qui s&rsquo;est fait en elle et parfois aussi, po\u00e9tiquement, contre elle. Dans le rejet des contemporains.<\/p><p>Art. 21<\/p><p>Ces distinctions sont capitales pour ne pas attribuer \u00e0 une langue des vertus de nature, ce qui situe le mythe du g\u00e9nie des langues. Mais tout autant pour ne pas r\u00e9duire le langage \u00e0 de la langue, et encore moins \u00e0 de la communication. Tendance r\u00e9cente contre laquelle il importe de lutter.<\/p><p>A cause de l&rsquo;appauvrissement de pens\u00e9e, de moyens, que ce r\u00e9ductionnisme apporte, et que renforcent les progr\u00e8s techniques de la communication. En masquant que ces progr\u00e8s m\u00eames sont un facteur de r\u00e9gression et de barbarie.<\/p><p>La pens\u00e9e du langage comme th\u00e9orie d&rsquo;ensemble est ce qui peut seul permettre de contrer les effets pervers de la pens\u00e9e des langues comme nature \u2013 comme g\u00e9nie, par le rappel constant des liens entre sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 et historicit\u00e9. Historicit\u00e9 radicale.<\/p><p>Art. 22<\/p><p>Ainsi la phobie de l&rsquo;anglais en fran\u00e7ais peut mieux apparaitre comme une m\u00e9connaissance du caract\u00e8re historique des emprunts, et de leurs limites, lexicales et syntaxiques. La m\u00e9connaissance de ce caract\u00e8re fait le rejet des emprunts et des contacts au nom d&rsquo;un purisme qui implique \u00e0 la fois une m\u00e9connaissance de l&rsquo;histoire m\u00eame des langues, un pass\u00e9isme, donc un acad\u00e9misme, une notion du d\u00e9clin (variable : pour Gobineau, le d\u00e9clin du fran\u00e7ais commen\u00e7ait au XIVe si\u00e8cle ; pour d&rsquo;autres, au XIXe si\u00e8cle ; pour d&rsquo;autres, le fran\u00e7ais d&rsquo;aujourd&rsquo;hui est un \u00abchef d&rsquo;\u0153uvre en p\u00e9ril\u00bb dont ils ne cessent d&rsquo;annoncer la mort).<\/p><p>Art. 23<\/p><p>Autre chose que cette phobie puriste est la l\u00e2chet\u00e9 \u00e9thique et politique qui fait que des sp\u00e9cialistes renoncent \u00e0 s&rsquo;exprimer dans leur propre langue, et contribuent par l\u00e0 \u00e0 la massification communicationnaliste.<\/p><p>L&rsquo;attribution \u00e0 la langue seule des vertus li\u00e9es \u00e0 une histoire \u00e0 la fois se trompe de g\u00e9nie et montre du m\u00eame coup combien ont peu de g\u00e9nie, et de sens du langage, les pseudo-d\u00e9fenseurs du fran\u00e7ais.<\/p><p>Art. 24<\/p><p>Du point de vue d&rsquo;une th\u00e9orie d&rsquo;ensemble, on peut au contraire remarquer deux choses.<\/p><p>L&rsquo;une est que le plus grand danger pour une langue n&rsquo;est pas l&rsquo;h\u00e9g\u00e9monie d&rsquo;une autre, m\u00eame et encore davantage si cette h\u00e9g\u00e9monie est seulement \u00e9conomico-politique, le danger majeur (cons\u00e9quence de la r\u00e9duction du langage \u00e0 la langue) est l&rsquo;absence de cr\u00e9ation de valeurs (artistiques, \u00e9thiques, politiques) par ceux qui la parlent. Absence de cr\u00e9ation \u00e9gale trahison.<\/p><p>Le grec classique et l&rsquo;h\u00e9breu biblique sont l&rsquo;exemple m\u00eame que des langues dont l&rsquo;une, l&rsquo;h\u00e9breu, n&rsquo;a jamais eu d&rsquo;importance politique, et l&rsquo;autre dont l&rsquo;importance n&rsquo;a pas surv\u00e9cu \u00e0 l&#8217;empire d&rsquo;Alexandre, n&rsquo;ont eu et n&rsquo;ont encore leur importance transhistorique que par les \u0153uvres de pens\u00e9e qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 produites dans ces langues. Et ce sont les \u0153uvres, les inventions de pens\u00e9e, qui ont fait ce que ces langues sont devenues, ce dont elles sont devenues porteuses. Car ce n&rsquo;est pas les langues, en tant que langues, qui ont produit les \u0153uvres. Et m\u00eame quand l&rsquo;\u00e9tat de langue est ancien, ou que la langue passe pour morte, comme le latin, la parole, elle, est vivante.<\/p><p>Ainsi le latin qu&rsquo;on dit mort au XVIIe si\u00e8cle, et langue seulement des \u00e9rudits entre eux (et les th\u00e8ses au XIXe si\u00e8cle s&rsquo;\u00e9crivaient encore en latin, celle de Jaur\u00e8s, par exemple), on ne peut pas dire que c&rsquo;est une langue morte (banalit\u00e9 apparente que reprend pourtant un ouvrage r\u00e9cent, Le latin ou l&#8217;empire d&rsquo;un signe, XVI-XXe si\u00e8cle, de Fran\u00e7oise Waquet, Albin Michel, 1998), si Francis Bacon, Hobbes, Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz inventent de la pens\u00e9e, inventent leur pens\u00e9e, alors, en latin.<\/p><p>Mais l&rsquo;aram\u00e9en, qui avait \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9poque post-biblique une importance communicationnelle transnationale, n&rsquo;existe plus que dans quelques villages. Quant aux grands empires d&rsquo;alors, ils n&rsquo;ont laiss\u00e9 que des vestiges arch\u00e9ologiques.<\/p><p>Art. 25<\/p><p>Il faut reconna\u00eetre une historicit\u00e9 du sentiment des rapports entre les langues. Ainsi il y a une paix des langues vernaculaires au moyen \u00e2ge, en Europe, dans la transnationalit\u00e9 du latin. Puis une guerre des langues contre le latin, ensuite entre elles en Europe \u00e0 partir du XVIe si\u00e8cle. D&rsquo;o\u00f9 est sortie l&rsquo;universalit\u00e9 du fran\u00e7ais en Europe au XVIIIe si\u00e8cle. D&rsquo;o\u00f9 la lutte de la R\u00e9volution fran\u00e7aise contre les \u00ab patois \u00bb (m\u00ealant indistinctement les dialectes du fran\u00e7ais et les autres langues \u2013 le breton, le basque) jusque dans la III<sup>e<\/sup> R\u00e9publique. Quant \u00e0 la francophonie actuelle, ou multiplicit\u00e9 des fran\u00e7ais dans le monde, elle n&rsquo;est plus compatible avec Rivarol. Cela aussi demande \u00e0 \u00eatre pens\u00e9.<\/p><p>Art. 26<\/p><p>Il est certain que le sens de la pluralit\u00e9 interne (et aussi externe) \u2013 le sens au sens du sentiment d&rsquo;une n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 et d&rsquo;une co-pr\u00e9sence \u2013 est r\u00e9cent, et certainement li\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;histoire des d\u00e9colonisations, mais aussi il remonte aux rapports entre le romantisme des sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9s et les nationalismes qui en sont la politisation.<\/p><p>Art. 27<\/p><p>Cependant ce sens de la pluralit\u00e9 peut lui-m\u00eame \u00eatre soit r\u00e9gionaliste et nationaliste, referm\u00e9 sur lui-m\u00eame (et reproduisant \u00e0 plus petite \u00e9chelle la fermeture de la pens\u00e9e de la langue), soit pluraliste, c&rsquo;est-\u00e0-dire se r\u00e9aliser comme la reconnaissance des pluralit\u00e9s internes, et de la pluralit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;identit\u00e9. Capable alors d&rsquo;une th\u00e9orie d&rsquo;ensemble.<\/p><p>Art. 28<\/p><p>Du moment qu&rsquo;on reconnait que la disparition d&rsquo;une langue peut \u00eatre due soit \u00e0 la destruction d&rsquo;une population, soit \u00e0 un \u00e9crasement culturel, il est clair que la d\u00e9fense des langues n&rsquo;est pas un probl\u00e8me de langue, mais n\u00e9cessairement la reconnaissance de l&rsquo;interaction entre la th\u00e9orie du langage, la th\u00e9orie des actes de la pens\u00e9e, l&rsquo;\u00e9thique et la politique.<\/p><p>Art. 29<\/p><p>Faute de quoi, ce qui r\u00e8gne \u00e9tant l&rsquo;h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 des cat\u00e9gories de la raison, l&rsquo;\u00e9thique seule est impuissante, la politique seule est toute puissante, les choses de l&rsquo;art ne sont pas comprises comme la meilleure d\u00e9fense des langues, et les langues \u00e9tant r\u00e9duites \u00e0 des moyens de communication, seules se r\u00e9pandent et \u00e9touffent les autres les langues qui communiquent le pouvoir \u00e9conomico-politique.<\/p><p>Art. 30<\/p><p>Conclusion paradoxale \u2013 mais le travail de la pens\u00e9e est de transformer les paradoxes en truismes du futur \u2013 ce qui ressort de cet enchainement des raisons est que la d\u00e9fense des langues n&rsquo;est pas dans la pens\u00e9e de la langue, mais dans le lien qui en fait encore l&rsquo;utopie de la pens\u00e9e du langage, le lien entre langage, art, \u00e9thique et politique comme th\u00e9orie d&rsquo;ensemble. C&rsquo;est-\u00e0-dire un enseignement obligatoire du sens du langage.<\/p><p>Texte lu au Forom des Langues du Monde et publi\u00e9 dans le N\u00b0 64 de la Linha Imaginot (revue trimestrielle de la GRQM)<\/p><p>Le Forom des langues est organis\u00e9 par le Carrefour culturel Arnaud Bernard : <a href=\"http:\/\/www.arnaud-bernard.net\/\">www.arnaud-bernard.net<\/a><\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u00a9 CARREFOUR CULTUREL ARNAUD-BERNARD<br \/><a href=\"mailto:carrefourculturel@arnaud-bernard.net\">carrefourculturel@arnaud-bernard.net<\/a><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: 'arial black', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">&#8211; &#8211; &#8211;<\/span><\/strong><br \/><span style=\"font-family: 'arial black', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>&#8211; &#8211; &#8211;<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>PI\u00c8CES COMPL\u00c9MENTAIRES\u00a0:<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><ul class=\"lcp_catlist\" id=\"lcp_instance_0\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.declaration-langues-langage.net\/index.php\/2021\/10\/20\/adresse-aux-aventuriers-daujourdhui-2\/\" class=\"lcp_title\">Adresse aux aventuriers d\u2019aujourd\u2019hui<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.declaration-langues-langage.net\/index.php\/2021\/10\/20\/un-forum-de-la-pensee-du-langage-henri-meschonnic-la-depeche-du-midi-18-mai-2001\/\" class=\"lcp_title\">\u00ab Un forum de la pens\u00e9e du langage \u00bb, Henri Meschonnic,  La D\u00e9p\u00eache du Midi, 18 mai 2001<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.declaration-langues-langage.net\/index.php\/2021\/10\/20\/a-propos-de-la-proposition-de-nationalisation-des-langues-et-cultures-de-france-par-le-forom-des-langues-du-monde-de-toulouse\/\" class=\"lcp_title\">\u00c0 propos de la proposition de nationalisation des langues et cultures de France par le Forom des Langues du Monde de Toulouse<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1312\" aria-expanded=\"false\">GALICIEN<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1312\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1312\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><strong>Galicien par Rexina Vega<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>Chamada \u00e1 \u00a0traduci\u00f3n<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><b>INTRODUCI\u00d3N<\/b> \u00e1 lectura da proposta de Declaraci\u00f3n de Henri MESCHONNIC sobre as obrigas cara \u00e1s linguas e a linguaxe e <b>CHAMADA<\/b> para a s\u00faa traduci\u00f3n a 1000 idiomas.<\/p><p>Esta proposta foi encargada a Henri MESCHONNIC polo Carrefour Culturel Arnaud-Bernard (Toulouse, Francia) que levaba varios anos traballando, para o Forom des Langes du monde, co obxectivo dun exame cr\u00edtico de diversas declaraci\u00f3ns ou propostas internacionais neste campo.<\/p><ol><li>MESCHONNIC pensou e escribiu esta proposta base\u00e1ndose na s\u00faa reflexi\u00f3n persoal sobre as linguas e a linguaxe, as\u00ed como na do seu descubrimento, no Forom des Langues du Monde, onde foi o principal intervinte de 1994 a 2008, do proxecto lanzado polo Carrefour dunha \u00ab\u00a0Declaraci\u00f3n Universal de Dereitos para as Linguas e as Culturas\u00a0\u00bb (concibida como un complemento esencial da Declaraci\u00f3n Universal dos Dereitos Humanos), un proxecto asumido por moitos membros de asociaci\u00f3ns implicadas nos seus pa\u00edses de orixe e en Forom (m\u00e1is de cento cincuenta idiomas estiveron representados al\u00ed dende os seus inicios) na defensa e exposici\u00f3n das s\u00faas linguas e culturas.<\/li><\/ol><p>Foi no marco da nosa reflexi\u00f3n e da nosa acci\u00f3n en favor <b>da cultura occitana<\/b> no que inventamos o Foro das linguas do mundo en Toulouse hai 28 anos, e ,sempre neste marco, pensamos na necesidade desta Declaraci\u00f3n, considerando que a cuesti\u00f3n occitana, en virtude da situaci\u00f3n e historia da lingua \/ cultura occitana, requir\u00eda respostas m\u00e1is amplas que as relativas aos dereitos pol\u00edticos nacionais ou rexionais. As\u00ed mesmo consideramos preciso ter\u00a0 en conta o papel esencial da literatura e da creaci\u00f3n cultural e art\u00edstica en todas as s\u00faas formas, o que nos achegou ao Pen-Club de Langue d&rsquo;Oc. Algo que, como podemos comprobar aqu\u00ed, H. MESCHONNIC entend\u00eda,\u00a0 \u00edndo moito m\u00e1is al\u00e1 da nosa petici\u00f3n inicial.<\/p><p>A partir do 2006 comezamos a enviar este texto, co obxecto de que fose traducido, \u00e1s persoas que representaban asociaci\u00f3ns de linguas-culturas no Foro das linguas.<\/p><p>Relanzamos a solicitude este ano. Dar\u00e9mosvos algunhas das traduci\u00f3ns solicitadas. Outras ir\u00e1n chegando paseni\u00f1o e, en canto as te\u00f1amos, reenviar\u00e9molas. O que damos e daremos non son, por suposto, documentos definitivos para n\u00f3s, sen\u00f3n documentos de traballo, vectores de intercambio entre todos aqueles que estean interesados neste texto e que o queiran divulgar na forma que m\u00e1is axeitado lle pareza. Vectores de traballo infinito, xa que, ademais do feito de que esta proposta de declaraci\u00f3n \u00e9 susceptible de nutrir as conversas durante moito tempo, tanto sobre o que di como sobre como di, os cambios nas situaci\u00f3ns das linguas e das culturas poder\u00e1n dar lugar \u00e1 aparici\u00f3n de interpretaci\u00f3ns de certas pasaxes que necesitar\u00e1n ser traducidas de novo. Ademais, todas as propostas posibles de emendas ou melloras deste texto ser\u00e1n benvidas e someter\u00e9molas para a consideraci\u00f3n de todos os nosos correspondentes. Este proceso ser\u00e1 obxecto de debates p\u00fablicos tanto en Forom como na nosa Universidade occitana en Lagu\u00e9pie (Francia).<\/p><p>Claude SICRE, presidente do Carrefour Culturel Arnaud-Bernard, ideador do Forom des Langues du Monde. Primavera de 2019.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u2013 \u2013 \u2013<\/strong><br \/><strong>\u2013 \u2013 \u2013<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><b>Introduci\u00f3n de Henri Meschonnic<\/b><\/span><\/p><p>O pre\u00e1mbulo da \u00ab\u00a0Declaraci\u00f3n dos dereitos do home e do cidad\u00e1n\u00a0\u00bb de 1789 quer\u00eda lembrar a \u00ab\u00a0todos os membros do corpo social (&#8230;) os seus dereitos e deberes\u00a0\u00bb. Mirando o mundo de hoxe, nada cambiou, excepto que, como dic\u00eda este pre\u00e1mbulo, \u00ab\u00a0a ignorancia, o esquecemento ou o desprezo dos dereitos humanos\u00a0\u00bb empeoraron moito. P\u00e9simo estado xeral das sociedades.<\/p><p>De a\u00ed a urxencia de inventar unha relaci\u00f3n entre a \u00e9tica e a pol\u00edtica, algo que a\u00ednda \u00e9 unha utop\u00eda. O paradoxo da linguaxe \u00e9 que \u00e9 a trav\u00e9s dela, e s\u00f3 a trav\u00e9s dela, pola que pode pasar esta relaci\u00f3n. Pero este \u00e9 un lugar tremendamente desco\u00f1ecido. Por linguaxe ref\u00edrome \u00e1 funci\u00f3n de expresi\u00f3n do pensamento, unha lingua \u00e9 un sistema social de signos. As implicaci\u00f3ns non son as mesmas.<\/p><p>Defender a linguaxe? Pero se non est\u00e1 atacada. En realidade \u00e9 algo peor\u00a0: non se sabe sequera o que acontece a\u00ed. Pero como ? Con tanta educaci\u00f3n e co\u00f1ecemento. Precisamente, e isto \u00e9 o que \u00e9 paradoxal, todo este co\u00f1ecemento non sabe que produce ignorancia, unha ignorancia espec\u00edfica que impide saber. Cuesti\u00f3n de perspectiva. Hai un punto cego no estado da lingua, e este punto \u00e9 vital. Deste xeito, non \u00e9 a linguaxe a que est\u00e1 ameazada, \u00e9 cada un de n\u00f3s.<\/p><p>Porque \u00e9 coas palabras coas que actuamos coas que facemos dano, \u00a0e a cuesti\u00f3n da defensa das linguas \u00e9 s\u00f3 o aspecto ostensible dunha ignorancia, un esquecemento e un desprezo que non medimos, porque toda a nosa cultura humanista a\u00ednda non aprendeu a reco\u00f1ecer o problema.<\/p><p>A linguaxe non \u00e9 s\u00f3 o lugar e o material da comunicaci\u00f3n, sen\u00f3n, primordialmente, o lugar e o material da constituci\u00f3n de cada ser humano na s\u00faa historia. Polo tanto, a linguaxe est\u00e1 indisolublemente ligada \u00e1 \u00e9tica e \u00e1 pol\u00edtica. Consiste nun material \u00e9pico no sentido en que por ela se constit\u00faen as aventuras da voz humana.<\/p><p>E en tanto materia \u00e9tica que a linguaxe se converte en materia art\u00edstica. Porque \u00e9 \u00a0a partir de a\u00ed onde inventamos, onde a arte, todas as artes, xogan un papel fundador. E non reco\u00f1ecido. O problema da defensa das linguas vai, por tanto, infinitamente m\u00e1is al\u00e1 do xa proposto, e illado, coma se fose illable, \u00e9 dicir, m\u00e1s al\u00e1 da cuesti\u00f3n do dereito e a cuesti\u00f3n das linguas.<\/p><p>En vez de po\u00f1er de relevo de xeito simplista, porque semella evidente, a hexemon\u00eda econ\u00f3mica e pol\u00edtica dunha lingua sobre as outras, deber\u00eda ser obvio que o principal problema, tanto m\u00e1is vital por canto non se reco\u00f1ece, para defender as linguas \u00e9 a incomensurable ignorancia do pensamento da linguaxe, que non se ensina en ningures e que se encista no reducionismo e rexionalizaci\u00f3n que marca o tratamento da lingua na nosa cultura. En todas as culturas.<\/p><p>Neste sentido, \u00e9 todo un proceso de civilizaci\u00f3n, e incluso unha especie de revoluci\u00f3n cultural \u00a0aque haber\u00eda que pensar. C\u00f3mpre decatarse, pensar e practicar relaci\u00f3ns entre lingua e cultura, entre lingua e literatura, entre lingua, arte, \u00e9tica e pol\u00edtica, que nin se pensan nin se practican. Tendo en conta as historias individuais e colectivas que est\u00e1n en xogo na linguaxe, p\u00f3dese dicir que non hai nada m\u00e1is profundo e vital para as sociedades e para a civilizaci\u00f3n que o significado da linguaxe.<\/p><p>Este sentido constit\u00fae en si mesmo o pre\u00e1mbulo dunha declaraci\u00f3n universal de dereitos ling\u00fc\u00edsticos. \u00c9 dicir, dos deberes de ensinar idiomas, ensinar a relaci\u00f3n entre lingua e sociedade, ensinar literatura, ensinar \u00e9tica e ensinar pol\u00edticas de filosof\u00eda, todas estas ensinanzas na s\u00faa interacci\u00f3n.<\/p><p>A xulgar polo estado actual das ciencias sociais no mundo, as ciencias da linguaxe e as disciplinas acad\u00e9micas na s\u00faa rexionalizaci\u00f3n, sen esquecer a educaci\u00f3n primaria e secundaria, \u00a0tr\u00e1tase aqu\u00ed dunha proposta fantasiosa\u00a0? Ou non ser\u00e1 a situaci\u00f3n actual a que \u00e9 un verdadeiro pesadelo\u00a0?\u00a0 Ademais, hai unha emerxencia. Na primavera de 2004 celebrarase en Barcelona un Foro Internacional de Linguas e Culturas. Ser\u00e1 un encontro mundial da maior importancia e ten \u00a0moitas posibilidades de renovar a Declaraci\u00f3n Universal de Dereitos Ling\u00fc\u00edsticos resultante da Conferencia Mundial de Dereitos Ling\u00fc\u00edsticos celebrada en Barcelona en 1996. Non obstante, esta Declaraci\u00f3n \u00e9 exclusivamente legal. S\u00f3 co\u00f1ece as noci\u00f3ns de lingua e grupo ling\u00fc\u00edstico. Estas noci\u00f3ns actuais son lex\u00edtimas, pero completamente insuficientes, pola s\u00faa falta de calquera concepci\u00f3n xeral da lingua, sen a m\u00e1is m\u00ednima menci\u00f3n ao seu ensino, que deber\u00eda facerse obrigatorio en todas partes. De a\u00ed a gran pobreza da propia noci\u00f3n de lingua, reducida \u00e1 comunicaci\u00f3n.<\/p><p>O complemento indispensable deste legalismo debe ser, polo tanto, unha comprensi\u00f3n completa dos v\u00ednculos entre linguaxe, arte, \u00e9tica e pensamento pol\u00edtico. S\u00ed isto poder\u00eda mellorar a eficacia e o significado das demandas.<\/p><p>Semella xa que logo que o papel urxente e espec\u00edfico dos foros das linguas do mundo, que se estenderon en Francia desde o Foro das linguas de Toulouse dende 1992, deber\u00eda ser cubrir esta deficiencia do pensamento e traer un reflexo do todo que poder\u00eda caracterizar unha contribuci\u00f3n francesa baseada na idea crucial de que non se poden defender as linguas sen un pensamento global da lingua e da sociedade.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">Henri Meschonnic<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">Carrefour Culturel Arnaud-Bernard<\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong> \u2013 \u2013 \u2013<br \/>\u2013 \u2013 \u2013<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>PROPOSTA PARA UNHA DECLARACI\u00d3N SOBRE AS OBRIGAS CARA \u00c1S LINGUAS E A LINGUAXE<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Traduci\u00f3n ao GALEGO de Rexina Vega<\/strong><\/p><p>Texto proposto\u00a0 no Foro das linguas de maio de 2006, Place du Capitole en Toulouse por Henri Meschonnic, Catedr\u00e1tico em\u00e9rito de ling\u00fc\u00edstica na Universit\u00e9 Paris-8, poeta, tradutor da Biblia e ensa\u00edsta.<\/p><p>Art. 1<\/p><p>En primeiro lugar, c\u00f3mpre reco\u00f1ecer unha especificidade aos asuntos da linguaxe. Esta especificidade significa que non podemos simplemente trasladar a eses asuntos os modelos das declaraci\u00f3ns existentes respecto dos dereitos dos seres humanos e os colectivos.\u00a0<\/p><p>Pronunciarse sobre dereitos implica tam\u00e9n pronunciarse sobre deberes. Ambas os dous presupo\u00f1en un pensamento sobre o que son e o que fan as linguas. Pero este pensamento semella m\u00e1is activo cando se considera en termos de obrigas.<\/p><p>A especificidade dos asuntos da linguaxe sup\u00f3n en si mesma un pensamento espec\u00edfico. Para captar todos os elementos que implica este pensamento, \u00e9 preciso postular que este pensamento debe ser unha cr\u00edtica permanente da s\u00faa propia historia, baixo a pena de non pensar o seu propio obxecto e identificarse, en troques, con este ou aqueloutro lugar com\u00fan sobre as linguas e a lingua.<\/p><p>O primeiro que hai que reco\u00f1ecer \u00e9 que pensar sobre as linguas presup\u00f3n pensar sobre que \u00e9 unha lingua, que \u00e9 a lingua e en que consiste, historicamente e no seu estado actual, o pensamento da lingua.<\/p><p>Pensar na lingua pensando s\u00f3 a lingua ten como consecuencia o illamento da linguaxe das pr\u00e1cticas sociais da lingua en toda a s\u00faa diversidade. Esta \u00e9, sen d\u00fabida, \u00a0a peor situaci\u00f3n posible se se quere descubrir que \u00e9 e que fai unha lingua, e tam\u00e9n se se quere defender.<\/p><p>Art. 2<\/p><p>Polo tanto, \u00e9 preciso darse de conta de que para defender unha lingua e saber de antem\u00e1n o que significa a propia noci\u00f3n de linguaxe, \u00e9 precisa unha teor\u00eda global da lingua.<\/p><p>Neste sentido, c\u00f3mpre pensar de xeito diferente ao modelo puramente institucional proposto pola \u00ab\u00a0Declaraci\u00f3n Universal de Dereitos Ling\u00fc\u00edsticos\u00a0\u00bb de Barcelona de xu\u00f1o de 1996, que s\u00f3 se ocupa das linguas, \u00a0amosando as\u00ed os l\u00edmites do seu pensamento sobre a lingua.<\/p><p>Esta teor\u00eda global implica unha reflexi\u00f3n sobre os papeis, as actividades e as forzas da linguaxe en todas as pr\u00e1cticas sociais: unha teor\u00eda da relaci\u00f3n entre linguaxe e discurso, entre a noci\u00f3n de discurso e unha teor\u00eda de suxeitos, entre unha teor\u00eda de suxeitos e a arte, a \u00e9tica, a pol\u00edtica, xa que todo isto est\u00e1 inclu\u00eddo na noci\u00f3n de suxeito.<\/p><p>Polo tanto, a lingua non \u00e9 s\u00f3 un asunto de ling\u00fcistas nin de pol\u00edticos. A historia da pol\u00edtica ling\u00fc\u00edstica non \u00e9 s\u00f3 unha historia pol\u00edtica. Incl\u00fae elementos relacionados coa arte, a \u00e9tica e a historia social. Xa que logo, pensar na pol\u00edtica das linguas presup\u00f3n esta teor\u00eda global, esta uni\u00f3n inseparable da linguaxe, a arte, a \u00e9tica e a pol\u00edtica para pensar a relaci\u00f3n entre lingua e sociedade. Se non, quedamos ou volvemos caer nun pensamento s\u00f3 da linguaxe e s\u00f3 da pol\u00edtica, o que leva inmediatamente a ignorar o papel da arte na sociedade, o papel da \u00e9tica na pol\u00edtica e, polo tanto, a ignorar a liberdade dos suxeitos.<\/p><p>Art. 3<\/p><p>En consecuencia, un pensamento da linguaxe e dos temas que van da man debe constru\u00edr unha cr\u00edtica da oposici\u00f3n entre identidade e alteridade, para pensar na interacci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica constante entre identidade e alteridade.<\/p><p>Pensar na pluralidade das linguas e na interacci\u00f3n entre elas implica, polo tanto, pensar na identidade a trav\u00e9s da alteridade.<\/p><p>Art. 4<\/p><p>Para pensar sobre a identidade a trav\u00e9s da alteridade, \u00e9 esencial pensar na acci\u00f3n das artes da linguaxe en particular e da arte en xeral, sobre as transformaci\u00f3ns das formas de pensamento, sensibilidade e comprensi\u00f3n e, polo tanto, sobre o pensamento da linguaxe e das linguas.<\/p><p>Art. 5<\/p><p>\u00c9 importante reco\u00f1ecer un papel privilexiado para as pr\u00e1cticas e o pensamento da traduci\u00f3n, que \u00e1 s\u00faa vez require repensar a traduci\u00f3n en termos de reco\u00f1ecemento das artes do pensamento, non s\u00f3 como paso de lingua a lingua, sen\u00f3n tam\u00e9n de discurso a discurso, e posiblemente de sistema discursivo a sistema discursivo. Se non, estaremos ante a ignorancia habitual, enmascarada pola boa conciencia de consumados tru\u00edsmos, que non ve que as traduci\u00f3ns son cabezas borradoras. Borradoras das culturas, borradores das particularidades, borradoras das diferenzas.<\/p><p>Isto \u00e1 s\u00faa vez implica que unha teor\u00eda da traduci\u00f3n non pode vivir illada e ser\u00a0 supostamente aut\u00f3noma do mesmo xeito que unha teor\u00eda da linguaxe non pode limitarse \u00e1 \u00fanica noci\u00f3n de linguaxe. Esta suposta autonom\u00eda non \u00e9 m\u00e1is que a s\u00faa situaci\u00f3n tradicional na hermen\u00e9utica, \u00e9 dicir, o signo. De a\u00ed a cabeza borradora.<\/p><p>Art. 6<\/p><p>As\u00ed, tam\u00e9n hai que reco\u00f1ecer que un dos inimigos das linguas, e quizais o principal inimigo das linguas non \u00e9 a hexemon\u00eda cultural-econ\u00f3mica-pol\u00edtica de tal ou cal lingua, sen\u00f3n, sobre todo, o pensamento que reduce a lingua a lingua e que separa a lingua da arte, a cultura, a sociedade, a \u00e9tica e a pol\u00edtica para considerala s\u00f3 no seu illamento, independentemente do estudo t\u00e9cnico do seu funcionamento, que, como tal, ten a s\u00faa lexitimidade no seu propio obxecto, a condici\u00f3n de reco\u00f1ecer os seus l\u00edmites.<\/p><p>Art. 7<\/p><p>O reco\u00f1ecemento da identidade a trav\u00e9s da alteridade implica o reco\u00f1ecemento da identidade como pluralidade interna \u00a0e como historia, non como natureza.<\/p><p>Art. 8<\/p><p>Dende este punto de vista, \u00e9 necesario ofrecer unha ensinanza que non existe (e proporcionala a todos os niveis, como nova forma de educaci\u00f3n c\u00edvica), da teor\u00eda da linguaxe como reco\u00f1ecemento da relaci\u00f3n entre identidade e alteridade, entre singularidade e pluralidade interna, \u00e9 dicir, como po\u00e9tica, \u00e9tica e pol\u00edtica de relaci\u00f3ns interindividuais, interculturais e internacionais. Unha teor\u00eda onde a po\u00e9tica, a \u00e9tica e a pol\u00edtica deben ser inseparables. Se non, caeremos de novo no modelo tradicional e as s\u00faas deficiencias, que moita xente non ve, e das que \u00e9 conveniente ser conscientes.<\/p><p>Art. 9<\/p><p>Este ensino da teor\u00eda da linguaxe como teor\u00eda global debe, polo tanto, traballar para identificar, baixo o modelo tradicional e dominante do signo (con toda a s\u00faa coherencia ling\u00fc\u00edstica, antropol\u00f3xica, filos\u00f3fica, teol\u00f3xica, social e pol\u00edtica) o traballo do continuo como traballo do corpo na linguaxe, do suxeito sobre a linguaxe, das invenci\u00f3ns do pensamento sobre as linguas e como interacci\u00f3n, inseparabilidade e historicidade radical da linguaxe, a arte, a \u00e9tica e a pol\u00edtica.<\/p><p>Esta experiencia de pensamento permitir\u00edanos situar mellor os problemas relacionados coa alteridade e pluralidade, normalmente concibidos s\u00f3 como externos, e amosalos tanto internos como externos.<\/p><p>Art. 10<\/p><p>Fronte \u00e1 coherencia reinante do signo e o pensamento \u00fanico da lingua, ser\u00eda necesario pensar, reco\u00f1ecer, ensinar e cultivar unha contracultura, unha contracoherencia, a daquela solidariedade e daquela interacci\u00f3n entre as categor\u00edas da Raz\u00f3n que unha rama enteira da historia do pensamento segue consider\u00e1ndose heterox\u00e9nea e separada; boa proba diso at\u00f3pase tanto na propia historia da constituci\u00f3n do que chamamos humanidades como nas disciplinas universitarias que xurdiron dela. Unha aut\u00e9ntica cr\u00edtica \u00e1 Raz\u00f3n Ling\u00fc\u00edstica.<\/p><p>As\u00ed, o biling\u00fcismo e o pluriling\u00fcismo poder\u00edan e deber\u00edan entenderse e fomentarse mellor, segundo cada situaci\u00f3n cultural, situ\u00e1ndoos nun pensamento da pluralidade interna, \u00e9tica e pol\u00edtica dos suxeitos. Algo que a mera xustaposici\u00f3n de linguas non nos permite pensar.<\/p><p>Art. 11<\/p><p>Porque se o reco\u00f1ecemento da pluralidade de linguas s\u00f3 se fai na pol\u00edtica do signo, en vez de na teor\u00eda global da linguaxe, inevitablemente permaneceremos atrapados na oposici\u00f3n entre identidade e alteridade e no esmagamento das minor\u00edas s\u00f3 pola forza do econ\u00f3mico-pol\u00edtico. Ese esmagamento favorece o terrorismo particularista.<\/p><p>Polo tanto, ser\u00eda preferible falar de linguas-culturas antes que de linguas, para comprender e preservar os valores que nelas se inventaron e que levan consigo: valores antropol\u00f3xicos, art\u00edsticos, \u00e9ticos e pol\u00edticos.<\/p><p>Art. 12<\/p><p>A cuesti\u00f3n dos valores implica desentra\u00f1ar o que enreda a noci\u00f3n de desigualdade das linguas e ao que \u00e9 importante enfrontarse, en lugar de postular s\u00f3 en abstracto (o \u00ab\u00a0dem\u00f3crata abstracto\u00a0\u00bb de Sartre) a igualdade das linguas entre si.<\/p><p>Art. 13<\/p><p>Non hai d\u00fabida de que todas as linguas, inclu\u00eddas as faladas por unha poboaci\u00f3n pequena e moi localizada, as\u00ed como todo o relacionado co que constit\u00fae unha lingua, son iguais entre si, no sentido de que cada lingua cumpre plenamente as s\u00faas funci\u00f3ns ling\u00fc\u00edsticas. Unha lingua, para pensar, sentir, comunicarse e vivir nunha determinada sociedade.<\/p><p>Art. 14<\/p><p>Pero hai dous factores que empa\u00f1an esta noci\u00f3n primordial da igualdade antropol\u00f3xica das linguas. E estes dous factores son de ordes radicalmente diferentes, que \u00e9 importante non confundir e que non se adicionan.<\/p><p>Art. 15<\/p><p>Un deles \u00e9 o poder econ\u00f3mico-pol\u00edtico dunha entidade nacional, ou teol\u00f3xico-pol\u00edtica, que se imp\u00f3n como unha trans- lingua da comunicaci\u00f3n pan-nacional ou internacional. As\u00ed, como poder teol\u00f3xico-pol\u00edtico, o \u00e1rabe en Exipto sufocou ou prohibiu ao longo dos s\u00e9culos a lingua copta como lingua vern\u00e1cula, reduc\u00edndoa a un uso puramente lit\u00farxico. O econ\u00f3mico-pol\u00edtico est\u00e1 representado hoxe pola globalizaci\u00f3n do ingl\u00e9s para a comunicaci\u00f3n.<\/p><p>Art. 16<\/p><p>Pero outro factor de supremac\u00eda cultural e expansionismo, ou de duraci\u00f3n incluso m\u00e1is al\u00e1 da duraci\u00f3n dos imperios, \u00e9 a invenci\u00f3n en tal ou cal lingua de valores art\u00edsticos, \u00e9ticos e pol\u00edticos. Nese caso son estes valores os que provocan a expansi\u00f3n e o prestixio destas linguas, m\u00e1is al\u00e1 de calquera noci\u00f3n de comunicaci\u00f3n ling\u00fc\u00edstica, local, rexional ou planetaria.<\/p><p>Art. 17<\/p><p>Son ent\u00f3n eses valores os que fan que estas linguas sexan as que son, son as obras as que son maternas e xa non as linguas. Este feito en si \u00e9 igualmente innegable historicamente, pero non ten nada que ver co que \u00e9 e fai ling\u00fcisticamente unha lingua e calquera lingua, nin co poder dos imperios econ\u00f3mico-pol\u00edticos. \u00c9 importante deixar de atribu\u00edr \u00e1s linguas o que fan as obras de arte, incluso e precisamente se os seus valores constit\u00faen unha contribuci\u00f3n espec\u00edfica a tal ou cal lingua, ata o punto de identificarse con ela.<\/p><p>Art. 18<\/p><p>Estes valores p\u00f3dense universalizar. Os valores pol\u00edticos da Declaraci\u00f3n de Dereitos Humanos de 1789 ou da loita pola verdade contra o mantemento da orde durante o asunto Dreyfus simbolizaron e universalizaron a lingua francesa, pero ao mesmo tempo non son produto do franc\u00e9s. P\u00f3dense dicir e refacer en calquera idioma e en calquera lugar.<\/p><p>Art. 19<\/p><p>O mesmo ocorre cos valores est\u00e9ticos e \u00e9ticos das obras literarias e de pensamento. O efecto disto \u00e9 que algunhas linguas son m\u00e1is famosas ca outras, portadoras deste valores e asemade impulsadas por eles.<\/p><p>Art. 20<\/p><p>Estes efectos da supremac\u00eda s\u00f3 se converten nunha oportunidade para unha idea da superioridade de certas linguas se se confunden a lingua e as invenci\u00f3ns do pensamento ou as loitas de pensamento que constru\u00edron tal ou cal cultura. Estes valores non dependen das linguas como linguas. Pero a historia cultural que inevitablemente os asocia con elas non permite reco\u00f1ecer que son as obras e as loitas, \u00e1s veces dun n\u00famero moi reducido de individuos contra a s\u00faa propia colectividade, as que permiten atribu\u00edr \u00e1 lingua o que se\u00a0 ten feito nela &#8211; e \u00e1s veces tam\u00e9n, poeticamente, contra ela. Fronte ao rexeitamento dos contempor\u00e1neos.<\/p><p>Art. 21<\/p><p>Estas distinci\u00f3ns son cruciais para non atribu\u00edr virtudes de natureza inmanente a unha lingua. Pero \u00e9 igual de importante non reducir a linguaxe \u00e1 lingua e menos a\u00ednda \u00e1 comunicaci\u00f3n. Esta \u00e9 unha tendencia recente contra a que hai que loitar.<\/p><p>Polo empobrecemento do pensamento, dos medios, que implica este reducionismo e que se ve reforzado polos avances t\u00e9cnicos na comunicaci\u00f3n. Ocultando o feito de que estes mesmos avances son un factor de regresi\u00f3n e de barbarie.<\/p><p>Pensar a linguaxe como unha teor\u00eda global \u00e9 o \u00fanico xeito de contrarrestar os efectos perversos de pensar as linguas como natureza, como xenio, record\u00e1ndonos constantemente os v\u00ednculos entre especificidade e historicidade. A historicidade radical.<\/p><p>Art. 22<\/p><p>As\u00ed, a fobia cara ao ingl\u00e9s en franc\u00e9s p\u00f3dese entender como desco\u00f1ecemento do car\u00e1cter hist\u00f3rico dos pr\u00e9stamos e dos seus l\u00edmites l\u00e9xicos e sint\u00e1cticos. O desco\u00f1ecemento deste car\u00e1cter leva a rexeitar os pr\u00e9stamos e os contactos en nome dun purismo que implica ao mesmo tempo un desco\u00f1ecemento da propia historia das linguas, un pasotismo e, polo tanto, un academicismo, unha noci\u00f3n de decadencia ( variable: para Gobineau, o declive do franc\u00e9s comezou no s\u00e9culo XIV, para outros, no s\u00e9culo XIX; para outros, o franc\u00e9s actual \u00e9 unha \u00ab\u00a0obra mestra en perigo\u00a0\u00bb cuxa morte anuncian constantemente).<\/p><p>Art. 23<\/p><p>Ademais desta fobia purista, existe a covard\u00eda \u00e9tica e pol\u00edtica que fai que os especialistas renuncien a expresarse na s\u00faa propia lingua, contribu\u00edndo as\u00ed \u00e1 masificaci\u00f3n da comunicaci\u00f3n.<\/p><p>A atribuci\u00f3n exclusiva \u00e1 lingua das virtudes ligadas \u00e1 historia, equiv\u00f3case de xenio e asemade amosa\u00a0 o pouco xenio e o escaso sentido do idioma que te\u00f1en os pseudodefensores do franc\u00e9s.<\/p><p>Art. 24<\/p><p>Desde o punto de vista dunha teor\u00eda global, p\u00f3dense sinalar d\u00faas cousas.<\/p><p>Unha delas \u00e9 que o maior perigo para unha lingua non \u00e9 a hexemon\u00eda doutra, m\u00e1is a\u00ednda se esta hexemon\u00eda s\u00f3 \u00e9 econ\u00f3mico-pol\u00edtica. O maior perigo (como consecuencia da reduci\u00f3n da linguaxe \u00e1 lingua) \u00e9 a ausencia de creaci\u00f3n de valores (art\u00edsticos, \u00e9ticos, pol\u00edticos) por parte de quen a fala. A falta de creaci\u00f3n \u00e9 igual a traiz\u00f3n.<\/p><p>O grego antigo e o hebreo b\u00edblico son o exemplo de que as linguas, unha das cales, o hebreo, nunca tivo importancia pol\u00edtica, e\u00a0 outra cuxa importancia non sobreviviu ao imperio de Alexandre, s\u00f3 tiveron e te\u00f1en a s\u00faa importancia transhist\u00f3rica a trav\u00e9s das obras de pensamento que se produciron nestas linguas. E son as obras, as invenci\u00f3ns do pensamento, as que fixeron destas linguas o que chegaron a ser e aquilo do que foron portadoras. Porque non son as linguas, como linguas, as que produciron as obras. E mesmo cando o estado da lingua \u00e9 antigo, ou cando a lingua pasa por morta, como o lat\u00edn, a palabra est\u00e1 viva.<\/p><p>As\u00ed, non se pode afirmar que o lat\u00edn, do que se dic\u00eda que estaba morto no s\u00e9culo XVII, e que era un idioma s\u00f3 apto para eruditos (pensemos que as teses do s\u00e9culo XIX a\u00ednda estaban escritas en lat\u00edn, como, por exemplo, a de Jaur\u00e8s), sexa unha lingua morta (unha aparente banalidade que, a\u00ednda recolle un traballo recente como <em>Le Latin ou l&#8217;empire d&rsquo;un signe, XVI-XXe si\u00e8cle<\/em>, de Fran\u00e7oise Waquet, Albin Michel, 1998). Se Francis Bacon , Hobbes, Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz inventaron o pensamento, inventaron o seu pensamento en lat\u00edn.<\/p><p>Pero o arameo, que tivo importancia comunicativa transnacional nos tempos post-b\u00edblicos, agora s\u00f3 sobrevive nunha presadi\u00f1a de pobos. En canto aos grandes imperios da \u00e9poca, s\u00f3 deixaron restos arqueol\u00f3xicos.<\/p><p>Art. 25<\/p><p>\u00c9 preciso reco\u00f1ecer unha historicidade no sentimento da relaci\u00f3n entre as linguas. As\u00ed, hai unha paz das linguas vern\u00e1culas na Idade Media, en Europa, na transnacionalidade do lat\u00edn. A continuaci\u00f3n, seguiu unha guerra de linguas contra o lat\u00edn, e logo entre elas, en Europa, a partir do s\u00e9culo XVI. De a\u00ed a universalidade do franc\u00e9s na Europa do XVIII. De a\u00ed a loita da Revoluci\u00f3n francesa contra o \u00ab\u00a0patois\u00a0\u00bb (unha mestura de dialectos do franc\u00e9s e doutras linguas &#8211; bret\u00f3n, \u00e9uscaro) ata a III Rep\u00fablica. En canto \u00e1 actual francofon\u00eda, ou multiplicidade do franc\u00e9s no mundo, xa non \u00e9 compatible con Rivarol. Tam\u00e9n hai que pensar nisto.<\/p><p>Art. 26<\/p><p>\u00c9 certo que o sentido da pluralidade interna (e tam\u00e9n externa), o sentido no sentido dunha necesidade e unha copresenza, \u00e9 recente e certamente est\u00e1 ligado \u00e1 historia das descolonizaci\u00f3ns, pero tam\u00e9n se remonta \u00e1 relaci\u00f3n entre o romanticismo das especificidades e os nacionalismos que son a s\u00faa politizaci\u00f3n.<\/p><p>Art. 27<\/p><p>Por\u00e9n, este sentido da pluralidade pode ser en si mesmo rexionalista e nacionalista, pechado sobre si mesmo (e reproducindo a menor escala o peche do pensamento ling\u00fc\u00edstico) ou pluralista, \u00e9 dicir, realiz\u00e1ndose como o reco\u00f1ecemento das pluralidades internas e da pluralidade de identidade. E ser pois quen dunha teor\u00eda global.<\/p><p>Art. 28<\/p><p>Unha vez que se reco\u00f1ece que a desaparici\u00f3n dunha lingua pode deberse \u00e1 destruci\u00f3n dunha poboaci\u00f3n ou ao esmagamento cultural, queda claro que a defensa das linguas non \u00e9 un problema ling\u00fc\u00edstico, sen\u00f3n necesariamente o reco\u00f1ecemento da interacci\u00f3n entre a teor\u00eda da linguaxe, a teor\u00eda dos actos de pensamento, a \u00e9tica e a pol\u00edtica.<\/p><p>Art. 29<\/p><p>Se non, o que reina \u00e9 a heteroxeneidade das categor\u00edas da raz\u00f3n. A \u00e9tica \u00e9 impotente por si mesma, a pol\u00edtica t\u00f3rnase todopoderosa, as cousas da arte non se entenden como a mellor defensa das linguas e as linguas quedan reducidas a medios de comunicaci\u00f3n. S\u00f3 se espallan, afogando as demais, aquelas linguas que comunican o poder econ\u00f3mico-pol\u00edtico.<\/p><p>Art. 30<\/p><p>Conclusi\u00f3n paradoxal -pero o traballo do pensamento \u00e9 transformar os paradoxos en tru\u00edsmos do futuro-, o que se desprende desta cadea de raz\u00f3ns \u00e9 que a defensa das linguas non est\u00e1 no pensamento da lingua. Reside no v\u00ednculo que a\u00ednda fai a utop\u00eda do pensamento ling\u00fc\u00edstico, o v\u00ednculo entre lingua, arte, \u00e9tica e pol\u00edtica como teor\u00eda global. \u00c9 dicir, un ensino obrigatorio do sentido da linguaxe.<\/p><p>Texto lido no Forom des Langues du Monde e publicado no n\u00famero 64 de Linha Imaginot (revista trimestral do GRQM)<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1313\" aria-expanded=\"false\">ALBANAIS<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1313\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1313\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><p><strong>Albanais par Bruna HALULI<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>HYRJE<\/strong> n\u00eb leximin e Propozimit t\u00eb Henri MESCHONNIC p\u00ebr nj\u00eb Deklarat\u00eb mbi Detyrat ndaj Gjuh\u00ebve dhe Gjuh\u00ebs dhe <strong>THIRRJE<\/strong> p\u00ebr p\u00ebrkthimin e saj n\u00eb 1000 gjuh\u00eb (p\u00ebr t\u00eb th\u00ebn\u00eb shum\u00eb).<\/p><p>Ky propozim \u00ebsht\u00eb porositur nga Henri MESCHONNIC nga Carrefour Culturall Arnaud-\u2010 Bernard (Toulouse, France) i cili kishte punuar p\u00ebr disa vite n\u00eb Studimin e Gjuh\u00ebve te Bot\u00ebs, n\u00eb shqyrtim kritik t\u00eb deklaratave ose propozimeve t\u00eb ndryshme organizatat nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb fush\u00eb.<br \/>H. MESCHONNIC mendoi dhe e shkroi k\u00ebt\u00eb propozim n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb reflektimit t\u00eb tij personal mbi gjuh\u00ebt dhe gjuh\u00ebn, si dhe mbi at\u00eb t\u00eb zbulimit t\u00eb saj .<br \/>Ai ishte fol\u00ebsi kryesor nga 1994 n\u00eb 2008, i projektit t\u00eb nisur nga Carrefour t\u00eb nj\u00eb \u00ab\u00a0Deklarate Universale t\u00eb t\u00eb Drejtave p\u00ebr Gjuh\u00ebt dhe Kulturat\u00a0\u00bb (menduar si plot\u00ebsimi thelb\u00ebsor i Deklarat\u00ebs Universale t\u00eb t\u00eb Drejtave t\u00eb Njeriut), projekti rifilloi nga shum\u00eb an\u00ebtar\u00eb t\u00eb shoqatave t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshira, n\u00eb vendet e tyre t\u00eb origjin\u00ebs dhe n\u00eb Forom<br \/>(m\u00eb shum\u00eb se nj\u00ebqind e pes\u00ebdhjet\u00eb gjuh\u00eb jan\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuar atje q\u00eb nga fillimi i tij) n\u00eb mbrojtje dhe ilustrimi i gjuh\u00ebve dhe kulturave t\u00eb tyre.<br \/>Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb brenda korniz\u00ebs s\u00eb reflektimit dhe veprimit ton\u00eb n\u00eb favor t\u00eb kultur\u00ebs Occitan q\u00eb ne shpiku Forom des Langues du Monde n\u00eb Toulouse 28 vjet m\u00eb par\u00eb, dhe kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb ende brenda k\u00ebsaj kornize q\u00eb kemi menduar domosdoshm\u00ebrin\u00eb e k\u00ebsaj Deklarate, duke marr\u00eb parasysh q\u00eb k\u00ebrkohet pyetja oksitane, p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb situat\u00ebs dhe historis\u00eb s\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs \/ kultur\u00ebs oksitane p\u00ebrgjigjet m\u00eb t\u00eb gjera se ato q\u00eb kan\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb me t\u00eb drejtat politike komb\u00ebtare ose rajonale, dhe<br \/>n\u00eb ve\u00e7anti duke marr\u00eb parasysh rolin thelb\u00ebsor t\u00eb let\u00ebrsis\u00eb dhe krijimit kulturor dhe artistik n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha format e tyre, gj\u00eb q\u00eb na afroi pran\u00eb Pen-\u2010 Club de Langue d\u00b4Oc.<br \/>Ne shohim k\u00ebtu q\u00eb H. MESCHONNIC na kuptoi shum\u00eb mir\u00eb dhe shkoi shum\u00eb m\u00eb larg se k\u00ebrkesa jone .<br \/>Qysh n\u00eb vitin 2006, ne e dham\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb tekst p\u00ebr t&rsquo;ua p\u00ebrkthyer nj\u00eb numer njer\u00ebzish p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsues, n\u00eb Forumin e Gjuh\u00ebve, t\u00eb shoqatave t\u00eb kultur\u00ebs gjuh\u00ebsore.<br \/>Ne e rindez\u00ebm k\u00ebt\u00eb k\u00ebrkes\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb vit. Ne do t&rsquo;ju japim disa p\u00ebrkthime<br \/>sipas k\u00ebrkes\u00ebs. M\u00eb shum\u00eb do t\u00eb mb\u00ebrrijn\u00eb pak nga pak, dhe ne do t&rsquo;ju d\u00ebrgojm\u00eb atyre.<br \/>Ato q\u00eb ne do t&rsquo;ju japim sigurisht q\u00eb nuk jan\u00eb, p\u00ebr ne,<br \/>dokumentet p\u00ebrfundimtare, por p\u00ebrkundrazi dokumentet e pun\u00ebs, vektor\u00ebt e shk\u00ebmbimit nd\u00ebrmjet t\u00eb gjith\u00eb ata q\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb interesuar p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb tekst dhe duan ta b\u00ebjn\u00eb t\u00eb ditur n\u00eb redaksin\u00eb q\u00eb ata<br \/>do t\u00eb konsideroj\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00ebn. Vektor\u00ebt e pun\u00ebs s\u00eb pafund, pasi, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 faktit se kjo Propozim Deklarate do t\u00eb jet\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb ushqej\u00eb bisedat p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb, p\u00ebr ato q\u00eb ai thot\u00eb dhe p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye si thot\u00eb ai, ndryshimet n\u00eb gjuh\u00eb dhe situata t\u00eb kultur\u00ebs mund t\u00eb vijn\u00eb m\u00eb pas p\u00ebr t\u00eb sjell\u00eb interpretime t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb pasazheve t\u00eb caktuara, p\u00ebr t&rsquo;u p\u00ebrkthyer p\u00ebrs\u00ebri. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr,<br \/>t\u00eb gjitha propozimet e mundshme p\u00ebr ndryshime ose p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsime t\u00eb k\u00ebtij teksti do t\u00eb jen\u00eb mir\u00ebpritur, dhe ne do t&rsquo;ia paraqesim t\u00eb gjith\u00eb korrespondent\u00ebve tan\u00eb p\u00ebr shqyrtim. Dhe do te jene gjithashtu edhe<br \/>tema e debateve publike n\u00eb Forom, si dhe n\u00eb Universitetin ton\u00eb Oksitan n\u00eb Lagu\u00e9pie (Franc\u00eb) k\u00ebshtu, ne shpresojm\u00eb, q\u00eb n\u00eb shum\u00eb Forume ose Festivale t\u00eb Gjuh\u00ebve me t\u00eb cilat ne bashkepunojme.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">Claude SICRE, President i Carrefour Culturel Arnaud -\u2010 Bernard,<br \/>projektuesi i Foromit t\u00eb Gjuh\u00ebve t\u00eb Bot\u00ebs. Pranvera 2019<\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u00a0\u2013 \u2013 \u2013<\/strong><br \/><strong>\u00a0\u2013 \u2013 \u2013<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>Hyrje nga Henri Meschonnic<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p>Preambula e \u00ab\u00a0Deklarat\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb Drejtave t\u00eb Njeriut dhe t\u00eb Qytetarit\u00a0\u00bb t\u00eb vitit 1789 donte t\u00eb kujtonte \u00ab\u00a0t\u00eb gjith\u00eb an\u00ebtar\u00ebt e trupit shoq\u00ebror (&#8230;) vazhdimisht p\u00ebr t\u00eb drejtat e tyre dhe detyrat e tyre \u00ab\u00a0.<br \/>Duke par\u00eb bot\u00ebn sot, asgj\u00eb nuk ka ndryshuar p\u00ebrve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj,<br \/>si\u00e7 tha kjo preambul\u00eb, \u00ab\u00a0injoranca, harresa ose p\u00ebrbuzja e t\u00eb drejtave t\u00eb njeriu \u00ab\u00a0u p\u00ebrkeq\u00ebsua shum\u00eb. Gjendja e p\u00ebrgjithshme e dob\u00ebt e kompanive.<br \/>Prandaj urgjenca p\u00ebr t\u00eb shpikur nj\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnie midis etik\u00ebs dhe politik\u00ebs e cila \u00ebsht\u00eb akoma Utopia. Paradoksi i gjuh\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb se ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrmes saj, vet\u00ebm p\u00ebrmes saj krijohet raporti. Por ky \u00ebsht\u00eb vendi i injoranc\u00ebs maksimale. Dhe me gjuh\u00eb dua t\u00eb them<br \/>funksioni i shprehjes s\u00eb mendimit dhe nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb sistem shoq\u00ebror i shenjave. Implikimet nuk jan\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjta.<br \/>Mbroni gjuh\u00ebn? Por ai nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00ebn sulm. esht\u00eb m\u00eb keq: nuk njihet<br \/>edhe pse ne e dim\u00eb. Por si? Me kaq shum\u00eb edukim dhe njohuri. Sakt\u00ebsisht, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb ajo q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb paradoksale, e gjith\u00eb ajo njohuri nuk e di se prodhon injoranc\u00eb, a injoranc\u00eb specifike, dhe parandalon ta njoh\u00ebsh at\u00eb. Pyetja e perspektiv\u00ebs. Aty eshte nje pik\u00eb e verb\u00ebr n\u00eb statusin e gjuh\u00ebs, dhe kjo pik\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb jetike. Nuk eshte gjuha q\u00eb k\u00ebrc\u00ebnohet \u00ebsht\u00eb secili prej nesh.<br \/>Sepse \u00ebsht\u00eb e para dhe gjithmon\u00eb me fjal\u00eb q\u00eb ne veprojm\u00eb, q\u00eb l\u00ebndojm\u00eb dhe \u00e7\u00ebshtja e mbrojtjes s\u00eb gjuh\u00ebve \u00ebsht\u00eb vet\u00ebm aspekti i duksh\u00ebm i injoranc\u00ebs, t\u00eb harres\u00ebs dhe p\u00ebrbuzjes q\u00eb nuk i matim, q\u00eb nuk i dim\u00eb, sepse jo e gjith\u00eb kultura jon\u00eb humaniste ka m\u00ebsuar t&rsquo;i njoh\u00eb ato.<br \/>Kjo se gjuha nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb vet\u00ebm vendi dhe materiali i komunikimit, ajo<br \/>\u00ebsht\u00eb para k\u00ebsaj, dhe p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb, vendi dhe materiali i kushtetut\u00ebs s\u00eb secilit qenie njer\u00ebzore n\u00eb historin\u00eb e tij. Gjuha \u00ebsht\u00eb pra materiale e pandashme si etika dhe politika. Dhe \u00e7\u00ebshtje epike n\u00eb kuptimin q\u00eb<br \/>aventurat e z\u00ebrit njer\u00ebzor.<br \/>Sepse \u00ebsht\u00eb tek ai q\u00eb ne t\u00eb shpikim, ku arti, t\u00eb gjitha artet, luajn\u00eb nj\u00eb rol themelues dhe te panjohur.<br \/>Prandaj, problemi i mbrojtjes s\u00eb gjuh\u00ebve shkon p\u00ebrtej gjithckaje.<br \/>N\u00eb vend q\u00eb t\u00eb paraqitet n\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb thjesht\u00eb, sepse duket se e vret syt\u00eb, hegjemonia ekonomike dhe politike e nj\u00eb gjuhe mbi t\u00eb tjerat, duhet p\u00ebr t\u00eb imponuar vetveten se problemi kryesor, aq m\u00eb jetik nd\u00ebrsa injorohet, p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbrojtur gjuh\u00ebt, \u00ebsht\u00eb injoranca e pamatshme e mendimit t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs, e cila nuk m\u00ebsohet askund, dhe q\u00eb p\u00ebrfshin zvog\u00eblimin dhe rajonalizimin q\u00eb sh\u00ebnojn\u00eb p\u00ebrpunimin e gjuh\u00ebs n\u00eb kultur\u00ebn ton\u00eb dhe n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha kulturat.<br \/>N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb kuptim, ai \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb proces i t\u00ebr\u00eb i civilizimit, madje edhe nj\u00eb lloj revolucioni kulturor q\u00eb do t\u00eb kishte p\u00ebr t\u00eb menduar, p\u00ebr t\u00eb realizuar, p\u00ebr t\u00eb menduar dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb praktikuar marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnie<br \/>midis gjuh\u00ebs dhe kultur\u00ebs, midis gjuh\u00ebs dhe let\u00ebrsis\u00eb, midis gjuh\u00ebs, artit, etik\u00ebs dhe politik\u00ebs, t\u00eb cilat as nuk mendohen dhe as nuk praktikohen. Duke pasur parasysh at\u00eb q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb rrezik n\u00eb<br \/>gjuh\u00eb e tregimeve individuale dhe kolektive, mund t\u00eb themi se nuk ka asgj\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb thella dhe m\u00eb jetike p\u00ebr shoq\u00ebrit\u00eb dhe p\u00ebr civilizimin, sesa kuptimi i gjuhes.<br \/>Vet\u00ebm ky kuptim \u00ebsht\u00eb preambula e nj\u00eb deklarate universale t\u00eb t\u00eb drejtave t\u00eb njeriut. Kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb, detyrat e m\u00ebsimdh\u00ebnies s\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs, t\u00eb m\u00ebsimdh\u00ebnies , marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet midis gjuh\u00ebs dhe shoq\u00ebris\u00eb, m\u00ebsimi i let\u00ebrsive, m\u00ebsimi i etik\u00ebs dhe m\u00ebsimi i filozofis\u00eb politike, t\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto m\u00ebsime n\u00eb bashk\u00ebveprimin e tyre.<br \/>Duke gjykuar nga gjendja aktuale e shkencave shoq\u00ebrore n\u00eb bot\u00eb, shkencat shoq\u00ebrore e gjuh\u00ebn dhe disiplinat universitare n\u00eb rajonalizimin e tyre, pa harruar arsimin fillor dhe te mes\u00ebm, a \u00ebsht\u00eb ky nj\u00eb program i ngjash\u00ebm me \u00ebndrrat? Eshte megjithat\u00eb situata aktuale e cila \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb \u00ebnd\u00ebrr e keqe. P\u00ebrve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj, ekziston nj\u00eb emergjenc\u00eb. Ajo do t\u00eb jet\u00eb, n\u00eb pranver\u00eb t\u00eb vitit 2004, nj\u00eb Forum Nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar t\u00eb Gjuh\u00ebve dhe Kulturave n\u00eb<br \/>Barcelona Do t\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00eb takim bot\u00ebror me r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe. Ajo ka \u00e7do shans p\u00ebr rinovimin e Deklarat\u00ebs Universale t\u00eb t\u00eb Drejtave Gjuh\u00ebsore t\u00eb l\u00ebshuara t\u00eb Konferenc\u00ebs Bot\u00ebrore p\u00ebr t\u00eb Drejtat Gjuh\u00ebsore t\u00eb mbajtur n\u00eb Barcelon\u00eb n\u00eb 1996.<br \/>Kjo Deklarat\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb ekskluzivisht e ligjshme. Ajo di vet\u00ebm nocionet e<br \/>gjuh\u00ebs dhe grupit gjuh\u00ebsor. K\u00ebto nocione t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebta jan\u00eb legjitime, por mjaft te pamjaftueshme, nga mungesa e tyre e ndonj\u00eb konceptimi t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs, por m\u00eb pak p\u00ebrmendim m\u00ebsimin e tij, i cili duhet t\u00eb b\u00ebhet i detyruesh\u00ebm kudo. Nga ku<br \/>nj\u00eb varf\u00ebri e madhe e vet\u00eb nocionit t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs, e reduktuar n\u00eb komunikim. Si rezultat, plot\u00ebsimi thelb\u00ebsor i k\u00ebtij legalizmi duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb I nj\u00eb qasje gjith\u00ebp\u00ebrfshir\u00ebse. Lidhjet midis gjuh\u00ebs, artit, etik\u00ebs dhe mendimit politik. Nuk mundet t\u00eb p\u00ebrforcojn\u00eb efektivitetin dhe kuptimin e pretendimeve.<br \/>Duket se roli urgjent dhe specifik i Forumeve Bot\u00ebrore t\u00eb Gjuh\u00ebve<br \/>t\u00eb cilat q\u00eb nga ajo koh\u00eb jan\u00eb p\u00ebrhapur n\u00eb Franc\u00eb nga Forumi i Gjuh\u00ebs n\u00eb Toulouse 1992, duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbushur k\u00ebt\u00eb boshll\u00ebk t\u00eb mendimit dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb sjell\u00eb nj\u00eb reflektim n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi q\u00eb mund t\u00eb karakterizoj\u00eb nj\u00eb kontribut francez dhe i cili do t\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebnte<br \/>n\u00eb iden\u00eb e fort\u00eb se ne nuk i mbrojm\u00eb gjuh\u00ebt pa nj\u00eb mendim t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm t\u00eb gjuhes dhe shoq\u00ebrise.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">Henri Meschonnic<br \/>Carrefour Culturel Arnaud&#8211;\u2010Bernard<\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u00a0\u2013 \u2013 \u2013<\/strong><br \/><strong>\u00a0\u2013 \u2013 \u2013<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>Propozimi p\u00ebr nj\u00eb Deklarat\u00eb mbi Detyrat drejt Gjuh\u00ebve dhe Gjuh\u00ebs<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p>Teksti i propozuar n\u00eb Forumin e Gjuh\u00ebve m\u00eb 28 maj 2006, Place du Capitole n\u00eb Toulouse, nga Henri Meschonnic, Profesor Emeritus i Gjuh\u00ebsis\u00eb n\u00eb Universit\u00e9 Paris-8, poet, p\u00ebrkthyes i Bibl\u00ebs, eseist:<\/p><p>Art 1<br \/>S\u00eb pari, ekziston nj\u00eb specifik\u00eb q\u00eb duhet njohur n\u00eb gj\u00ebrat e gjuh\u00ebs. Kjo specifik\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb q\u00eb ne nuk e b\u00ebjm\u00eb thjesht sepse do t\u00eb ishte n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb transferonte k\u00ebto pyetje kopjen e deklaratave t\u00eb njohura p\u00ebr t\u00eb drejtat e qenieve njer\u00ebzore dhe bashk\u00ebsive.<br \/>Vendimi p\u00ebr t\u00eb drejtat gjithashtu supozon vendosjen p\u00ebr detyrat. Nj\u00ebri dhe tjetri presupozon nj\u00eb mendim se \u00e7far\u00eb jan\u00eb gjuh\u00ebt dhe \u00e7far\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb gjuh\u00ebt. Por ky mendim duket m\u00eb shum\u00eb aktiv, shihet n\u00eb drejtim t\u00eb detyrave t\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb.<br \/>Vet\u00eb specifikat e gj\u00ebrave t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs presupozojn\u00eb nj\u00eb mendim specifik. P\u00ebr t\u00eb mbajtur t\u00eb gjitha elementet q\u00eb ky mendim supozon se \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme t\u00eb parashikohet se ky mendim duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb kritika e p\u00ebrhershme e historis\u00eb s\u00eb vet, n\u00ebn nd\u00ebshkimin e mos mendimit t\u00eb objektit t\u00eb saj, por t\u00eb identifikimit sin je keqkuptim i till\u00eb apo i atill\u00eb n\u00eb lidhje me gjuh\u00ebt dhe gjuh\u00ebn.<br \/>Gj\u00ebja e par\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb njohur \u00ebsht\u00eb se t\u00eb menduarit p\u00ebr gjuh\u00ebt n\u00ebnkupton t\u00eb mendosh se \u00e7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb, \u00e7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb gjuha dhe n\u00eb \u00e7far\u00eb konsiston historikisht dhe n\u00eb gjendjen aktuale te nje<br \/>gjuhe. T\u00eb menduarit e gjuh\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb e kufizuar n\u00eb konceptimin jo vet\u00ebm t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs, por dhe pasojave n\u00ebse \u00ebsht\u00eb izolimi i gjuh\u00ebs jasht\u00eb praktikave shoq\u00ebrore n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb larmin\u00eb e tyre, e cila \u00ebsht\u00eb sigurisht situata m\u00eb e keqe e mundshme p\u00ebr t\u00eb ditur se \u00e7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb dhe \u00e7far\u00eb b\u00ebn nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb, dhe p\u00ebr ta mbrojtur at\u00eb.<\/p><p>Art 2<br \/>Prandaj \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme t\u00eb imagjinohet se p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbrojtur nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb, duhet t\u00eb njohim paraprakisht imitimetvp\u00ebr at\u00eb q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb vet\u00eb nocioni gjuh\u00eb, duhet t\u00eb ekzistoj\u00eb nj\u00eb teori e p\u00ebrgjithshme e gjuh\u00ebs.<br \/>N\u00eb \u00e7far\u00eb m\u00ebnyre duhet t\u00eb mendohet p\u00ebrve\u00e7 se sipas modelit t\u00eb past\u00ebr institucional t\u00eb propozuar nga \u00ab\u00a0T\u00eb Drejtat Gjuh\u00ebsore Universale \u201dt\u00eb Barcelon\u00ebs, qershor 1996, i cili merret vet\u00ebm me gjuh\u00eb, dhe n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb tregon kufijt\u00eb e mendimit t\u00eb tij p\u00ebr gjuh\u00ebn.Nj\u00eb teori e till\u00eb gjith\u00ebp\u00ebrfshir\u00ebse p\u00ebrfshin nj\u00eb reflektim mbi rolet, aktivitetet dhe pikat e forta t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha praktikat shoq\u00ebrore &#8211; nj\u00eb teori e marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnies midis gjuh\u00ebs dhe ligj\u00ebrimit, midis nocionit te ligj\u00ebrimit dhe nj\u00eb teori e subjekteve, midis nj\u00eb teorie t\u00eb subjekteve dhe artit, etik\u00ebs, politik\u00ebs, sepse \u00ebsht\u00eb e gjitha kjo q\u00eb n\u00ebnkupton nocioni subjekt.<br \/>Gjuha pra nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb pun\u00eb vet\u00ebm e gjuh\u00ebtar\u00ebve, e as e politikan\u00ebve vet\u00ebm. Historia e politik\u00ebs gjuh\u00ebt nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb histori politike. Ai p\u00ebrfshin elemente q\u00eb lidhen gjithashtu me artin, etiken, historine shoq\u00ebrore. Prandaj, t\u00eb menduarit p\u00ebr politik\u00ebn gjuh\u00ebsore presupozon k\u00ebt\u00eb teori n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, kjo veshje e pandashme nga gjuha, arti, etika dhe politika p\u00ebr t\u00eb menduar marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet midis gjuh\u00ebs dhe shoq\u00ebris\u00eb. P\u00ebrndryshe ne q\u00ebndrojm\u00eb ose biem p\u00ebrs\u00ebri n\u00eb nj\u00eb mendim t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs vet\u00ebm, dhe vet\u00ebm politika, e cila \u00e7on menj\u00ebher\u00eb n\u00eb keqkuptimin e rolit t\u00eb artit n\u00eb shoq\u00ebri, roli i etik\u00ebs n\u00eb politik\u00eb, duke injoruar k\u00ebshtu lirin\u00eb e subjekteve.<\/p><p>Art 3<br \/>P\u00ebr t\u00eb mbajtur s\u00eb bashku nj\u00eb mendim t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs dhe l\u00ebnd\u00ebve, duhet t\u00eb punohet n\u00eb nj\u00eb kritik\u00eb t\u00eb kund\u00ebrshtimit midis identitetit dhe tjetersimit, p\u00ebr t\u00eb menduar n\u00eb t\u00eb kund\u00ebrt\u00ebn e nd\u00ebrveprimit historik t\u00eb vazhduesh\u00ebm midis identitetit dhe tjet\u00ebrsise.<br \/>T\u00eb menduarit p\u00ebr shum\u00ebsin\u00eb e gjuh\u00ebve dhe bashk\u00ebveprimin nd\u00ebrmjet gjuh\u00ebve, pra presupozon t\u00eb mendosh p\u00ebr identitetin perms tjet\u00ebrsimit.<\/p><p>Art 4<br \/>T\u00eb mendosh p\u00ebr identitetin p\u00ebrmes tjet\u00ebrsimit, \u00ebsht\u00eb thelb\u00ebsore t\u00eb mendosh p\u00ebr veprimin e arteve gjuh\u00ebsore ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht, dhe artit n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, mbi transformimet e m\u00ebnyrave t\u00eb t\u00eb menduarit,<br \/>ndjeshm\u00ebrise dhe t\u00eb kuptuarit.<br \/>Art 5<br \/>Aty ku \u00ebsht\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb njihet nj\u00eb rol i privilegjuar p\u00ebr praktikat dhe mendimin e p\u00ebrkthimit, i cili imponon nga ana tjet\u00ebr p\u00ebr t\u00eb rimenduar p\u00ebrkthimin e tij sipas nj\u00eb njohjeje t\u00eb arteve t\u00eb mendimit, dhe jo m\u00eb shum\u00eb vet\u00ebm si nj\u00eb kalim nga gjuha n\u00eb gjuh\u00eb, por nga ligj\u00ebrimi n\u00eb ligj\u00ebrim, dhe ndoshta nga<br \/>sistemi i t\u00eb folurit n\u00eb sistemin e t\u00eb folurit. P\u00ebrndryshe, \u00ebsht\u00eb injoranca e zakonshme, e maskuar nga nd\u00ebrgjegjja e mir\u00eb e v\u00ebrtet\u00ebsive t\u00eb kryera, dhe kush nuk e sheh q\u00eb p\u00ebrkthimet jan\u00eb fshirje. Fshirja e kulturave, fshirja e specifikave, fshirja e ndryshimeve.<br \/>Q\u00eb nga ana tjet\u00ebr supozon se nj\u00eb teori e p\u00ebrkthimit nuk mund t\u00eb izolohet dhe gjoja autonome q\u00eb teoria e gjuh\u00ebs nuk mund t\u00eb reduktohet n\u00eb nocionin e vet\u00ebm t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs. Kjo pretendohet<br \/>autonomia duke mos qen\u00eb asgj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr p\u00ebrve\u00e7 situat\u00ebs s\u00eb saj tradicionale n\u00eb shenj\u00ebn e hermeneutik\u00ebs, kuptimit.<\/p><p>Art 6<br \/>N\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn \u00ebsht\u00eb gjithashtu e nevojshme t\u00eb njohim at\u00eb armik t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebve, dhe ndoshta armikun e par\u00eb t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs,qe nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb hegjemoni kulturore-ekonomike-politike e nj\u00eb gjuhe t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, por para s\u00eb gjithash eshte mendimi q\u00eb zvog\u00eblon gjuh\u00ebn n\u00eb gjuh\u00eb dhe q\u00eb ndan gjuh\u00ebn nga arti, kultura, shoq\u00ebria, etika dhe politika ta konsiderojn\u00eb at\u00eb vet\u00ebm n\u00eb izolimin e saj &#8211; pavar\u00ebsisht nga studimi<br \/>teknika e operacioneve t\u00eb saj, e cila, si e till\u00eb, ka legjitimitetin e saj n\u00eb vet\u00eb objektin e saj, kushti i njohjes s\u00eb limiteve t\u00eb saj<\/p><p>Art 7<br \/>Njohja e identitetit p\u00ebrmes tjet\u00ebrsis\u00eb presupozon njohjen e identitetit si shum\u00ebsi t\u00eb brendshme dhe si histori, jo si natyr\u00eb.<\/p><p>Art 8<br \/>Duke u nisur nga kjo, ekziston nj\u00eb m\u00ebsim q\u00eb nuk ekziston (dhe p\u00ebr ta siguruar at\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha nivelet, si nj\u00eb form\u00eb e re e edukimit qytetar), teoria e gjuh\u00ebs si njohje e marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnies midis identitetit dhe tjet\u00ebrsis\u00eb, midis ve\u00e7antis\u00eb dhe shum\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb brendshme, q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb si nj\u00eb poetik\u00eb, nj\u00eb etik\u00eb dhe nj\u00eb politik\u00eb e marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnieve nd\u00ebr-individuale, nd\u00ebrkulturore dhe nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare. Ku poetike,<br \/>etika dhe politika duhet t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb pandashme, p\u00ebrndryshe ato do t\u00eb bien p\u00ebrs\u00ebri n\u00eb modelin tradicional.<br \/>Me pamjaftueshm\u00ebrin\u00eb e saj, t\u00eb cil\u00ebn shum\u00eb nuk e shohin dhe q\u00eb duhet t\u00eb b\u00ebhet i vet\u00ebdijsh\u00ebm.<\/p><p>Art 9<br \/>Ky m\u00ebsimdh\u00ebnie e teoris\u00eb s\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs si nj\u00eb teori e bashk\u00ebsis\u00eb duhet t\u00eb funksionoj\u00eb n\u00ebn modelin tradicional dhe dominant t\u00eb shenj\u00ebs (me gjith\u00eb koherenc\u00ebn e saj gjuh\u00ebsore, antropologjike, filozofike, teologjike, shoq\u00ebrore dhe politike, puna e vazhdueshme si pun\u00eb<br \/>t\u00eb trupit n\u00eb gjuh\u00eb, t\u00eb subjektit n\u00eb gjuh\u00eb, t\u00eb shpikjeve t\u00eb mendimit n\u00eb gjuh\u00eb dhe si nd\u00ebrveprim, pandashm\u00ebri dhe historik i rr\u00ebnjosur i gjuh\u00ebs, artit, etik\u00ebs dhe politik\u00ebs.<br \/>Ky eksperiment i mendimit do t\u00eb b\u00ebnte t\u00eb mundur vendosjen m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb problemeve t\u00eb lidhura me tjet\u00ebrsin\u00eb dhe shum\u00ebsin\u00eb,<br \/>konceptuar zakonisht si vet\u00ebm t\u00eb jashtme, dhe p\u00ebr t&rsquo;i treguar ato sa m\u00eb t\u00eb brendshme sesa t\u00eb jashtme.<\/p><p>Art 10<br \/>Kund\u00ebr koherenc\u00ebs mbret\u00ebrore t\u00eb shenj\u00ebs dhe thjesht t\u00eb mendimit t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs, do t\u00eb kishte arsye p\u00ebr t\u00eb menduar,njohin, m\u00ebsojn\u00eb dhe kultivojn\u00eb nj\u00eb kund\u00ebr-kultur\u00eb, nj\u00eb kund\u00ebr-koherenc\u00eb, at\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebtij solidariteti dhe nd\u00ebrveprimi midis kategorive t\u00eb Arsyes q\u00eb nj\u00eb histori e t\u00ebr\u00eb e mendimit vazhdon t\u00eb mbaj\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb heterogjen dhe t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, ndaj t\u00eb cilave t\u00eb dy vet\u00eb historia e kushtetut\u00ebs s\u00eb asaj<br \/>ne i quajm\u00eb shkencat humane dhe disiplinat tona akademike, t\u00eb cilat dol\u00ebn prej saj.<br \/>Ne mund dhe duhet t\u00eb kuptojm\u00eb dhe promovojm\u00eb m\u00eb mir\u00eb dygjuh\u00ebsin\u00eb dhe plurilingualizmin, sipas secil\u00ebs situat\u00eb kulturore, duke i vendosur ato n\u00eb nj\u00eb mendim t\u00eb pluralitetit t\u00eb brendsh\u00ebm, etik\u00ebs dhe t\u00eb politik\u00ebs s\u00eb subjekteve. Ajo q\u00eb thjesht ballafaqimi i gjuh\u00ebve nuk na lejon t\u00eb mendojm\u00eb.<\/p><p>Art 11<br \/>Sepse n\u00ebse njohja e shum\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb gjuh\u00ebve b\u00ebhet vet\u00ebm n\u00eb politik\u00ebn e shenj\u00ebs, n\u00eb vend t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj p\u00ebr t\u00eb z\u00ebn\u00eb vend n\u00eb teorin\u00eb e p\u00ebrgjithshme t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs, ajo mund t\u00eb mbetet vet\u00ebm n\u00eb kund\u00ebrshtim midis<br \/>identiteti dhe tjet\u00ebrsimi, n\u00eb shtypjen e pakicave nga forca e vetme e ekonomiko-politike. Prandaj do t\u00eb ishte m\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb flisnim p\u00ebr gjuh\u00eb-kultura sesa p\u00ebr gjuh\u00eb, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb konceptojm\u00eb dhe ruajm\u00eb m\u00eb mire vlerat q\u00eb jan\u00eb shpikur n\u00eb to dhe t\u00eb cilat ata jan\u00eb bart\u00ebse &#8211; vlera antropologjike, artistike, etike dhe politike.<\/p><p>Art 12<br \/>\u00c7\u00ebshtja e vlerave p\u00ebrfshin zbardhjen e asaj q\u00eb nocioni i pabarazis\u00eb gjuh\u00ebsore turbullon. Dhe se ai \u00ebsht\u00eb i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme p\u00ebr t&rsquo;u p\u00ebrballur, n\u00eb vend se t\u00eb postulatosh vet\u00ebm n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb abstrakte (\u00ab\u00a0demokrat abstrakt\u00a0\u00bb i Sartrit) barazia e gjuh\u00ebve nd\u00ebrmjet tyre.<\/p><p>Art 13<br \/>Esht\u00eb e padiskutueshme q\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha gjuh\u00ebt, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb ato q\u00eb fliten nga nj\u00eb popullsi e varf\u00ebr apo ato qe fliten nga popullsi t\u00eb shumta dhe shum\u00eb t\u00eb lokalizuara, si gjith\u00e7ka q\u00eb ka t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb me at\u00eb q\u00eb e b\u00ebn nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb, jan\u00eb t\u00eb barabarta me nj\u00ebra-tjetr\u00ebn n\u00eb kuptimin q\u00eb \u00e7do gjuh\u00eb p\u00ebrmbush plot\u00ebsisht funksionet gjuh\u00ebsore t\u00eb nj\u00eb gjuhe, p\u00ebr t\u00eb menduar, t\u00eb ndjere, t\u00eb komunikuar, t\u00eb jetuar n\u00eb nj\u00eb shoq\u00ebri t\u00eb caktuar.<\/p><p>Art 14<br \/>Por dy faktor\u00eb vijn\u00eb n\u00eb turbullt t\u00eb k\u00ebtij nocioni fillestar t\u00eb barazis\u00eb antropologjike t\u00eb Gjuh\u00ebs. Dhe k\u00ebta dy faktor\u00eb jan\u00eb me renditje radikalisht t\u00eb dallueshme, t\u00eb cilat \u00ebsht\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb mos ngat\u00ebrrohen, dhe q\u00eb nuk shtohen.<\/p><p>Art 15<br \/>Nj\u00ebra \u00ebsht\u00eb fuqia ekonomike-politike e nj\u00eb grupi komb\u00ebtar, ose teologjik-politik, dhe e cila imponohet si nj\u00eb trans-gjuh\u00eb e komunikimit mbar\u00ebkomb\u00ebtar ose nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar. Pra, si<br \/>nj\u00eb fuqi teologjike-politike, arabishtja n\u00eb Egjipt ka mbytur ose ndaluar gjuh\u00ebn gjat\u00eb shekujve kurse gjuha franceze e ka reduktuar at\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim thjesht liturgjik. Ekonomopolitika p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsohet sot nga globalizimi i komunikimit anglisht.<\/p><p>Art 16<br \/>Por nj\u00eb faktor tjet\u00ebr i ep\u00ebrsis\u00eb kulturore dhe ekspansionizmit, ose i koh\u00ebzgjatjes se perandorive, \u00ebsht\u00eb shpikje n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb artistike, etike dhe politikat. N\u00eb cilin rast jan\u00eb k\u00ebto vlera q\u00eb e b\u00ebjn\u00eb zgjerimin dhe prestigjin e k\u00ebtyre gjuh\u00ebve, p\u00ebrtej \u00e7do nocion i komunikimit gjuh\u00ebsor, lokal, rajonal ose planetar.<\/p><p>Art 17<br \/>Jan\u00eb at\u00ebher\u00eb k\u00ebto vlera ato q\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb ato q\u00eb jan\u00eb k\u00ebto gjuh\u00eb. Ky fakt n\u00eb vetvete \u00ebsht\u00eb po aq i pakontestuesh\u00ebm historikisht, por nuk ka asgj\u00eb te zakonshme as me at\u00eb q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb dhe \u00e7far\u00eb b\u00ebn gjuh\u00ebsisht nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb dhe ndonj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb, as me fuqine e perandorive ekonomike dhe politike. Esht\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb ndalohet atribuimi i gjuh\u00ebve n\u00eb at\u00eb q\u00eb b\u00ebn pun\u00eb, madje dhe sakt\u00ebsisht n\u00ebse vlerat e tyre p\u00ebrb\u00ebjn\u00eb nj\u00eb kontribut specifik p\u00ebr nj\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb apo t\u00eb atill\u00eb gjuh\u00eb, deri n\u00eb identifikimin me t\u00eb.<\/p><p>Art 18<br \/>Vlera t\u00eb tilla mund t\u00eb universalizohen. Vlerat politike t\u00eb Deklarat\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb Drejtave t\u00eb L&rsquo;Homme de 1789, ose lufta p\u00ebr t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00ebn kund\u00ebr ruajtjes s\u00eb rendit gjat\u00eb \u00c7\u00ebshtjes Dreyfus simbolizuan dhe universalizuan gjuh\u00ebn fr\u00ebnge, por n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb ato nuk jan\u00eb<br \/>b\u00ebr\u00eb nga gjuha fr\u00ebnge, dhe mund t\u00eb thuhet dhe rib\u00ebhet n\u00eb \u00e7do gjuh\u00eb dhe n\u00eb \u00e7do vend.<\/p><p>Art 19<br \/>Esht\u00eb e nj\u00ebjta gj\u00eb, p\u00ebrndryshe, me vlerat estetike dhe etike t\u00eb veprave letrare dhe veprat e mendimit, t\u00eb cilat kan\u00eb efekt q\u00eb disa gjuh\u00eb jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb famshme se t\u00eb tjerat.<\/p><p>Art 20<br \/>K\u00ebto efekte t\u00eb ep\u00ebrsis\u00eb nuk b\u00ebhen rasti p\u00ebr nj\u00eb ide t\u00eb ep\u00ebrsis\u00eb s\u00eb gjuh\u00ebve t\u00eb caktuara.<br \/>K\u00ebto vlera nuk varen nga gjuh\u00ebt si gjuh\u00eb,por historia kulturore e cila i lidh n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb pashmangshme me t\u00eb nuk lejon n\u00eb vetvete t\u00eb pranojm\u00eb se keto jan\u00eb punimet dhe p\u00ebrpjekjet, ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00eb numri shum\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl individ\u00ebsh kund\u00ebr kolektivitetit t\u00eb tyre,<br \/>q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se ne i atribuojm\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs at\u00eb q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb dhe ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb gjithashtu poetikisht, kund\u00ebr saj.<br \/>N\u00eb refuzimin e bashk\u00ebkoh\u00ebsve.<\/p><p>Art 21<br \/>K\u00ebto dallime jan\u00eb thelb\u00ebsore n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb mos i atribuohen virtyteve natyrore nj\u00eb gjuhe, e cila vendos gjuh\u00ebn si mit i gjeniut t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebve. Por po aq sa t\u00eb mos zvog\u00eblohet gjuha n\u00eb gjuh\u00eb, dhe p\u00ebrs\u00ebri<br \/>m\u00eb pak ndaj komunikimit. Trendi i fundit q\u00eb duhet adresuar.<br \/>P\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb varf\u00ebrimit t\u00eb mendimit, t\u00eb mjeteve, q\u00eb sjell ky zvog\u00eblim dhe q\u00eb p\u00ebrforcojn\u00eb progresin teknik n\u00eb komunikim. Duke maskuar se vet\u00eb ky progres \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb faktor i regresionit dhe barbaris\u00eb.<br \/>Mendimi i gjuh\u00ebs si nj\u00eb teori e t\u00ebr\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb ajo q\u00eb vet\u00ebm mund t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb t\u00eb mundur kund\u00ebrveprimin me efektet pervers i mendimit t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebve si natyr\u00eb &#8211; si gjeni, nga p\u00ebrkujtimi i vazhduesh\u00ebm i lidhjeve<br \/>midis specifik\u00ebs dhe historikut. Historikiteti radikal.<\/p><p>Art 22<br \/>K\u00ebshtu q\u00eb fobia e anglishtes n\u00eb fr\u00ebngjisht mund t\u00eb duket m\u00eb mir\u00eb si munges\u00eb e njohurive t\u00eb karakterit historik te huazimeve, dhe kufijt\u00eb e tyre leksikor\u00eb dhe sintaksor\u00eb. Injoranca e ketij karakteri refuzon huazimet dhe kontaktet n\u00eb em\u00ebr t\u00eb nj\u00eb purizmi q\u00eb n\u00ebnkupton<br \/>injoranc\u00eb e vet\u00eb historis\u00eb s\u00eb gjuh\u00ebve, nj\u00eb prapambetje, pra nj\u00eb akademiz\u00ebm, nj\u00eb nocion ne r\u00ebnie (e ndryshueshme: p\u00ebr Gobineau, r\u00ebnia e fr\u00ebngjishtes filloi n\u00eb shekullin e 14-t\u00eb; p\u00ebr t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt, n\u00eb<br \/>Shekulli XIX; p\u00ebr t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt, francez\u00ebt e sot\u00ebm jan\u00eb nj\u00eb \u00ab\u00a0kryevep\u00ebr n\u00eb rrezik\u00a0\u00bb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn ata nuk pushojn\u00eb kurr\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb njoftuar vdekjen).<\/p><p>Art 23<br \/>Di\u00e7ka tjet\u00ebr p\u00ebrve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj fobie puriste \u00ebsht\u00eb frikacia etike dhe politike q\u00eb i b\u00ebn specialist\u00ebt te heqin dor\u00eb nga shprehja e tyre n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn e tyre dhe n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb kontribuojn\u00eb n\u00eb masivizim komunikues.<br \/>Atribuimi vet\u00ebm i gjuh\u00ebs i virtyteve t\u00eb lidhura me nj\u00eb histori n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb i gabuar n\u00eb gjeni dhe tregon madje papritmas sa prej tyre kan\u00eb pak gjeni dhe kuptim t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs, pseudo-mbrojt\u00ebsit e fr\u00ebngjishtes.<\/p><p>Art 24<br \/>Nga k\u00ebndv\u00ebshtrimi i nj\u00eb teorie t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithshme, p\u00ebrkundrazi mund t\u00eb v\u00ebrehen dy gj\u00ebra.<br \/>Nj\u00ebra \u00ebsht\u00eb se rreziku m\u00eb i madh p\u00ebr nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb hegjemonia e nj\u00eb tjetre, madje dhe edhe m\u00eb shum\u00eb n\u00ebse kjo hegjemoni \u00ebsht\u00eb vet\u00ebm ekonomiko-politike, rreziku kryesor (pasoj\u00eb e reduktimit t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs n\u00eb gjuh\u00eb) \u00ebsht\u00eb mungesa e krijimit t\u00eb vler\u00ebs (artistik, etik, politik) nga ata q\u00eb e flasin at\u00eb. Mungesa e krijimit \u00ebsht\u00eb e barabart\u00eb me tradhtin\u00eb.<br \/>Greqishtja klasike dhe Hebraishtja Biblike jan\u00eb mish\u00ebrimi i gjuh\u00ebve, nj\u00ebra prej t\u00eb cilave, hebraishtja, ka asnj\u00ebher\u00eb nuk kishte r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi politike, dhe tjetri, r\u00ebnd\u00ebsia e t\u00eb cilit nuk i mbijetoi perandoris\u00eb s\u00eb Aleksandrit, kan\u00eb pasur dhe kan\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb e tyre transhistorike vet\u00ebm p\u00ebrmes veprave t\u00eb mendimit q\u00eb ishin<br \/>prodhuar n\u00eb k\u00ebto gjuh\u00eb. Dhe jan\u00eb veprat, shpikjet e mendimit, ato q\u00eb b\u00ebn\u00eb at\u00eb q\u00eb k\u00ebto gjuh\u00ebt jan\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb, ajo q\u00eb jan\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb bart\u00ebse t\u00eb. Sepse nuk jan\u00eb gjuh\u00eb, si q\u00eb gjuh\u00ebt, t\u00eb cilat prodhuan veprat. Dhe edhe kur gjendja e gjuh\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb e vjet\u00ebr, ose gjuha kalon p\u00ebr t\u00eb vdekur, si latinishtja, fjalimi \u00ebsht\u00eb i gjall\u00eb.<br \/>K\u00ebshtu latinishtja, e cila thuhet se ka vdekur n\u00eb shekullin e 17-t\u00eb, dhe gjuha vet\u00ebm e studiuesve mes tyre (dhe tezat n\u00eb shekullin e 19-t\u00eb ishin shkruar ende n\u00eb latinisht, ai i Jaur\u00e8s, p\u00ebr shembull), nuk mund ta themi at\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb e vdekur (nj\u00eb banalitet i duksh\u00ebm i cili gjithsesi \u00ebsht\u00eb marr\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb vep\u00ebr t\u00eb fundit, Latinet perandoria e nj\u00eb shenje, shekulli XVI-XX, nga Fran\u00e7oise Waquet, Albin Michel, 1998), n\u00ebse Francis Bacon, Hobbes, Dekarti, Spinoza, Leibniz shpikin mendimin, shpikin mendimin e tyre, m\u00eb pas, n\u00eb latinisht.<br \/>Por aramaishtja, e cila n\u00eb koh\u00ebn post-biblike kishte r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi komunikimi transnacional, ekziston vet\u00ebm n\u00eb disa fshatra. Sa p\u00ebr perandorit\u00eb e m\u00ebdha t\u00eb koh\u00ebs, ato u larguan vet\u00ebm mbetje arkeologjike.<\/p><p>Art 25<br \/>Esht\u00eb e nevojshme t\u00eb njihet nj\u00eb historik i ndjenj\u00ebs s\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnieve midis gjuh\u00ebve. K\u00ebshtu q\u00eb ka nj\u00eb paqe t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebve popullore n\u00eb Mesjet\u00eb, n\u00eb Evrop\u00eb, n\u00eb transnacionalitetin e latinishtes. Pastaj nj\u00eb luft\u00eb gjuh\u00ebt kund\u00ebr latinishtes, pastaj mes tyre n\u00eb Evrop\u00eb nga shekulli XVI. Nga ka ardhur universaliteti i fr\u00ebngjishtes n\u00eb Evrop\u00eb n\u00eb shekullin e 18-t\u00eb. Prandaj lufta e Revolucionit Francez kund\u00ebr \u00ab\u00a0Patois\u00a0\u00bb (duke p\u00ebrzier pa dallim dialektet e fr\u00ebngjishtes dhe gjuh\u00ebve t\u00eb tjera &#8211; Bretonisht, Baske) deri n\u00eb Republik\u00ebn e Tret\u00eb. Sa i p\u00ebrket Frankofonis\u00eb aktuale, ose shum\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb francez\u00ebve n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb bot\u00ebn, nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrputhje me Rivarol. Edhe kjo duhet t\u00eb mendohet.<\/p><p>Arti 26<br \/>Esht\u00eb e sigurt se ndjenja e pluralitetit t\u00eb brendsh\u00ebm (dhe gjithashtu t\u00eb jasht\u00ebm) &#8211; kuptimi n\u00eb kuptimin e ndjenj\u00ebs s\u00eb domosdoshm\u00ebrise dhe bashk\u00eb-prania &#8211; \u00ebsht\u00eb e koh\u00ebve t\u00eb fundit, dhe sigurisht e lidhur me historin\u00eb e dekolonizimit, por gjithashtu ajo kthehet n\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet midis romantizmit t\u00eb specifikave dhe nacionalizmave q\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb saj deri ne politizim.<\/p><p>Art 27<br \/>Sidoqoft\u00eb, kjo ndjenj\u00eb e pluralitetit mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb vet\u00eb rajonaliste dhe nacionaliste, e mbyllur n\u00eb vetvete. (dhe duke riprodhuar n\u00eb nj\u00eb shkall\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl mbylljen e mendimit t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs), ose pluraliste,<br \/>dometh\u00ebn\u00eb t\u00eb realizoj\u00eb vetveten si njohje e shum\u00ebsive t\u00eb brendshme dhe t\u00eb shum\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb identitetit.<br \/>T\u00eb aft\u00eb at\u00ebher\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb teori t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithshme.<br \/>Art 28<br \/>P\u00ebr sa koh\u00eb q\u00eb pranohet se zhdukja e nj\u00eb gjuhe mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb shkat\u00ebrrimit \u00ebsht\u00eb e qart\u00eb se mbrojtja e gjuh\u00ebve nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb problem gjuh\u00eb, por domosdoshm\u00ebrisht njohja e nd\u00ebrveprimit midis teoris\u00eb s\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs, teoria e akteve t\u00eb mendimit, etik\u00ebs dhe politik\u00ebs.<\/p><p>Art 29<br \/>P\u00ebrndryshe, ajo q\u00eb mbret\u00ebron \u00ebsht\u00eb heterogjeniteti i kategorive t\u00eb arsyes, vet\u00ebm se etika \u00ebsht\u00eb e pafuqishme, vet\u00ebm politika \u00ebsht\u00eb e plotfuqishme, gj\u00ebrat e artit nuk kuptohen si mbrojtja m\u00eb e mir\u00eb e gjuh\u00ebve, dhe gjuh\u00ebt duke u reduktuar n\u00eb mjete komunikimi,<br \/>vet\u00ebm gjuh\u00ebt q\u00eb komunikojn\u00eb fuqin\u00eb ekonomike-politike p\u00ebrhapen dhe mbytin t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt.<\/p><p>Arti 30<br \/>P\u00ebrfundim paradoksal &#8211; por puna e mendimit \u00ebsht\u00eb t&rsquo;i kthej\u00eb paradokset n\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00ebsi te e ardhmja &#8211; ajo q\u00eb del nga ky zinxhir i arsyeve \u00ebsht\u00eb se mbrojtja e gjuh\u00ebve nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb mendimi i gjuh\u00ebs, por n\u00eb lidhjen q\u00eb ende e b\u00ebn at\u00eb utopi t\u00eb mendimit t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs, lidhjen<br \/>midis gjuh\u00ebs, artit, etik\u00ebs dhe politik\u00ebs si nj\u00eb teori e t\u00ebr\u00eb. Kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebsimdh\u00ebnie kuptimi i detyruesh\u00ebm i gjuh\u00ebs.<\/p><p>Teksti i lexuar n\u00eb Forumin e Gjuh\u00ebve t\u00eb Bot\u00ebs dhe botuar n\u00eb N \u00b0 64 t\u00eb Linha Imaginot (p\u00ebrmbledhje<br \/>GRQM \u00e7do tre muaj)<br \/>Forumi i gjuh\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb organizuar nga kultura Carrefour Arnaud Bernard<br \/>www.arnaudbernard.net<br \/>\u00a9 CARREFOUR CULTUREL ARNAUD-BERNARD &#8211; carrefourculturel@arnaud-bernard.net<\/p><p>PJESE SHTESE:<br \/>P\u00ebr nacionalizimin e propozuar t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebve dhe kulturave t\u00eb Franc\u00ebs nga Forumi i Gjuh\u00ebve t\u00eb Bot\u00ebs s\u00eb Tuluz\u00ebs<\/p><p>T\u00eb gjith\u00eb duhet t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb vet\u00ebdijsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb historike t\u00eb ndryshimit votuar nga Asambleja Komb\u00ebtare 22 majin e kaluar n\u00eb nenin 1 t\u00eb kushtetut\u00ebs, duke deklaruar mbi k\u00ebt\u00eb tem\u00eb t\u00eb Republik\u00ebs Franceze, se: \u00ab\u00a0Gjuh\u00ebt rajonale i p\u00ebrkasin trash\u00ebgimis\u00eb s\u00eb saj\u00a0\u00bb. P\u00ebrfshir\u00eb k\u00ebshtu k\u00ebto gjuh\u00eb si n\u00eb historin\u00eb e Franc\u00ebs ashtu edhe n\u00eb historin\u00eb e gjuh\u00ebs fr\u00ebnge, at\u00eb Fran\u00e7ois I par\u00eb n\u00eb 1539 n\u00eb Villers-Cotter\u00eats kishte deklaruar &#8211; ishte kund\u00ebr latinishtes, n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb &#8211; gjuha e vetme e Frances, gjuha zyrtare e dekreteve zyrtare.<br \/>Por realiteti historik dhe gjeografik i Franc\u00ebs ishte ai i nj\u00eb shum\u00ebsie gjuh\u00ebsh.<br \/>At Gr\u00e9goire n\u00eb 1790, p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrhapur ide revolucionare, revolucionin duke filluar nga Parisi, donte t\u00eb eleminonte patoisin si streh\u00eb nga feudalizmi dhe mbret\u00ebria. Ende n\u00eb fund t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb n\u00ebnt\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb Republika luftoi p\u00ebr t\u00eb imponuar fr\u00ebngjishten si gjuh\u00eb komb\u00ebtare. Sepse ishin tet\u00eb ose n\u00ebnt\u00eb gjuh\u00ebt popullore. Akoma n\u00eb vitet 1914-1918, sipas rajoneve, pakkush e dinte gjuh\u00ebn komb\u00ebtare. Breton\u00ebt kishin m\u00eb shum\u00eb vdekje sesa mesatarja komb\u00ebtare n\u00eb luft\u00eb, sepse pak kush e dinte Fr\u00ebngjisht<br \/>Kjo kujtes\u00eb nuk v\u00ebshtron t\u00eb kaluar\u00ebn, po shikon t\u00eb tashmen dhe t\u00eb ardhmen, prandaj Doja ta b\u00ebja. Jo m\u00eb kot, pariziene nga lindja, un\u00eb kam marr\u00eb pjes\u00eb p\u00ebr m\u00eb shum\u00eb se dhjet\u00eb vite n\u00eb Forum des Langues de Toulouse, krijuar nga Claude Sicre. Sepse kam m\u00ebsuar gj\u00ebra atje,<br \/>gjat\u00eb k\u00ebtyre debateve dhe takimeve. Nuk mund t\u00eb harroj nj\u00eb m\u00ebsues Breton i cili ende vuante nga Lufta e Chouan dhe q\u00eb d\u00ebshironte q\u00eb n\u00eb nivelin m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb t\u00eb shtetit atje nj\u00eb deklarat\u00eb qet\u00ebsuese si Kiraku kishte b\u00ebr\u00eb p\u00ebr Vichy dhe hebrenjt\u00eb. Historia e s\u00eb kaluar\u00ebs nuk ka kaluar, ka akoma disa, e kam par\u00eb me vesh\u00ebt e mi, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt kan\u00eb dhimbje per p\u00ebrvjetorin e Sh\u00ebn Bartolomeut.<br \/>Claude Sicre ka t\u00eb drejt\u00eb t\u00eb t\u00ebrheq\u00eb v\u00ebmendjen e Ministrit t\u00eb Kultur\u00ebs (le t\u00eb nxitojm\u00eb, gjat\u00eb se ekziston ende nj\u00eb Ministri e Kultur\u00ebs n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb vend) mbi rrezikun e nj\u00eb interpretimi rajonalist i k\u00ebtij ndryshimi, i cili do t\u00eb mbyllte, kund\u00ebr Franc\u00ebs, secilin rajon n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn e tij,<br \/>duke supozuar se gjuha e saj do t\u00eb interesonte vet\u00ebm veten.<br \/>Dhe Claude Sicre lufton q\u00eb, p\u00ebrkundrazi, t\u00eb kuptojm\u00eb se t\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto gjuh\u00eb t\u00eb Franc\u00ebs jan\u00eb komb\u00ebtare. Sepse historia e tyre, dhe historia e kultur\u00ebs franceze, \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb histori t\u00eb shk\u00ebmbimeve, t\u00eb bashk\u00ebveprimit. Sepse secila gjuh\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb-kultur\u00eb. Nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb vetem nj\u00eb instrument I komunikimit.<br \/>Njohja e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha gjuh\u00ebt e Franc\u00ebs \u00ab\u00a0i p\u00ebrkasin trash\u00ebgimis\u00eb s\u00eb saj\u00a0\u00bb n\u00eb fakt do t\u00eb ishte, si\u00e7 sugjeron Forumi i Langues de Toulouse, kudo n\u00eb Franc\u00eb transformon m\u00ebsimin e kultur\u00ebs franceze duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb iniciativa n\u00eb k\u00ebto gjuh\u00eb dhe kultura, Breton n\u00eb Strasburg dhe Alsatian n\u00eb Rennes, Occitan n\u00eb Lille dhe Picard n\u00eb Toulouse.<br \/>Pra me t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb ne do t\u00eb kishim akses n\u00eb nj\u00eb histori reale dhe nj\u00eb t\u00eb ardhme t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, duke njohur m\u00eb mir\u00eb gjeografine ton\u00eb kulturore.<br \/>Me sa kam p\u00ebrjetuar, si nj\u00eb studiues vizitor pothuajse kudo n\u00eb Franc\u00eb, e kam kuptuar se nj\u00eb nga klishet\u00eb kulturore m\u00eb t\u00eb q\u00ebndrueshme, m\u00eb t\u00eb vjetra dhe m\u00eb t\u00eb d\u00ebmshme, \u00ebsht\u00eb kund\u00ebrshtimi midis Parisit dhe krahin\u00ebs. Shum\u00eb ende besojn\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb marr\u00ebzi. \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb simptom\u00eb, n\u00eb syt\u00eb e mi, e pik\u00ebrisht asaj q\u00eb Claude Sicre denoncon si centraliz\u00ebm. Un\u00eb do t\u00eb thoja t\u00eb provincializmit parizian.<br \/>M\u00ebsimi i shum\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb gjuh\u00ebve dhe kulturave n\u00eb Franc\u00eb do ta sh\u00ebroj\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb problem. Pa harruar at\u00eb p\u00ebrfitimi do t\u00eb ishte i dyfisht\u00eb: p\u00ebr jet\u00ebn e k\u00ebtyre gjuh\u00ebve (nj\u00eb tem\u00eb e mod\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebrtas\u00ebsh p\u00ebr vdekjen)<br \/>gjuh\u00ebt, t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb do t\u00eb punonim q\u00eb ata t\u00eb jetonin), dhe p\u00ebr kuptimin historik t\u00eb solidaritetit.<br \/>Pa harruar, duke pasur parasysh historin\u00eb e imigracionit, n\u00eb Franc\u00eb, p\u00ebr shekuj me radh\u00eb, gjuh\u00ebt nuk territorializohet.<br \/>Pra, si\u00e7 thot\u00eb \u00ab\u00a0propozimi p\u00ebr nacionalizimin e gjuh\u00ebve-kulturave t\u00eb Franc\u00ebs\u00a0\u00bb, po, ka do t\u00eb kishte, duke m\u00ebsuar se uniteti \u00ebsht\u00eb pluralitet i brendsh\u00ebm, \u00ab\u00a0m\u00eb shum\u00eb demokraci dhe m\u00eb shum\u00eb Republik\u00eb \u00ab\u00a0.<br \/>E gjith\u00eb kjo tregon gjithashtu r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb kryesore t\u00eb arsimit n\u00eb jet\u00ebn politike, n\u00eb etika e politik\u00ebs.<br \/>Henri Meschonnic<br \/>Teksti i k\u00ebrkuar nga Liberation &#8211; Madame de Valleys &#8211; nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb botuar (maj 2001)<\/p><p>\u00ab\u00a0Nj\u00eb forum p\u00ebr mendimin e gjuh\u00ebs\u00a0\u00bb, Henri Meschonnic,<br \/>La D\u00e9p\u00eache, 18 maj 2001<\/p><p>Un\u00eb nuk jam duke shkuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb luajtur politik\u00eb. Un\u00eb nuk jam m\u00eb politikan sesa teolog. \u00c7far\u00eb ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e nj\u00ebjt\u00eb. Por ka nj\u00eb detyr\u00eb mendimi. Nj\u00eb detyr\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb nd\u00ebrhyr\u00eb. Esht\u00eb e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb q\u00eb, t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb ajo q\u00eb fjalori ka integruar me Zol\u00ebn, ky \u00ebsht\u00eb roli i intelektual\u00ebve. Edhe pse ky rol ekzistonte, edhe para fjal\u00ebs, shum\u00eb m\u00eb par\u00eb se Zola. Simbolikisht, mbase i pari q\u00eb e p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson at\u00eb,<br \/>\u00ebsht\u00eb Sokrati. Kush e quante veten filolog, q\u00eb nuk do t\u00eb thoshte \u00ab\u00a0filolog\u00a0\u00bb, por diskutues.<br \/>Shpik\u00ebsi emblematik i kritik\u00ebs. T\u00eb menduarit si kritik. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb, duke menduar si ushtrimi i liris\u00eb. T\u00eb dy: e nj\u00ebjta gj\u00eb. Parandaluesi nga t\u00eb menduarit n\u00eb qarqe, nga gjumi gjat\u00eb bised\u00ebs, si\u00e7 b\u00ebjm\u00eb kur ngat\u00ebrrojm\u00eb t\u00eb menduarit dhe policimin. Dhe gj\u00ebrat e gjuh\u00ebs jan\u00eb nj\u00eb Observator i shk\u00eblqyer p\u00ebr t\u00eb par\u00eb bot\u00ebn ton\u00eb si at\u00eb t\u00eb bukuris\u00eb s\u00eb fjetur: t\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto profesionist\u00ebt e mendimit dhe ata q\u00eb u besojn\u00eb atyre, t\u00eb imobilizuar n\u00eb ide fikse. Shprehja do t\u00eb thot\u00eb fotografia q\u00eb zgjat, dhe q\u00eb i rregullon ato n\u00eb poz\u00ebn e ideve t\u00eb marra. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb e gjitha tjet\u00ebr bot\u00ebrorja q\u00eb vjen: pritja p\u00ebr pritjet, e cila plot\u00ebson horizontin e pritjeve.<br \/>Furrat e mendimit i dhurohen kat\u00ebrmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb. P\u00ebr shembull, kur ndajm\u00eb praktik\u00ebn dhe teorin\u00eb.<br \/>Ose kur kund\u00ebrshtojm\u00eb identitetin dhe tjet\u00ebrsin\u00eb. Ose kur besoni se gjuh\u00ebt jan\u00eb gjuh\u00eb. Ose kur ne besojm\u00eb se nj\u00eb poezi, ose se b\u00ebjm\u00eb nj\u00eb poezi, kur flasim vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr shenj\u00ebn &#8211; shtoj, tani, gjithmon\u00eb \u00ab\u00a0k\u00ebshtu t\u00eb jet\u00eb\u00a0\u00bb. Kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb kur b\u00ebjm\u00eb gjuh\u00eb, kjo gj\u00eb kaq mrekullisht e ngjall kufom\u00ebn. N\u00eb form\u00ebn e nj\u00ebr\u00ebs pal\u00eb. T\u00eb kuptimit, t\u00eb tjetrit. Ashtu si shpirti nga nj\u00ebra an\u00eb, trupi nga ana tjet\u00ebr.<br \/>Po, ne nuk e dim\u00eb sa nuk dim\u00eb \u00e7far\u00eb t\u00eb themi kur flasim p\u00ebr gjuh\u00eb dhe gjuh\u00eb. P\u00ebrkthimi, p\u00ebr shembull. Crazysht\u00eb \u00e7menduri sa k\u00ebnaq\u00ebsi kemi. Dhe kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebr sh\u00ebndetin: a nuk themi se ajo duhet t\u00eb kujdeset p\u00ebr gjuh\u00ebn e tij? Ky forum, p\u00ebr sa vite kam harruar tashm\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb vend ku gjith\u00e7ka<br \/>papritmas, n\u00eb nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar t\u00eb vitit, p\u00ebrrallore, trubadur\u00ebt vijn\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb zgjuar k\u00ebto poza n\u00eb gjum\u00eb, ata goj\u00eb t\u00eb but\u00eb q\u00eb p\u00ebrtypin ide t\u00eb vjetra, t\u00eb vjetra, aq t\u00eb vjetra sa duhet t\u2019i vishni aq shum\u00eb nuk po mbajn\u00eb m\u00eb, t\u00eb gjall\u00eb. Po, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb shfaqje e bukur, nj\u00eb her\u00eb n\u00eb vit, vendi Kapitol Vlen t\u00eb shmanget. P\u00ebrve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj, me forc\u00eb, mendoj se kemi v\u00ebrejtur. N\u00eb vendet e larta. Kete vit posa\u00e7\u00ebrisht esht\u00eb nj\u00eb surpriz\u00eb. Un\u00eb vij k\u00ebtu sepse p\u00ebr mua \u00ebsht\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtje ritmi.<br \/>Ky \u00ebsht\u00eb ritmi p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilin po punoj. T\u00eb mendosh dhe t\u00eb rimendosh gjith\u00e7ka p\u00ebr gjuh\u00ebn. Dhe gjuh\u00ebt. P\u00ebr<br \/>m\u00ebsoni ritmin e t\u00eb qeshurit q\u00eb trondit mendimin. Sepse ekziston nj\u00eb komedi e mendimit. P\u00ebr t\u00eb zbuluar.<br \/>Esht\u00eb pjes\u00eb e g\u00ebzimeve t\u00eb mendimit. Mjafton t\u00eb rinovojm\u00eb ajrin q\u00eb thithim. Po mbytim k\u00ebtu. Ky vit, do t\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00eb deklarat\u00eb e madhe. Nj\u00eb deklarat\u00eb dashurie, natyrisht. N\u00eb gjuh\u00eb. Dhe gjuh\u00ebt. Megjith\u00ebse Do t\u00eb ket\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb njohur kush \u00ebsht\u00eb kush, dhe \u00e7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb \u00e7far\u00eb, dhe jo p\u00ebr t&rsquo;i dh\u00ebn\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs &#8211; kush nuk thot\u00eb asgj\u00eb, ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb ventriloquist &#8211; e cila vjen nga ata q\u00eb shpikin vet\u00eb. N\u00eb t\u00eb folur. Ti dhe un\u00eb. Por p\u00ebr t\u00eb njohur pjes\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr, do t\u00eb duhet t\u00eb vish m\u00eb 20 maj, Place du Capitole.<\/p><p>Adresa ndaj aventurier\u00ebve t\u00eb sot\u00ebm<\/p><p>Q\u00eb nga viti 1789, ekziston nj\u00eb Deklarat\u00eb Universale e t\u00eb Drejtave t\u00eb Njeriut (a) e cila luan nj\u00eb rol me r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi, n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb bot\u00ebn, si nj\u00eb arm\u00eb etike, intelektuale dhe ligjore n\u00eb<br \/>luftimet kund\u00ebr dhun\u00ebs dhe padrejt\u00ebsis\u00eb.<br \/>N\u00eb shekullin 21, do t\u00eb ket\u00eb nj\u00eb Deklarat\u00eb Universale t\u00eb t\u00eb Drejtave t\u00eb Gjuh\u00ebve dhe Kulturave.<br \/>Pse<br \/>&#8211; P\u00ebr shkak se p\u00ebrhapjes, n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb planetin, e betejave etnike (fisnore, rajonale, komb\u00ebtar) tregon se bashk\u00ebsia nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare duhet t\u00eb pajis\u00eb veten me nj\u00eb legale p\u00ebr t&rsquo;i p\u00ebrmbajtur ato, n\u00ebse jo p\u00ebr t&rsquo;i zhdukur ato;<br \/>&#8211; Sepse k\u00ebto beteja, t\u00eb cilat helmojn\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet midis njer\u00ebzve n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb bot\u00ebn, jan\u00eb pasoj\u00eb e mohimit, pak a shum\u00eb e dhunshme n\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb rajonit, t\u00eb identiteteve<br \/>kolektiv\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00eb nga gjuh\u00eb, dhe kultura n\u00eb kuptimin e fort\u00eb (p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb fet\u00eb);<br \/>&#8211; Sepse cila \u00ebsht\u00eb forca e Deklarat\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb Drejtave t\u00eb Njeriut, dometh\u00ebn\u00eb q\u00eb nuk e b\u00ebn konsideron se individ\u00ebt e marr\u00eb n\u00eb izolim nga p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsit\u00eb e tyre t\u00eb ndryshme (etnike,<br \/>gjuh\u00ebsore, sociale, fetare) p\u00ebr t&rsquo;i trajtuar ata n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb barabart\u00eb n\u00eb aspektin e etik\u00ebs dhe ligjit,<br \/>\u00ebsht\u00eb gjithashtu ajo q\u00eb e b\u00ebn dob\u00ebsin\u00eb e saj: nuk mund t\u00eb veproj\u00eb sipas t\u00eb drejtave kolektive;<br \/>&#8211; Sepse p\u00ebrtej problemeve ekonomike dhe politike, p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilat t\u00eb dy Vulgate marksiste dhe vulgate liberale, \u00ebsht\u00eb e qart\u00eb se \u00e7\u00ebshtja e identiteteve e kalon \u00e7\u00ebshtjen<br \/>shekuj, stile jetese, p\u00ebrmbysje gjeopolitike, ndryshime ekonomike.<br \/>Dhe se as shtet\u00ebsia bot\u00ebrore, as anti-globalizmi ekonomist, as botanizmi i tret\u00eb, t\u00eb gjitha q\u00ebndrimet q\u00eb rezultojn\u00eb nga bashk\u00ebrendimi per\u00ebndimor (injorant i realitetit kulturor)<br \/>thell\u00eb n\u00eb ato rajone t\u00eb bot\u00ebs \u00ab\u00a0ku ne ende luftojm\u00eb p\u00ebr ide fetare ose \u00e7\u00ebshtje t\u00eb traditave lokale \u00ab\u00a0) t\u00eb gjitha ideologjit\u00eb q\u00eb burojn\u00eb nga universalizmi yn\u00eb abstrakt, do t\u00eb jet\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb zgjidh\u00eb k\u00ebto \u00e7\u00ebshtje. Aq sa i njohim vet\u00eb, edhe pse p\u00ebr a<br \/>shkall\u00eb tjet\u00ebr (Irlanda, Vendi Bask, Korsika, Kosova, etj.) (b); Vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb Deklarat\u00eb Universale e t\u00eb Drejtave ndaj Gjuh\u00ebve dhe Kulturave e cila:<br \/>&#8211; t\u00eb organizoj\u00eb nj\u00eb debat planetar ku t\u00eb gjitha bashk\u00ebsit\u00eb gjuh\u00ebsore-kulturore t\u00eb bot\u00ebs do t\u00eb mblidhej, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha \u00e7\u00ebshtjet t\u00eb shoshiteshin p\u00ebrmes secil\u00ebs kultur\u00eb<br \/>(secila fe, secila tradit\u00eb);<br \/>&#8211; prandaj, nuk do ta zvog\u00eblonte pyetjen n\u00eb problemin e rrept\u00eb t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebve dhe, \u00e7&rsquo;\u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e keqja, te gjuh\u00ebt si mjete komunikimi, por do t\u00eb konsideronin vet\u00eb problemin e gjuh\u00ebs,<br \/>dhe t\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnies s\u00eb tij me mendimin, dhe p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye me mendimet e civilizimeve t\u00eb ndryshme<br \/>(c);Vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb deklarat\u00eb e till\u00eb mund t\u00eb plot\u00ebsoj\u00eb Deklarat\u00ebn e t\u00eb Drejtave t\u00eb Njeriut.<br \/>Do te vije.<br \/>Larg t\u00eb gjitha ideologjive plot p\u00ebrgjigje t\u00eb p\u00ebrpunuara tashm\u00eb, larg nga t\u00eb gjitha utopizmat dhe t\u00eb sistemeve t\u00eb tyre t\u00eb mbyllura, duke mbajtur larg nga t\u00eb gjith\u00eb pseudo \u00ab\u00a0z\u00ebdh\u00ebn\u00ebsit\u00a0\u00bb e popujve (t\u00eb cil\u00ebt popujt flasin vet\u00eb!), n\u00eb krahasim me misticizmin \u00ab\u00a0alterglobalist\u00a0\u00bb (duke th\u00ebn\u00eb se \u00ab\u00a0nj\u00eb bot\u00eb tjet\u00ebr \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur\u00a0\u00bb ajo n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb implicite pranon iden\u00eb se ekziston nj\u00eb NJ ONE bot\u00eb tashm\u00eb, e cila mohon shum\u00ebsin\u00eb shum\u00eb reale t\u00eb sotme, dhe na ofron nj\u00eb bot\u00eb tjet\u00ebr a p\u00ebr nes\u00ebr, kur ajo q\u00eb njer\u00ebzit duan \u00ebsht\u00eb njohja e t\u00eb gjith\u00eb tyre bot\u00ebt tashm\u00eb ekzistuese), kjo aventur\u00eb k\u00ebrkon q\u00eb t\u00eb shpiken vlerat universale brenda secil\u00ebs kultur\u00eb, secila n\u00eb konfrontim me t\u00eb gjitha t\u00eb tjerat.Nj\u00eb udh\u00ebtim i shk\u00eblqyesh\u00ebm, i cili gjithmon\u00eb do t\u00eb hulumtohet n\u00eb thell\u00ebsi, n\u00eb imagjinat\u00ebn njer\u00ebzore n\u00ebn t\u00eb<br \/>t\u00eb gjitha format, \u00ebndrrat, arritjet e saj. Nd\u00ebrmarrja m\u00eb e madhe intelektuale, etika dhe politika q\u00eb mund t\u00eb konceptohet. Aty ku \u00e7do qenie njer\u00ebzore ka rolin e tij.<\/p><p>Forom des langues du Monde de Toulouse mai 2000<br \/>Claude Sicre<\/p><p>a) Frym\u00ebzuar fuqimisht nga Deklarata e Amerik\u00ebs s\u00eb Veriut t\u00eb vitit 1776, t\u00eb cil\u00ebn ne priremi ta harrojm\u00eb n\u00eb Franc\u00eb.<br \/>b) Nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb indiferent t\u00eb v\u00ebrejm\u00eb se, p\u00ebr sa i p\u00ebrket Franc\u00ebs, l\u00ebvizja jon\u00eb e ideve ishte nj\u00eb nga forcat shtyt\u00ebse<br \/>regjistrimi i gjuh\u00ebve t\u00eb pakicave (gjuh\u00eb t\u00eb huaja pa status n\u00eb vendin e tyre t\u00eb origjin\u00ebs: berber, jidish,<br \/>Dialekti rom, armen, arab) si \u00ab\u00a0gjuh\u00eb t\u00eb Franc\u00ebs\u00a0\u00bb n\u00eb projekt n\u00ebnshkrimin e Kart\u00ebs Evropian, t\u00eb cilin ai ishte dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb ende i vetmi p\u00ebr t\u00eb promovuar, kund\u00ebr ideologjive rajonaliste ose nacionaliste,<br \/>duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb ideja q\u00eb gjuh\u00ebt autoktone t\u00eb Franc\u00ebs, t\u00eb mos ndahen n\u00eb asnj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb nga kulturat e tyre<br \/>NACIONALIZUAR (bazuar n\u00eb konceptimin ton\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb francez\u00ebt duhet t\u00eb m\u00ebsohen rreth troubadours<br \/>Pushtuesit &#8211; pa studimin e t\u00eb cil\u00ebve nuk mund ta kuptojm\u00eb poezin\u00eb franceze &#8211; historin\u00eb e Korsik\u00ebs &#8211; pa<br \/>studimi i s\u00eb cil\u00ebs nuk kuptohet asgj\u00eb p\u00ebr Napoleonin dhe organizimin e shtetit q\u00eb nga fillimi i shekullit t\u00eb 19 &#8211; deri n\u00eb historia e Alsasit &#8211; pa studimin e s\u00eb cil\u00ebs nuk mund t\u00eb kuptohen dy luft\u00ebra bot\u00ebrore &#8211; etj, etj.) p\u00ebr t\u00eb<br \/>t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtoj\u00eb nj\u00eb Franc\u00eb rr\u00ebnj\u00ebsisht demokratike, republikane dhe rr\u00ebnj\u00ebsisht pluraliste.<br \/>Sh\u00ebnim pas tekstit: ishte Henri Meschonnic i cili, n\u00eb Forom des Langues n\u00eb 2001 m\u00eb pas vitet<br \/>n\u00eb vijim, nisi k\u00ebt\u00eb ide t\u00eb Deklarat\u00ebs s\u00eb Detyrave (dhe jo t\u00eb Drejtave) dhe e cila udh\u00ebhoqi k\u00ebt\u00eb kritik\u00eb p\u00ebrball\u00eb<br \/>Deklarata e t\u00eb Drejtave Gjuh\u00ebsore, q\u00eb rezulton nga Konferenca Bot\u00ebrore p\u00ebr t\u00eb Drejtat Gjuh\u00ebsore t\u00eb mbajtur n\u00eb Barcelon\u00eb n\u00eb 1996. Ishte pas Propozimit t\u00eb Henri Meschonnicit 2006 kur ai prezantoi nocionin e Detyrimeve q\u00eb ne shuma e renditur sipas mendimit t\u00eb tij p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb term.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1314\" aria-expanded=\"false\">ARABE<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1314\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1314\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><strong>Arabe par Said benjelloun<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"p1\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629\u2020\u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a\u2020\u0645\u06cc\u0634\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0643<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u00ab\u00a0\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u00a0\u00bb \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1789 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u00ab\u00a0\u0644\u062c\u0645\u06cc\u0639 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u06cc\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc\u0629 (&#8230;) \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\u00a0\u00bb. \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u00a0\u00bb \u062c\u0647\u0644 \u0648\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0621<br \/>\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u00a0\u00bb \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u06cc\u0628\u06cc\u0651\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645.<br \/>\u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062c\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0627. \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u06cc\u0645\u0643\u0646<br \/>\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u06cc\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u060c \u0623\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0638\u06cc\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u06cc\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u060c \u0645\u0639<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u06cc\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u06cc\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641. \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u061f \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u06cc\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636<br \/>\u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645. \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 : \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u062c\u0647\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0643\u06cc\u0641 \u061f \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637<br \/>\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u06cc\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u060c \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0644 \u060c \u062c\u0647\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631.<br \/>\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u06cc\u062e\u0635 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062d\u06cc\u0648\u06cc\u0629 \u060c \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u06cc\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0627.<br \/>\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0644\u062c\u0647\u0644<br \/>\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u06cc\u0633 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0647.<br \/>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0644<br \/>\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u0647. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0645\u06cc\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a.<br \/>\u0648\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u06cc\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0646\u06cc\u0629 \u062d\u06cc\u062b \u0646\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u06cc\u062b \u06cc\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u06cc\u062c\u0639\u0644<br \/>\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u06cc\u062a\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646<br \/>\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a.<br \/>\u0648\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u06cc\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0633\u0651\u0637 \u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u06cc\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0647\u06cc\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u06cc\u0633\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u06cc\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u06cc\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0644\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u06cc\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a.<br \/>\u06cc\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u062f\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0647\u0627<br \/>\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642<br \/>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0641\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc\u0629 \u060c \u06cc\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u06cc\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648<br \/>\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0642\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u06cc\u0648\u06cc\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629.<br \/>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629. \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629<br \/>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f.<br \/>\u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0643 \u0639\u0646<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u06cc\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u061f \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0632\u0639\u062c.<br \/>\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0631\u0626\u0629. \u0625\u0630 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0628\u06cc\u0639 2004 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0634\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0629. \u0633\u06cc\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u06cc\u0627<br \/>\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u06cc\u062c\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u062b\u0642 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f<br \/>. \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0634\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1996<br \/>\u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u06cc\u0629.\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u06cc\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627<br \/>\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u06cc\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u06cc\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646.<br \/>\u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u06cc\u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u06cc\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644.<br \/>\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0645\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u06cc\u0639\u0632\u0632<br \/>\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628.<br \/>\u060c \u0648\u062d\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062c\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1992<br \/>\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u06cc\u0631 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u062a\u0641\u0643\u06cc\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06cc\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u06cc\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0627<br \/>\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0645\u06cc\u0634\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0643<br \/>( ( \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u06cc\u0629 \u0633\u0639\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0668 \u0645\u0627\u064a \u0662\u0660\u0661\u0669<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 . \u06cc\u062a\u0645\u06cc\u0632 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u06cc\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u06cc\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u06cc\u0627<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629.<br \/>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u06cc\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u06cc\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u06cc\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631.<br \/>\u0648\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u06cc\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u06cc\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u06cc\u0631\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u06cc\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u0647 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639<br \/>\u062a\u0641\u0643\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a.<br \/>\u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u06cc\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u06cc\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u06cc\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0629 \u0623\u06cc\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u06cc\u0641 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062a<br \/>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u064a \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629. \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0636\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0632\u0644<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u06cc\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639<br \/>\u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627.<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a . \u0644\u062f\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u06cc\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629. \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a<br \/>\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0647 \u00ab\u00a0\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u00a0\u00bb \u0644\u0628\u0631\u0634\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0648 1996 \u060c\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u06cc\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u06cc\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0627\u062a<br \/>\u0642\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u0627.<br \/>\u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u06cc\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u06cc\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc\u0629 \u2013 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629<br \/>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u06cc\u0639\u060c \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u06cc\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u06cc\u0642\u062a\u0636\u06cc\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639.<br \/>\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645. \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u06cc\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u0628\u0644 \u06cc\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631<br \/>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u06cc\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a. \u0648\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0644\u0627 \u06cc\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0629<br \/>\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u0629. \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627<br \/>\u0633\u06cc\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u060c \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u06cc\u0639.<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b . \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u06cc\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u06cc\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u060c \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u06cc\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u06cc\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u06cc\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u0629.<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u06cc\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u06cc\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u06cc\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646<br \/>\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u060c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u06cc\u0631 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a.<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 .\u0648\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u06cc\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u06cc\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u06cc\u0631<br \/>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0643\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u060c \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645<br \/>\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0622\u062e\u0631. \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u06cc\u062d\u062c\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u06cc\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0647\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u0632\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u06cc\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u064a<br \/>\u0645\u062d\u0648\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a.<br \/>\u0648\u06cc\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u06cc\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0632\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0635\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0639\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u06cc\u0633 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u06cc\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648.<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 .\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u06cc\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0644\u06cc\u0633 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u06cc\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0629<br \/>\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u06cc\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0643\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u06cc\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0643\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u06cc\u0631 \u060c \u0648\u06cc\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0629 _<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 _ \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u0629. \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u063a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u06cc\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u06cc\u062a\u0647\u060c<br \/>\u0634\u0631\u06cc\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647.<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 .\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u06cc\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u06cc\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u06cc\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u06cc\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0633 \u0643\u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u0629<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 . \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0639\u0627 (\u06cc\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u06cc\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u06cc\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0629) \u060c<br \/>\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u06cc\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0629\u060c \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u06cc\u0646<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645. \u062d\u06cc\u062b \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0633\u0642\u0637\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0627<br \/>\u06cc\u0634\u0648\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u06cc\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0641\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u062b\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0646.<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 . \u0625\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0633 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0643\u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u06cc\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u060c \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629<br \/>(\u0628\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u064a) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0627<br \/>\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u06cc\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0642\u0651 \u0648\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u06cc\u0624\u0643\u0651\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a.<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631 . \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u06cc\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u06cc\u0629 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u060c<br \/>\u06cc\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u0647 \u06cc\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u06cc\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646<br \/>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u062a\u0643\u0648\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a.<br \/>\u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u062c\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062c\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0629<br \/>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u06cc\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a.<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 . \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u06cc\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u06cc\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u06cc\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646<br \/>\u06cc\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627. \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u06cc\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u062a. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0633\u06cc\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a-\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0642\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0629.<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 . \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u06cc\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0627 \u06cc\u0637\u0645\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0627 ( \u00ab\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062f\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u06cc\u062f\u064a\u00a0\u00bb \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0631)<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631 . \u0644\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u06cc\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u06cc\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u06cc\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0642\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0651\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u06cc\u0629 \u0641\u06cc\u0645\u0627<br \/>\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u06cc\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u06cc\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u06cc\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0646.<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 . \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u0637\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u06cc\u0629 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0646<br \/>\u0645\u062a\u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0630\u0631\u06cc\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u06cc\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627.<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 . \u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u06cc\u0629 \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a\u06cc\u0629 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u062f<br \/>\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0629. \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u06cc\u0629 \u0643\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a\u06cc\u0629 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0646\u0642 \u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u06cc\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u0635\u0631\u0647\u0627<br \/>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0642\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0636. \u0648\u06cc\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u0629.<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 . \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u06cc\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u062a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0648<br \/>\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0642\u06cc\u0645 \u0641\u0646\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u0628\u063a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u06cc\u0627.<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 . \u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u06cc\u0645 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0646\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644-\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a-\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0629<br \/>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u06cc\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u06cc\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0629.\u0648\u06cc\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a<br \/>\u0645\u0627 \u06cc\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u06cc\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627.<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 . \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u06cc\u0645 \u06cc\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u06cc\u0645\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0642\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1789 \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0629<br \/>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0636\u06cc\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0641\u0648\u0633 \u060c\u062a\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0629<br \/>\u060c \u0648\u06cc\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u06cc\u064f\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0635\u06cc\u0627\u063a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646.<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 . \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u06cc\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u06cc\u0629. \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u06cc\u062c\u0639\u0644<br \/>\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u06cc\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u06cc\u0645 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627.<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646 . \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u06cc\u062a\u062c\u0633\u062f \u0645\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0642\u062a<br \/>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u0643. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u06cc\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u063a\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u06cc\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u06cc\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646<br \/>\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0623\u062d\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0642\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0636\u062f \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u060c \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0644<br \/>\u0648\u0623\u062d\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u06cc\u0636\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0629\u060c \u0636\u062f\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627.<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646. \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u06cc\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u06cc\u0636\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a<br \/>\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u06cc\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u060c \u0648 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u06cc\u062b\u0629 \u06cc\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627.<br \/>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0635\u06cc\u0631 \u06cc\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0625\u0641\u0642\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0645\u0651\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0648\u06cc\u062e\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631<br \/>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u062c\u06cc\u0629.<br \/>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u06cc\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0643\u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u06cc\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u06cc\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0643\u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u0629 \u0648 \u0639\u0628\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0643\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0628\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u06cc\u0629. \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u06cc\u0629 \u062c\u0630\u0631\u06cc\u0629.<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u06cc\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u06cc\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u0629 \u06cc\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0644\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u06cc\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u06cc\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621<br \/>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0647\u06cc\u0631 \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0645\u064a \u060c\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0637\u0627\u0637 (\u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0645\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u0631:<br \/>\u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u061b \u0641\u064a \u062d\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f Gobineau \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644<br \/>\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0648\u0645 \u00ab\u00a0\u062a\u062d\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0631\u00a0\u00bb \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u062a\u0626\u0648\u0627 \u06cc\u0646\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627).<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u06cc\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u06cc\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0647\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u062c\u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u06cc\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0627 \u06cc\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0646<br \/>\u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u06cc\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc\u0629.\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0644\u0647\u0648 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a<br \/>\u0648\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0639\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0629.<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u06cc\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u06cc\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0634\u06cc\u0626\u06cc\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062e\u0637\u0631<br \/>\u06cc\u0647\u062f\u062f \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u06cc\u0633 \u0647\u06cc\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u06cc\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 (\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u06cc\u0631<br \/>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 ) \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u06cc\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0629) \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u062e\u06cc\u0631<br \/>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0643\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0628\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0636 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0629 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632<br \/>\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u06cc\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u064a<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u062f\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u064f\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u062a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u06cc\u0651\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u06cc\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u062a\u062a \u0641\u064a<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u06cc\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u0645 (\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0638\u0644\u062a \u0644\u063a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644<br \/>\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0633) \u0644\u0627 \u06cc\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u06cc\u062a\u0629 (\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0647\u06cc\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062d\u062f\u06cc\u062b\u00a0\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645<br \/>\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u06a4\u0627\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u0634\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0661\u0669\u0669\u0668 ) \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0633 \u0628\u06cc\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u0648\u0628\u0633 \u0648\u062f\u06cc\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0632\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0628\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u0632 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627<br \/>\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u06cc\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u06cc\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0649.<br \/>\u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u06cc\u0629.<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646. \u06cc\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649. \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u06cc\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0629 \u060c \u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0648\u0646\u0628\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0646<br \/>\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u00ab\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0627\u00a0\u00bb (\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a<br \/>\u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 &#8211; \u0628\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643) \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u06cc\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0629 \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u060c \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u06cc\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u06cc\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u06cc\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0623\u06cc\u0636\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u06cc\u0631.<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646. \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0629 (\u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u06cc\u0629) &#8211; \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u06cc\u0634 &#8211; \u0647\u0648<br \/>\u062d\u062f\u06cc\u062b\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u06cc\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0623\u06cc\u0636\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a<br \/>\u0633\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0629.<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646. \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u06cc\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u06cc\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u06cc\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u064b\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 (\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u062f \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0627<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631)\u0648\u0625\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u06cc\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649<br \/>\u062a\u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0631\u0643\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u06cc\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u06cc\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0633\u062d\u0642 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u060c \u06cc\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0627 \u0623\u0646<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u06cc\u0633 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u06cc\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642<br \/>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u0629.<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u063a\u06cc\u0627\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u06cc\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u06cc\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u06cc\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u06cc\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631<br \/>\u0643\u062e\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a<br \/>\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u064f\u062e\u0646\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0646. \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0629 &#8211; \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u06cc\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644- \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0627 \u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644<br \/>\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u06cc\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u06cc\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0628\u06cc\u0627 \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u06cc\u0631 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u06cc\u0646<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u06cc\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u06cc\u0631.<br \/>\u0646\u0635 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a 28 \u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0648 2006 \u060c \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u060c \u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645 \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0645\u06cc\u0634\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0643 \u060c \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0641\u062e\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062a<br \/>\u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0633 8\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a.<br \/>\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647:<\/p><p style=\"text-align: left;\">\u00ab\u00a0Hugo la po\u00e9sie contre le maintien de l&rsquo;ordre\u00a0\u00bb (Maisonneuve et Larose)<br \/>\u00ab\u00a0Au commencement, traduction de la Gen\u00e8se\u00a0\u00bb (Descl\u00e9e de Brouwer)<br \/>\u00ab\u00a0Spinoza po\u00e8me de la pens\u00e9e\u00a0\u00bb (Maisonneuve et Larose)<br \/>( ( \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u06cc\u0629 \u0633\u0639\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0668 \u0645\u0627\u064a \u0662\u0660\u0661\u0669<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1315\" aria-expanded=\"false\">OCCITAN<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1315\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1315\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><p><strong>Occitan par David Escarpit<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Proposicion per una Declaracion saus Devers env\u00e8rs las Lengas mei lo Lengatge<\/strong><\/p><p>Art. 1 I a prem\u00e8ir una especificitat de recon\u00e9isher a las causas dau lengatge. Aquela especificitat f\u00e8i que l\u2019\u00f2m ne saur\u00e9 simplament reportar sus aquelas questions lo calc de las declaracions coneishudas saus dreits daus \u00e8sters umans mei de las collectivitats.<\/p><p>Se prononciar sus dreits supausa tanben de se prononciar sus devers. L\u2019un e l\u2019aute presupausa una pensada de \u00e7\u00f2 que son e de \u00e7\u00f2 que h\u00e8sen lei lengas. Mes aquela pensada sembla pus activa, envisatjada en t\u00e8rmes de devers.<\/p><p>L\u2019especificitat das causas dau lengatge supausa ela-medissa una pensada especifica. Per tant de tenir tots los elements qu\u2019aquesta pensada supausa \u2018qu\u00f2\u2019s necessari de postular qu\u2019aquesta pensada diu estar una critica perpetuala de sa pr\u00f2pia ist\u00f2ria, sos pena de ne pas pensar son obj\u00e8ct, mes de s\u2019identificar a tala o tala id\u00e8ia recebuda tocant las lengas e la lenga.<\/p><p>La prem\u00e8ira causa de recon\u00e9isher es que pensar las lengas supausa de pensar \u00e7\u00f2n qu\u2019es una lenga, \u00e7\u00f2n qu\u2019es la lenga, amei en qu\u00e9 consist\u00eds istoricament dens son estat present la pensada de la lenga.<\/p><p>Pensar la lenga se b\u00f2rna siga a ne conc\u00e9ber que la lenga, que de la lenga, e la consequ\u00e9ncia ne n\u2019es l\u2019isolament de la lenga h\u00f2ra das practicas socialas dau lengatge dens tota la sua diversitat, \u00e7\u00f2n qu\u2019es ben pr\u2019au segur la mei mavada situacion que puscan conc\u00e9ber per fin de sauger \u00e7\u00f2 qu\u2019es e \u00e7\u00f2 que f\u00e8i una lenga, amei per la def\u00e9nder.<\/p><p>Art 2 S\u2019impausa donc de se representar que per tant de def\u00e9nder una lenga, e saber prem\u00e8ir las limitas de \u00e7\u00f2 que significa la quita nocion de lenga, fau una teoria d\u2019ensemble dau lengatge.<\/p><p>En qu\u00e9 i a de qu\u00e9 carcular autament que segond lo pur mod\u00e8le institucionau que propausa la \u00ab Declaracion universala daus dreits ling\u00fcistics \u00bb de Barcelona, de junh de 1996, que ne p\u00f2rta que sus las lengas e moisha pr\u2019aqu\u00ed las limitas de sa pensada dau lengatge.<\/p><p>Atau una teoria d\u2019ensemble implica una reflexion sus los r\u00f2tles, las activitats amei las f\u00f2r\u00e7as dau lengatge dens totas las practicas socialas &#8211; una teoria daus rap\u00f2rts entre la lenga e lo parol\u00eds, entre la nocion de parol\u00eds e una teoria daus subj\u00e8cts, entre una teoria daus subj\u00e8cts e l\u2019art, l\u2019etica, la politica, qu\u2019aqu\u00f2\u2019s tot aqu\u00f2-\u2018qu\u00ed qu\u2019implica la nocion de subj\u00e8ct.<\/p><p>La lenga n\u2019es donc pas l\u2019afar dei ling\u00fcistas sols, nimei dei politics sols. L\u2019ist\u00f2ria de la politica de las lengas n\u2019es pas tan solament una ist\u00f2ria politica. Inclutz daus elements que tenen tanben a l\u2019art, a l\u2019etica, a l\u2019ist\u00f2ria sociala. Pensar la politica de las lengas supausa donc aquela teoria d\u2019ensemble, aquela tinguda indesseparabla dau lengatge, de l\u2019art amei dau politic per tant de pensar los rap\u00f2rts entre lengatge e societat. Senon, dem\u00f2ran o tornan tombar dens una pensada de la lenga sola, e de la politica sola, \u00e7on que de tira mena a descon\u00e9isher lo r\u00f2tle de l\u2019art dens la societat, lo r\u00f2tle de l\u2019etica dens la politica, donc a descon\u00e9isher la libertat daus subj\u00e8cts.<\/p><p>Art.3 Tenir ensemble una pensada dau lengatge e daus subj\u00e8cts diu pr\u2019aqu\u00f2 trabalhar end\u2019una critica de l\u2019oposicion entre identitat e alteritat, perqu\u00e9 de pensar a l\u2019encontra l\u2019interaccion istorica constanta entre identitat e alteritat.<\/p><p>Pensar la pluralitat das lengas e l\u2019interaccion entre las lengas supausa donc de pensar l\u2019identitat per l\u2019alteritat.<\/p><p>Art. 4 Per tant de pensar l\u2019identitat per l\u2019alteritat, es indispensable de pensar l\u2019accion de las arts dau lengatge particulariament, amei de l\u2019art mei generalament, sus las transformacions daus m\u00f2des de pensada, de sensibilitat e de compreneson, donc sus la pensada dau lengatge e de las lengas.<\/p><p>Art.5 Aon \u2018qu\u00f2 imp\u00f2rta de recon\u00e9isher un r\u00f2tle privilegiat a las practicas mei a la pensada dau tradu\u00efre, \u00e7\u00f2 qu\u2019impausa a son torn de tornar pensar lo tradu\u00efre en fonccion d\u2019una reconeishen\u00e7a de las arts de la pensada, que non pas mei solament coma un passatge de lenga a lenga, mes de parol\u00eds a parol\u00eds, mei eventualament de sist\u00e8ma de parol\u00eds a sist\u00e8ma de parol\u00eds. Senon, aqu\u00f2\u2019s la desconeishen\u00e7a costum\u00e8ira, mascada per la bona consci\u00e9ncia daus tru\u00efsmes acomplits, e que ne vei briga que las traduccions son deis esfa\u00e7antas. Esfa\u00e7antas de las culturas, esfa\u00e7antas de las especificitats, esfa\u00e7antas de las difer\u00e9ncias. Ce que supausa a son torn qu\u2019una teoria dau tradu\u00efre ne p\u00f2t pas briga mei estar isolada a pretendudament auton\u00f2ma que non pas la teoria dau lengatge n\u2019es reductibla a la sola nocion de lenga. Aquera pretenduda autonomia n\u2019estant arren mei que la sua situacion tradicionala dens l\u2019ermeneutica, lo sens, lo signe. D\u2019onte l\u2019esfa\u00e7anta.<\/p><p>Art.6 En qu\u00e9 i a l\u00f2c de recon\u00e9isher tanben qu\u2019un enemic de las lengas, e benl\u00e8u lo prem\u00e8ir enemic de las lengas, n\u2019es pas l\u2019egemonia culturala-economica-politica de tala o tala lenga, mes prem\u00e8ir la pensada que redu\u00efs lo lengatge a la lenga, e que dessepara la lenga de l\u2019art, de la cultura, de la societat, de l\u2019etica mei dau politic per la n\u2019envisatjar que dens son isolament &#8211; independentament de l\u2019estudi tecnic de sos fonccionaments que, en tant que tala, a la sua legitimitat dens son quite pit, a condicion de\u2019n recon\u00e9isher lei limitas.<\/p><p>Art.7 La reconeishen\u00e7a de l\u2019identitat per l\u2019alteritat supausa la de l\u2019identitat coma pluralitat int\u00e8rna e coma ist\u00f2ria, que non pas coma natura.<\/p><p>Art.8 D\u2019aqu\u00ed estant, i a propausar un ensenhament que n\u2019exist\u00eds pas (mei a lo preveire a tots los niv\u00e8us, coma una nov\u00e8la traca d\u2019educacion civica), de la teoria dau lengatge coma reconeishen\u00e7a daus rap\u00f2rts entre identitat e alteritat, entre unicitat e pluralitat int\u00e8rna, aqu\u00f2\u2019s a dire coma una poetica, una etica amei una politica daus rap\u00f2rts interindividuaus, interculturaus e internacionaus. Aon poetica, etica e politica diven estar inseparables, au riscle de tornar tombar dens lo mod\u00e8le tradicionau. Damb son insufisen\u00e7a, que bien ne veden pas, e dont fau f\u00e8ser prendre consci\u00e9ncia.<\/p><p>Art.9 Aqueth ensenhament de la teoria dau lengatge coma teoria d\u2019ensemble diu donc trabalhar a recon\u00e9isher, per devath au mod\u00e8le tradicionau e dominant dau signe (damb tota sa coer\u00e9ncia ling\u00fcistica, antropologica, filosofica, teologica, sociala mei politica) lo trabalh dau contin\u00fa coma trabalh dau c\u00f2rs dens lo lengatge, dau subj\u00e8ct sus la lenga, de las invencions de la pensada sus las lengas, e coma interaccion, indesseparabilitat e istoricitat radicala dau lengatge, de l\u2019art, de l\u2019etica mei dau politic.<\/p><p>\u2018Quela experi\u00e9ncia de pensada permeter\u00e9 de milhor situar los probl\u00e8mas ligats a l\u2019alteritat mei a la pluralitat, comunament concebudas coma unicament ext\u00e8rnas, e de las moishar autanplan int\u00e8rnas coma ext\u00e8rnas.<\/p><p>Art.10 Contra la coer\u00e9ncia regnanta dau signe e de la sola pensada de la lenga, i aur\u00e9 a pensar, recon\u00e9isher mei cultivar una contra-cultura, una contra-coer\u00e9ncia, la d\u2019aquela solidaritat e interaccion entre las categorias de la Rason que tota una ist\u00f2ria de la pensada continua de gaitar coma eterogen\u00e8as e separadas, \u00e7\u00f2 de qu\u00e9 testim\u00f2nian a l\u2019un c\u00f2p la quita ist\u00f2ria de la constitucion de \u00e7\u00f2 qu\u2019ap\u00e8lam las sci\u00e9ncias umanas, e n\u00f2stas disciplinas universit\u00e0rias, que\u2019n son salhidas. Una vertad\u00e8ira critica de la Rason ling\u00fcistica.<\/p><p>L\u2019\u00f2m poir\u00e9, e l\u2019\u00f2m diur\u00e9, \u2018lavetz, comprendre milhor amei favorizar los biling\u00fcismes e los pluriling\u00fcismes, sivant chasque situacion culturala, en los situant dens una pensada de la pluralitat int\u00e8rna, de l\u2019etica mei de la politica daus subj\u00e8cts. \u00c7\u00f2 que la sola juxtaposicion de las lengas ne permet pas de pensar.<\/p><p>Art. 11 Que se la reconeishen\u00e7a de la pluralitat de las lengas ne se h\u00e8i que dens la politica dau signe, que non pas de se far dens la teoria d\u2019ensemble dau lengatge, ne p\u00f2t que demorar dens l\u2019oposicion entre identitat e alteritat, dens l\u2019espotiment de las minoritats per la sola f\u00f2r\u00e7a de l\u2019economic\u00f2economic. Espotiment que favoriza los terrorismes particularistas.<\/p><p>Vadr\u00e9 donc mei parlar de lengas-culturas que non pas de lengas, per tant de milhor conc\u00e9ber e preservar las valors que se s\u2019an inventadas end\u2019elas e dont son portan\u00e8iras &#8211; valors antropologicas, artisticas, eticas e politicas.<\/p><p>Art.12 La question de las valors implica de desarmalhar ce que brolha la nocion d\u2019egalitat de las lengas. E a la quala imp\u00f2rta de s\u2019acarar, que non pas de postular dens l\u2019abstr\u00e8it tan solament (lo \u00ab democrata abstr\u00e8it \u00bb de Sartre) l\u2019egalitat de las lengas entr\u2019eras.<\/p><p>Art.13 Aqu\u00f2\u2019s incontestable que totas las lengas, amei las que son parladas per una populacion chic nombrosa e f\u00f2rt localizada, autanplan coma tot \u00e7\u00f2 qu\u2019a tr\u00e8it a \u00e7\u00f2 que f\u00e8i una lenga, son egalas entr\u2019eras au sens on tota lenga plenha integralament las fonccions ling\u00fcisticas d\u2019una lenga, per pensar, sentir, comunicar, viure dens una societat donada.<\/p><p>Art. 14 Mes dus factors venen tracar aquela nocion majora de l\u2019egalitat antropologica de las lengas. E aquestes dus factors son d\u2019\u00f2rdres cap e tot distints, qu\u2019imp\u00f2rta de pas conf\u00f3nder e que ne s\u2019adicionan pas.<\/p><p>Art. 15 L\u2019un es la poissan\u00e7a economic\u00f2politica d\u2019un ensemble nacionau, o teologic\u00f2politic, e que s\u2019impausa coma una translenga de comunicacion pannacionala o internacionala. Antau, coma poissan\u00e7a teologic\u00f2politica, l\u2019arab en Egipta a capvath los si\u00e8gles estofat o shardit la lenga c\u00f2pta coma lenga ve\u00efculara, en la redu\u00efsent end\u2019un usatge purament liturgic. L\u2019economic\u00f2politic es anueit representat per la mondializacion de l\u2019angl\u00e9s de comunicacion.<\/p><p>Art. 16 Mes un aute factor de supremacia culturala e d\u2019expansionisme, o de durada del\u00e0 la quita durada daus emperis, es l\u2019invencion dens tau o tau lenga de valors artisticas, eticas e politicas. Auquau cas son aquestas valors que h\u00e8sen l\u2019expansion mei lo prestigi d\u2019aquelas lengas, endel\u00e0 de tota nocion de comunicacion ling\u00fcistica, lovala, regionala o planet\u00e0ria.<\/p><p>Art. 17 Son \u2018lavetz aquestas valors que f\u00e8sen \u00e7\u00f2 que son aqueras lengas, son las \u00f2bras que son mairalas e non mei briga las lengas. Aqueste f\u00e8it en eth-med\u00eds es tanplan incontestable istoricament, mes n\u2019a pas arren de comun ni damb \u00e7\u00f2n qu\u2019es e \u00e7\u00f2n que f\u00e8i ling\u00fcisticament una lenga e tota lenha, nimei damb la poissan\u00e7a daus emperis economic\u00f2politics. Imp\u00f2rta de bacsar d\u2019atribu\u00efr a las lengas \u00e7\u00f2 qu\u2019es lo f\u00e8it de las \u00f2bras, quitament e justament se sas valors constitu\u00efssen un ap\u00f2rt especific a tau o tau lenga, au ponht d\u2019i estar identificadas.<\/p><p>Art. 18 Atau de las valors se p\u00f2den universalizar. Las valors politicas de la Declaracion daus Dreits de l\u2019\u00d2me de 1789, o de la luta per la veritat contra lo manten de l\u2019\u00f2rdre dens l\u2019Afar Dreyfus an bien a l\u2019un c\u00f2p simbolizat e universalizat la lenga francesa, mes a l\u2019un c\u00f2p ne son pas lo f\u00e8it de la lenga francesa e se p\u00f2den d\u00edser e tornar har en tota lenga e en tot l\u00f2c.<\/p><p>Art. 19 Atau n\u2019es, autament, de las valors esteticas e eticas das \u00f2bras liter\u00e0rias mei das \u00f2bras de pensada. Qu\u2019an per ef\u00e8it que certanas lengas son mei famosas que d\u2019autas, a l\u2019un c\u00f2p portan\u00e8iras e portadas pr\u2019aquelas valors.<\/p><p>Art.20 Aqueths ef\u00e8its de supremacia ne venen l\u2019ocasion d\u2019una id\u00e8ia de la superioritat de certanas lengas que dens e per lo trebolisse entre la lenga e las invencion de pensada o los combats de la pensada qu\u2019an f\u00e8it tau o tau cultura. Aquelas valors ne dependen pas de las lengas coma lengas. Mes l\u2019ist\u00f2ria culturala que las i apariona inevitablament ne permet pas a ela sola de recon\u00e9isher que son las \u00f2bras e las lutas, daus uns c\u00f2ps d\u2019un tot petit grop d\u2019individ\u00fas contra lur pr\u00f2pa collectivitat, que fan qu\u2019\u00f2m atribu\u00efs a la lenga ce qu\u2019es estat h\u00e8it en ela e daus uns c\u00f2ps tanben, poeticament, contra ela. Dens los rejet daus contemporan\u00e8us.<\/p><p>Art. 21 Aqueras distincions son capitalas pre fin de ne pas atribu\u00efr ad una lenga de vertuts de natura, \u00e7\u00f2 que situa lo mite de l\u2019eng\u00e8ni dei lengas. Mes tot autant per ne pas redu\u00efre lo lengatge a de la lenga, e encara mens a de la comunicacion. Tend\u00e9ncia recenta contra la quala aqu\u00f2 imp\u00f2rta de luta.<\/p><p>A causa de l\u2019apraubiment de pensada, de mejans, qu\u2019aquel reduccionisme ap\u00f2rta, e qu\u2019afortissen los progr\u00e8s tecnics de la comunicacion. En mascant qu\u2019aquels quites progr\u00e8s son un factor de regression mei de barbaria.<\/p><p>La pensada dau lengatge coma teoria d\u2019ensemble es ce que sol p\u00f2t perm\u00e9ter de har empach aus ef\u00e8its perv\u00e8rs de la pensada dei lengas coma natura &#8211; coma eng\u00e8ni, pr\u2019au rapelet constant daus ligames entre especificitat e istoricitat. Istoricitat radicala.<\/p><p>Art. 22 Antau la fobia de l\u2019angl\u00e9s en franc\u00e9s p\u00f2t milhor apar\u00e9isher coma una desconeishen\u00e7a dau caract\u00e8r istoric daus empronts, e de sas limitas, lexicalas e sintaxicas. La desconeishen\u00e7a d\u2019aqueste caract\u00e8r f\u00e8i lo rejet daus empronts e daus contactes au nom d\u2019un purisme qu\u2019implica a l\u2019un c\u00f2p una desconeishen\u00e7a de la quita ist\u00f2ria de las lengas, un passe\u00efsme, donc un academisme, una nocion de declin (variabla : per Gobineau, lo declin dau franc\u00e9s comen\u00e7ava au si\u00e8gle XIV ; per d\u2019autes, au si\u00e8gle XIX ; per d\u2019autes, lo franc\u00e9s d\u2019au jorn d\u2019adara es un \u00ab cap d\u2019\u00f2bra en perilh \u00bb dont anoncian d\u2019arron la m\u00f2rt).<\/p><p>Art. 23 Auta causa qu\u2019aquela fobia purista es lo coard\u00e8ir etic e politic que h\u00e8i qu\u2019especialistas resignan de s\u2019exprimir dens sa pr\u00f2pa lenga, e contribu\u00efssen pr\u2019aqu\u00ed a la massificacion comunicacionalista.<\/p><p>L\u2019atribucion a la sola lenga de las vertuts ligadas ad una ist\u00f2ria a l\u2019un c\u00f2p s\u2019engana d\u2019eng\u00e8ni apuei moisha dau med\u00eds c\u00f2p coma an chic d\u2019eng\u00e8ni, e de sens dau lengatge, los pseudodefenseires dau franc\u00e9s.<\/p><p>Art. 24 Dau ponht de vista d\u2019una teoria d\u2019ensemble, l\u2019\u00f2m p\u00f2t a l\u2019encontra remarcar duias causas. L\u2019una es que lo mei grand dang\u00e8ir per una lenga n\u2019es pas l\u2019egemonia d\u2019una auta, amei e encara mei s\u2019aquera egemonica es solament economic\u00f2politica, lo dang\u00e8ir major (consequ\u00e9ncia de la reduccion dau lengatge a la lenga) es l\u2019abs\u00e9ncia de creacion de valors (artisticas, eticas, politicas) per los que la parlan. Abs\u00e9ncia de creacion egala tra\u00efson.<\/p><p>Lo gr\u00e8c classic mei l\u2019ebr\u00e8u biblic son lo quite exemple que de las lengas que l\u2019una, l\u2019ebr\u00e8u, n\u2019a pas jam\u00e8s augut d\u2019import\u00e0ncia politica, e l\u2019auta que son import\u00e0ncia n\u2019a pas susviscut a l\u2019emperi d\u2019Alexandre, n\u2019an augut e n\u2019an encara lur import\u00e0ncia transistorica que per las \u00f2bras de pensada que son estadas produ\u00eftas dens aquelas lengas. E son las \u00f2bras, las invencions de pensada, qu\u2019an f\u00e8it \u00e7\u00f2 qu\u2019aquelas lengas son vingudas, ce de qu\u00e9 son vingudas portan\u00e8iras. Que aqu\u00f2\u2019s pas las lengas, en tant que lengas, qu\u2019an produ\u00efr las \u00f2bras. E quitament quora l\u2019estat de lenga es ancian, o que la lenga passa per m\u00f2rta, coma lo latin, la paraula, era, es viva.<\/p><p>Atau lo latin que lo disen m\u00f2rt au si\u00e8gle XVII, e lenga solament daus letraferits entr\u2019els (e las t\u00e8sis au si\u00e8gle XIX s\u2019escriv\u00e8van encara en latin, la de Jaur\u00e8s, per exemple), l\u2019\u00f2me ne p\u00f2t pas d\u00edser qu\u2019aqu\u00f2\u2019s una lenga m\u00f2rta (banalitat aparenta que torna pr\u00e9ner totun un obratge recent, Le latin ou l&#8217;empire d&rsquo;un signe, XVI-XXe si\u00e8cle, de Fran\u00e7oise Waquet, Albin Michel, 1998), se Francis Bacon, Hobbes, Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz inventan de la pensada, inventan la sua pensada, alavetz, en latin.<\/p><p>Mes l\u2019aramean, qu\u2019av\u00e8va dau temps p\u00f2stbiblic una import\u00e0ncia comunicacionala transnacionala, n\u2019exist\u00eds mei que dens quauques vilatges. Per tant qu\u2019aus grands emperis d\u2019alavetz, n\u2019an deishat que vestigis arqueologics.<\/p><p>Art. 25 Fau recon\u00e9isher una istoricitat dau sentit daus rap\u00f2rts entre las lengas. Atau i a una patz dei lengas vernacularas a l\u2019Atge Mejan, en Eur\u00f2pa, dens la transnacionalitat dau latin. Puei una gu\u00e8rra de las lengas contra lo latin, apuei entr\u2019elas en Eur\u00f2pa a partir dau si\u00e8gle XVI. D\u2019on es sortida l\u2019universalitat dau franc\u00e9s en Eur\u00f2pa au si\u00e8gle XVIII. D\u2019on la luta de la Revolucion francesa contra los \u00ab pat\u00e9s \u00bb (abarrejant indistintament los dial\u00e8ctes dau franc\u00e9s e las autas lengas &#8211; lo breton, lo basco) dincas dens la IIIau Republica. Per tant qu\u2019a la francofonia d\u2019anueit, o multiplicitat daus franc\u00e9s capvath lo monde, n\u2019es pas mei compatibla damb Rivarol. Aqu\u00f2 tanben demanda d\u2019estar pensat.<\/p><p>Art. 26 Ben pr\u2019au segur que lo sens de la pluralitat int\u00e8rna (amei tanben ext\u00e8rna) &#8211; lo sens au sens de sentiment d\u2019una nec\u00e8ira mei d\u2019una c\u00f2pres\u00e9ncia &#8211; es recent, e probable ligat a l\u2019ist\u00f2ria de las descolonizacions, mes remonta tanben aus rap\u00f2rts entre lo romantisme deis especificitats e los nacionalismes que\u2019n son la politizacion.<\/p><p>Art. 27 \u00c7aquel\u00e0, aqueste sens de la pluralitat p\u00f2t eth-med\u00eds estar siga regionalista e nacionalista, embarrat sus eth-med\u00eds (e reprodu\u00efsent a mei petita escala la barradura de la pensada de la lenga), siga pluralista, aqu\u00f2\u2019s a dire se realizar coma la reconeishen\u00e7a dei pluralitats int\u00e8rnas, mei de la pluralitat de l\u2019identitat. Capable alavetz d\u2019una teoria d\u2019ensemble.<\/p><p>Art. 28 Dau moment que reconeishen que la disparacion d\u2019una lenga p\u00f2t estar discuda siga a la destruccion d\u2019una populacion, siga ad un espotiment culturau, aqu\u00f2\u2019s clar que la defensa de lei lengas n\u2019es pas un probl\u00e8ma de lenga, mes necessariament la reconeishen\u00e7a de l\u2019interaccion entre la teoria dau lengatge, la teoria daus actes de pensada, l\u2019etica mei la politica.<\/p><p>Art.29 Fauta de qu\u00e9, ce que r\u00e8gna estant l\u2019eterogene\u00eftat dei categorias de la rason, l\u2019etica sola es impoissanta, la politica sola es tota poissanta, las causas de l\u2019art ne son pas compristas coma milhora defensa de las lengas, e las lengas estant redu\u00eftas a daus mejans de comunicacion, solas s\u2019espandissen mei estofan las autas las lengas que comunican lo poder economic\u00f2politic.<\/p><p>Art. 30 Conclusion paradoxala &#8211; mes lo trabalh de la pensada es de tremudar las parad\u00f2xas en tru\u00efsmes dau futur &#8211; \u00e7\u00f2 que ress\u00f2rt d\u2019aquel encadenament dei rasons es que la defensa de las lengas n\u2019es ponht briga dens la pensada de la lenga, mes dens lo ligame que\u2019n h\u00e8i enqu\u00e8ra l\u2019utopia de la pensada dau lengatge, lo ligame entre lengatge, art, etica e politica coma teoria d\u2019ensemble. Aqu\u00f2\u2019s a dire un ensenhament obligat\u00f2ri dau sens dau lengatge.<\/p><p>T\u00e8xte propausat au Forom de las lengas lo 28 de mai de 2006, pla\u00e7a dau Capit\u00f2li a Tolosa, per Eric Meschonnic, professor emerit de ling\u00fcistica a l\u2019universotat Par\u00eds 8, po\u00e8ta, traductor de la B\u00edblia, assagista.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1316\" aria-expanded=\"false\">JAPONAIS<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1316\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1316\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><p><strong>Japonais par Shungo MORITA<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u8a00\u8a9e\u53ca\u3073\u8a00\u8a9e\u6d3b\u52d5\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u7fa9\u52d9\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u5ba3\u8a00\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306e\u63d0\u8b70<\/strong><\/p><p>1. \u307e\u305a\u4f55\u3088\u308a\u3082\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u6d3b\u52d5\u3014\u30e9\u30f3\u30ac\u30fc\u30b8\u30e5\u3001\u4e00\u4eba\u306e\u4eba\u9593\u304c\u8a9e\u308b\u8a00\u8449\u9063\u3044\u3015\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u69d8\u3005\u306a\u4e8b\u614b\u304b\u3089\u8a8d\u8b58\u3067\u304d\u308b\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3082\u306e\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u7279\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u3053\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u6d3b\u52d5\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u69d8\u3005\u306a\u554f\u984c\u3092\u3001\u5358\u7d14\u306b\u3001\u4eba\u985e\u3084\u793e\u4f1a\u96c6\u56e3\u306e\u6a29\u5229\u306b\u95a2\u308f\u308b\u5e83\u304f\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u305f\u5ba3\u8a00\u306e\u985e\u3068\u540c\u5217\u306b\u6271\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3067\u304d\u306a\u304f\u306a\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002<\/p><p>\u6a29\u5229\u3092\u8868\u660e\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u540c\u6642\u306b\u7fa9\u52d9\u3082\u8868\u660e\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6a29\u5229\u3068\u7fa9\u52d9\u53cc\u65b9\u304c\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u5404\u5730\u57df\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u3014\u30e9\u30f3\u30b0\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u306b\u8a71\u3055\u308c\u308b\u8a00\u8a9e\u3015\u304c\u4f5c\u308a\u51fa\u3059\u3082\u306e\u3084\u8a00\u8a9e\u305d\u308c\u81ea\u4f53\u306b\u95a2\u308f\u308b\u601d\u60f3\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3060\u304c\u3001\u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u601d\u60f3\u306f\u3080\u3057\u308d\u300c\u6a29\u5229\u300d\u3088\u308a\u3082\u300c\u7fa9\u52d9\u300d\u3068\u8a00\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u3088\u308a\u6d3b\u767a\u306b\u8b70\u8ad6\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002<\/p><p>\u8a00\u8a9e\u6d3b\u52d5\u306e\u4e8b\u8c61\u304c\u6301\u3064\u7279\u6027\u306f\u3001\u601d\u60f3\u306e\u7279\u6027\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u601d\u60f3\u304c\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u6271\u3046\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\u3001\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3092\u60f3\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u304a\u304f\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u601d\u60f3\u81ea\u3089\u304c\u3001\u56fa\u6709\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u6027\u3092\u6301\u3063\u305f\u4e0a\u3067\u3001\u7d76\u3048\u9593\u306a\u3044\u6279\u5224\u7684\u8003\u5bdf\u3092\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u304b\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305d\u3046\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u3001\u6279\u5224\u3059\u3079\u304d\u5bfe\u8c61\u306f\u601d\u8003\u3059\u3089\u3055\u308c\u305a\u3001\u3053\u306e\u601d\u60f3\u3082\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u4e00\u822c\u3084\u81ea\u56fd\u8a9e\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u69d8\u3005\u306a\u793e\u4f1a\u901a\u5ff5\u3068\u540c\u7a2e\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3002<\/p><p>\u3053\u3053\u3067\u8a8d\u8b58\u3059\u3079\u304d\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u4e8b\u67c4\u306f\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u3092\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u3068\u306f\u4f55\u304b\u3001\u81ea\u5206\u305f\u3061\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u3068\u306f\u4f55\u304b\u3001\u307e\u305f\u81ea\u5206\u305f\u3061\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u306e\u601d\u60f3\u3068\u306f\u3001\u6b74\u53f2\u7684\u306b\u3069\u3046\u3044\u3063\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3001\u73fe\u72b6\u3069\u3046\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u554f\u984c\u3092\u8003\u3048\u308b\u571f\u53f0\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p><p>\u8a00\u8a9e\u3092\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u306e\u306f\u6b63\u3057\u3044\u3002\u3060\u304c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u81ea\u56fd\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u3084\u81ea\u56fd\u306e\u4e00\u5730\u57df\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u306e\u307f\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u9650\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u305f\u3081\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u306f\u3001\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\u591a\u69d8\u6027\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u8a00\u8a9e\u6d3b\u52d5\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u306a\u5b9f\u8df5\u306e\u5916\u90e8\u306b\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u3001\u5b64\u7acb\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3001\u3042\u308b\u8a00\u8a9e\u306e\u5b58\u5728\u3084\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u304c\u4f5c\u308a\u51fa\u3059\u3082\u306e\u3092\u77e5\u3063\u305f\u308a\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306b\u306f\u305d\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u3092\u4fdd\u8b77\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u4eba\u3005\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u3001\u601d\u3044\u3064\u304f\u9650\u308a\u6700\u60aa\u306e\u72b6\u6cc1\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p><p>2. \u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u6b21\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3092\u60f3\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u3001\u4e00\u3064\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u3092\u4fdd\u8b77\u3057\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u6982\u5ff5\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u304c\u610f\u5473\u3057\u3046\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306e\u9650\u754c\u3092\u4e8b\u524d\u306b\u77e5\u3063\u3066\u304a\u304f\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u6d3b\u52d5\u306e\u5168\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u7406\u8ad6\u304c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p><p>\u305d\u3053\u30671996\u5e746\u6708\u306e\u30d0\u30eb\u30bb\u30ed\u30ca\u3067\u63a1\u629e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300c\u4e16\u754c\u8a00\u8a9e\u6a29\u5ba3\u8a00\u300d\u306e\u7d14\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u306a\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3068\u306f\u5225\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3092\u8003\u6848\u3057\u306a\u304f\u3066\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u306a\u305c\u306a\u3089\u3001\u3053\u306e\u5ba3\u8a00\u306f\u8a00\u8a9e\u5168\u822c\u306e\u307f\u3092\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3057\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3086\u3048\u306b\u305d\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u6d3b\u52d5\u306e\u601d\u60f3\u306e\u9650\u754c\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3089\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p><p>\u6c42\u3081\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5168\u4f53\u7406\u8ad6\u306b\u306f\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u6d3b\u52d5\u5168\u4f53\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u8a00\u8a9e\u6d3b\u52d5\u304c\u62c5\u3046\u5f79\u5272\u3001\u305d\u306e\u73fe\u5b9f\u6027\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u529b\u3092\u3081\u3050\u308b\u8003\u3048\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3001\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u3068\u8a00\u8aac\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u7406\u8ad6\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u8a00\u8aac\u3014\u30c7\u30a3\u30b9\u30af\u30fc\u30eb\uff1a\u3044\u307e-\u3053\u3053\u306b\u3044\u308b\u3008\u79c1\u3009\u306b\u3088\u308b\u305d\u306e\u5ea6\u3054\u3068\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u884c\u70ba\u3015\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u3068\u69d8\u3005\u306a\u4e3b\u4f53\u3092\u3081\u3050\u308b\u7406\u8ad6\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u7406\u8ad6\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8af8\u4e3b\u4f53\u306e\u7406\u8ad6\u3068\u82b8\u8853\u3084\u502b\u7406\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u3081\u3050\u308b\u7406\u8ad6\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306b\u306f\u3059\u3079\u3066\u7121\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u306a\u4e3b\u4f53\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p><p>\u8a00\u8a9e\u3068\u3044\u3046\u306e\u306f\u3001\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u8a00\u8a9e\u5b66\u8005\u3084\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u8005\u305f\u3061\u3060\u3051\u304c\u53d6\u308a\u7d44\u3080\u554f\u984c\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u69d8\u3005\u306a\u8a00\u8a9e\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u653f\u6cbb\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u306f\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u53f2\u306b\u9650\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u3001\u82b8\u8853\u3001\u502b\u7406\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u306b\u95a2\u308f\u308b\u90e8\u5206\u3092\u6709\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u69d8\u3005\u306a\u8a00\u8a9e\u306e\u653f\u6cbb\u3092\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u5168\u4f53\u7406\u8ad6\u3001\u3064\u307e\u308a\u306f\u8a00\u8a9e\u6d3b\u52d5\u3068\u82b8\u8853\u3068\u502b\u7406\u3068\u653f\u6cbb\u3092\u5207\u308a\u96e2\u3055\u305a\u306b\u7dad\u6301\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u6d3b\u52d5\u3068\u793e\u4f1a\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u8003\u3048\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305d\u3046\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u3001\u305f\u3060\u4e00\u56fd\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u3084\u4e00\u56fd\u306e\u653f\u6cbb\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u601d\u60f3\u306b\u7559\u307e\u308a\u3001\u629c\u3051\u51fa\u305b\u306a\u304f\u306a\u308a\u3001\u305f\u3060\u3061\u306b\u305d\u308c\u306f\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u82b8\u8853\u306e\u5f79\u5272\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u502b\u7406\u306e\u5f79\u5272\u3092\u898b\u8aa4\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u3001\u4eba\u3005\u306e\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u81ea\u7531\u3092\u898b\u8aa4\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p><p>3. \u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304b\u3089\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u6d3b\u52d5\u306e\u601d\u60f3\u3068\u8907\u6570\u306e\u4e3b\u4f53\u306e\u601d\u60f3\u3092\u4e00\u6319\u306b\u628a\u63e1\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u81ea\u5df1\u540c\u4e00\u6027\u3068\u4ed6\u8005\u6027\u306e\u9593\u306b\u3042\u308b\u5bfe\u7acb\u306e\u7a4d\u6975\u7684\u306a\u6279\u5224\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u304f\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u3001\u81ea\u5df1\u540c\u4e00\u6027\u3068\u4ed6\u8005\u6027\u306e\u9593\u306b\u3042\u308b\u5bfe\u7167\u7684\u306a\u6b74\u53f2\u7684\u306a\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3092\u8003\u3048\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p><p>\u69d8\u3005\u306a\u8a00\u8a9e\u306e\u8907\u6570\u6027\u306a\u3089\u3073\u306b\u8a00\u8a9e\u9593\u306e\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3092\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u306e\u306f\u3001\u4ed6\u8005\u6027\u3092\u4ecb\u3057\u3066\u540c\u4e00\u6027\u3092\u601d\u8003\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p><p>4. \u4ed6\u8005\u6027\u3092\u4ecb\u3057\u305f\u540c\u4e00\u6027\u306e\u601d\u8003\u306b\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u306a\u306e\u306f\u3001\u4f55\u3088\u308a\u3082\u8a00\u8a9e\u6d3b\u52d5\u306b\u3088\u308b\u82b8\u8853\u4e00\u822c\u3001\u5e83\u304f\u8a00\u3048\u3070\u3001\u82b8\u8853\u7684\u306a\u884c\u70ba\u304c\u3001\u601d\u8003\u3084\u611f\u6027\u3001\u7406\u89e3\u529b\u306e\u3042\u308a\u65b9\u3092\u5909\u3048\u308b\u529b\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p><p>5. \u305d\u3053\u3067\u306f\u3001\u7ffb\u8a33\u884c\u70ba\u306e\u5b9f\u8df5\u3084\u601d\u60f3\u3092\u91cd\u8996\u3059\u308b\u5f79\u5272\u3092\u8a8d\u8b58\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u3001\u7ffb\u8a33\u884c\u70ba\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3082\u306e\u3092\u3001\u601d\u8003\u304c\u306a\u3059\u82b8\u8853\u306e\u8a8d\u8b58\u3068\u3057\u3066\u307f\u306a\u3059\u3088\u3046\u518d\u8003\u3092\u4fc3\u3059\u3002\u7ffb\u8a33\u3068\u306f\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u304b\u3089\u8a00\u8a9e\u3078\u306e\u6a2a\u65ad\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u8a00\u8aac\u304b\u3089\u8a00\u8aac\u3078\u306e\u6a2a\u65ad\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a00\u8aac\u306e\u4f53\u7cfb\u304b\u3089\u8a00\u8aac\u306e\u4f53\u7cfb\u3078\u306e\u6a2a\u65ad\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3092\u7121\u8996\u3059\u308c\u3070\u3001\u7ffb\u8a33\u306e\u82b8\u8853\u6027\u306f\u3001\u6a21\u7bc4\u7684\u306a\u81ea\u660e\u6027\u3068\u3044\u3046\u540d\u306e\u826f\u8b58\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u96a0\u3055\u308c\u305f\u307e\u307e\u3001\u7ffb\u8a33\u304c\u62b9\u6d88\u8005\u3068\u3057\u3066\u304b\u898b\u306a\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3088\u3046\u306a\u6163\u7fd2\u7684\u306a\u7121\u7406\u89e3\u304c\u7d9a\u304f\u3060\u3051\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6587\u5316\u306e\u62b9\u6d88\u8005\u3001\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\u306e\u62b9\u6d88\u8005\u3001\u5dee\u7570\u306e\u62b9\u6d88\u8005\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3002<\/p><p>\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3079\u304d\u306f\u3001\u7ffb\u8a33\u884c\u70ba\u306e\u7406\u8ad6\u304c\u3001\u3082\u306f\u3084\u4fd7\u306b\u8a00\u3046\u81ea\u5f8b\u6027\u306a\u3069\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5b64\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u6d3b\u52d5\u7406\u8ad6\u3082\u8a00\u8a9e\u6982\u5ff5\u306e\u307f\u306b\u9084\u5143\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<br \/>\u3044\u308f\u3086\u308b\u81ea\u5f8b\u6027\u306a\u3069\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3082\u306e\u306f\u3001\u89e3\u91c8\u5b66\u3001\u610f\u5473\u3001\u8a18\u53f7\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4f1d\u7d71\u7684\u306a\u72b6\u6cc1\u306b\u4ed6\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3089\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3053\u305d\u304c\u771f\u306e\u62b9\u6d88\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p><p>6. \u3053\u308c\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u540c\u69d8\u306b\u8a8d\u8b58\u3059\u3079\u304d\u4e8b\u614b\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u69d8\u3005\u306a\u8a00\u8a9e\u306e\u6575\u3001\u4e00\u756a\u306e\u5927\u6575\u3068\u3044\u3046\u306e\u304c\u3001\u3069\u3053\u305d\u3053\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u306e\u6587\u5316-\u7d4c\u6e08-\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u306a\u652f\u914d\u306a\u3069\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u307e\u305a\u4f55\u3088\u308a\u3082\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u6d3b\u52d5\u3092\u8a00\u8a9e\u306b\u9084\u5143\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u601d\u60f3\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u601d\u60f3\u306f\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u3068\u82b8\u8853\u3084\u6587\u5316\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u502b\u7406\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u3092\u533a\u5225\u3057\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u3092\u8a00\u8a9e\u3092\u5b64\u7acb\u5316\u3055\u305b\u305f\u72b6\u614b\u3067\u3057\u304b\u691c\u8a0e\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u2500\u2500\u8a00\u8a9e\u306f\u3001\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u9650\u754c\u3092\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u304c\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306b\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u3092\u898b\u51fa\u305d\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001\u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u4f5c\u7528\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u5c02\u9580\u7684\u306a\u7814\u7a76\u306f\u3001\u610f\u306b\u3082\u4ecb\u305d\u3046\u3068\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p><p>7. \u81ea\u5df1\u306f\u3001\u4ed6\u8005\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u8a8d\u8b58\u3055\u308c\u308b\u524d\u3001\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u591a\u69d8\u306a\u59ff\u3092\u901a\u3057\u3066\u8a8d\u8b58\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u751f\u307e\u308c\u3064\u304d\u3042\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u6642\u9593\u3092\u304b\u3051\u3066\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p><p>8. \u3053\u306e\u70b9\u304b\u3089\u51fa\u767a\u3057\u3066\u3001\u3042\u308b\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u6559\u80b2\u3092\u4f5c\u308a\u51fa\u3059\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\uff08\u305d\u308c\u306f\u3001\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\u968e\u7d1a\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u306e\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u5e02\u6c11\u6559\u80b2\u306e\u3042\u308a\u65b9\u3092\u898b\u636e\u3048\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff09\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u6d3b\u52d5\u306e\u7406\u8ad6\u306e\u6559\u80b2\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u540c\u4e00\u6027\u3068\u4ed6\u8005\u6027\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3001\u5358\u4e00\u6027\u3068\u5185\u7684\u8907\u6570\u6027\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u8a8d\u8b58\u3092\u76ee\u6307\u3059\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3064\u307e\u308a\u306f\u3001\u500b\u4eba\u9593\u3001\u6587\u5316\u9593\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u9593\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u8a69\u5b66\u3001\u502b\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e09\u3064\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u5b66\u3076\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<br \/>\u306a\u304a\u3001\u3053\u306e\u8a69\u5b66\u3001\u502b\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u306e\u4e09\u3064\u306f\u6c7a\u3057\u3066\u5206\u3051\u3066\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3055\u3082\u306a\u304f\u3070\u3001\u4f1d\u7d71\u7684\u306a\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306b\u56de\u5e30\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002\u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u4f1d\u7d71\u7684\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306e\u4e0d\u5341\u5206\u306a\u70b9\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u7406\u89e3\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u304c\u3001\u81ea\u899a\u3059\u3079\u304d\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p><p>9. \u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u5168\u4f53\u7406\u8ad6\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u6d3b\u52d5\u306e\u7406\u8ad6\u306e\u6559\u80b2\u306f\u3001\u8a18\u53f7\u306e\u4f1d\u7d71\u7684\u304b\u3064\u652f\u914d\u7684\u306a\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\uff08\u8a00\u8a9e\u5b66\u306e\u3001\u4eba\u985e\u5b66\u306e\u3001\u54f2\u5b66\u306e\u3001\u795e\u5b66\u306e\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u306e\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u306e\u9996\u5c3e\u4e00\u8cab\u6027\uff09\u306e\u4e0b\u3067\u3001\u6b21\u306e\u3053\u3068\u306e\u8a8d\u8b58\u306b\u52b1\u307e\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u6d3b\u52d5\u5185\u306b\u3042\u308b\u8eab\u4f53\u6027\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u306e\u8868\u9762\u306b\u3042\u3089\u308f\u308c\u308b\u4e3b\u4f53\u3001\u69d8\u3005\u306a\u8a00\u8a9e\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u601d\u60f3\u306e\u767a\u660e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u7d99\u7d9a\u7684\u306a\u904b\u52d5\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u6d3b\u52d5\u3001\u82b8\u8853\u3001\u502b\u7406\u305d\u3057\u3066\u653f\u6cbb\u306e\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3084\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u6027\u3001\u30e9\u30c7\u30a3\u30ab\u30eb\u306a\u6b74\u53f2\u6027\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u7d99\u7d9a\u7684\u306a\u904b\u52d5\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p><p>\u3053\u306e\u601d\u8003\u306e\u7d4c\u9a13\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u4e00\u822c\u306b\u305f\u3060\u5916\u7684\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u898b\u306a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4ed6\u8005\u6027\u3084\u591a\u69d8\u6027\u306b\u7d50\u3073\u3064\u304f\u8af8\u554f\u984c\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3065\u3051\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u554f\u984c\u304c\u5916\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u540c\u6642\u306b\u3001\u5185\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\u793a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p><p>10. \u8a18\u53f7\u3084\u8a00\u8a9e\u3092\u5b64\u7acb\u3055\u305b\u3066\u601d\u8003\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u308b\u652f\u914d\u7684\u306a\u9996\u5c3e\u4e00\u8cab\u6027\u306b\u5bfe\u6297\u3057\u3001\u53cd\uff1d\u6587\u5316\u3001\u53cd\uff1d\u9996\u5c3e\u4e00\u8cab\u6027\u3092\u601d\u8003\u3057\u3001\u8a8d\u8b58\u3057\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u3057\u3001\u80b2\u3093\u3067\u3044\u304f\u3079\u304d\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u3001\u4eba\u6587\u79d1\u5b66\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3082\u306e\u304c\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304d\u305f\u6b74\u53f2\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3068\u3001\u305d\u3053\u304b\u3089\u6d3e\u751f\u3057\u3066\u304d\u305f\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u5b66\u79d1\u304c\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3092\u3001\u3072\u3068\u3064\u306e\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u5168\u4f53\u304c\u3001\u7570\u8cea\u3067\u5206\u96e2\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u307f\u306a\u3057\u7d9a\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u7406\u6027\u306e\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u9593\u306b\u3042\u308b\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3068\u9023\u5e2f\u3092\u601d\u8003\u3057\u3001\u8a8d\u8b58\u3057\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u3057\u3001\u80b2\u3093\u3067\u3044\u304f\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3053\u305d\u307e\u3055\u306b\u8a00\u8a9e\u5b66\u7684\u7406\u6027\u6279\u5224\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p><p>\u3053\u306e\u305f\u3081\u3001\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u306e\u6587\u5316\u72b6\u6cc1\u306b\u5fdc\u3058\u3066\u3001\u6570\u3042\u308b\u4e3b\u4f53\u306e\u591a\u69d8\u6027\u3001\u502b\u7406\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u306e\u601d\u60f3\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u3001\u4e8c\u8a00\u8a9e\u4f75\u7528\u3001\u591a\u8a00\u8a9e\u4f75\u7528\u3092\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3065\u3051\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u3092\u3088\u308a\u3088\u304f\u7406\u89e3\u3057\u3001\u512a\u9047\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3057\u3001\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002\u601d\u8003\u306e\u5f0a\u5bb3\u3068\u306a\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u6570\u3042\u308b\u8a00\u8a9e\u3092\u5358\u72ec\u3067\u4e26\u7f6e\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p><p>11. \u3068\u3044\u3046\u306e\u3082\u3001\u69d8\u3005\u306a\u8a00\u8a9e\u306e\u591a\u69d8\u6027\u306e\u8a8d\u8b58\u304c\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u6d3b\u52d5\u306e\u5168\u4f53\u7406\u8ad6\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u8a18\u53f7\u306e\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u306e\u4e2d\u3060\u3051\u3067\u4f5c\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3068\u3057\u305f\u3089\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8a8d\u8b58\u306f\u540c\u4e00\u6027\u3068\u4ed6\u8005\u6027\u306e\u5bfe\u7acb\u3092\u7dad\u6301\u3057\u7d9a\u3051\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u7d4c\u6e08\u306e\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u6a29\u529b\u306b\u3088\u308b\u30de\u30a4\u30ce\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u5f3e\u5727\u3092\u7dad\u6301\u3057\u7d9a\u3051\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3057\u304b\u3067\u304d\u306a\u304f\u306a\u308b\u304b\u3089\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u5730\u65b9\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u306e\u30c6\u30ed\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u63a8\u3057\u9032\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308b\u30de\u30a4\u30ce\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u5f3e\u5727\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p><p>\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u3088\u308a\u3082\u8a00\u8a9e-\u6587\u5316\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8a9e\u308b\u65b9\u304c\u597d\u307e\u3057\u3044\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002\u305d\u3046\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e-\u6587\u5316\u304c\u4f5c\u308a\u51fa\u3057\u305f\u4fa1\u5024\u3092\u8003\u6848\u3057\u3001\u5b88\u308c\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e-\u6587\u5316\u304c\u6301\u3064\u4fa1\u5024\u306b\u306f\u3001\u4eba\u985e\u5b66\u7684\u3001\u82b8\u8853\u7684\u3001\u502b\u7406\u7684\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u306a\u4fa1\u5024\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p><p>12. \u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u4fa1\u5024\u3092\u554f\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u306e\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u6027\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6982\u5ff5\u3092\u6df7\u4e71\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3092\u89e3\u6d88\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8af8\u8a00\u8a9e\u9593\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u306e\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u6027\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3071\u3089\u62bd\u8c61\uff08\u30b5\u30eb\u30c8\u30eb\u306e\u300c\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\uff09\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306b\u7acb\u3061\u5411\u304b\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\u809d\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p><p>13. \u3054\u304f\u5c11\u6570\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3001\u5c0f\u3055\u306a\u5730\u57df\u3067\u8a71\u3055\u308c\u308b\u8a00\u8a9e\u3082\u542b\u3081\u3066\u3001\u3042\u308a\u3068\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\u8a00\u8a9e\u540c\u58eb\u304c\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u3092\u4f5c\u308a\u51fa\u3059\u3082\u306e\u3068\u95a2\u4fc2\u3059\u308b\u3059\u3079\u3066\u3068\u540c\u69d8\u3001\u5e73\u7b49\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u305d\u308c\u306f\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u5168\u4f53\u304c\u3001\u65e2\u5b58\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u3067\u8003\u3048\u3001\u611f\u3058\u3001\u8a00\u8449\u3092\u4ea4\u308f\u3057\u3001\u751f\u304d\u3066\u3044\u304f\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3082\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u306e\u69d8\u3005\u306a\u8a00\u8a9e\u5b66\u7684\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u6f0f\u308c\u306a\u304f\u6e80\u305f\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u9650\u308a\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p><p>14. \u3060\u304c\u3001\u6b21\u306e\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u8981\u7d20\u304c\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u306e\u4eba\u985e\u5b66\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u306e\u672c\u6e90\u7684\u306a\u6982\u5ff5\u3092\u58ca\u305d\u3046\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<br \/>\u306a\u304a\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4e21\u8981\u7d20\u306f\u3001\u6839\u672c\u7684\u306b\u7570\u306a\u308b\u79e9\u5e8f\u306b\u5c5e\u3057\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u91cd\u306a\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3082\u306a\u3044\u305f\u3081\u3001\u6df7\u540c\u3059\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p><p>15. \u4e00\u3064\u76ee\u306e\u8981\u7d20\u306f\u3001\u5168\u4f53\u56fd\u5bb6\u306e\u653f\u6cbb-\u7d4c\u6e08\u7684\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u795e\u5b66-\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u6a29\u529b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u3001\u6c4e-\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u56fd\u969b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306e\u8d85\u8d8a-\u8a00\u8a9e\u3092\u5fc5\u8981\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u3001\u30a8\u30b8\u30d7\u30c8\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30a2\u30e9\u30d3\u30a2\u8a9e\u306f\u3001\u795e\u5b66-\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u6a29\u529b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4f55\u4e16\u7d00\u3082\u306e\u9593\u3001\u5404\u5730\u57df\u3067\u8a71\u3055\u308c\u308b\u30b3\u30d7\u30c8\u8a9e\u3092\u3001\u793c\u62dd\u6642\u5c02\u7528\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u7981\u6b62\u3057\u3001\u8a71\u305b\u306a\u3044\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3057\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3002\u653f\u6cbb-\u7d4c\u6e08\u306f\u4eca\u65e5\u3001\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u8a00\u8a9e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u30b0\u30ed\u30fc\u30d0\u30eb\u5316\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u4f53\u73fe\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p><p>16. \u3060\u304c\u3082\u3046\u4e00\u65b9\u306e\u6587\u5316\u7684\u652f\u914d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6d77\u5916\u62e1\u5f35\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u8981\u7d20\u3001\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u652f\u914d\u4ee5\u964d\u3082\u7d9a\u304f\u8981\u7d20\u306f\u3001\u82b8\u8853\u7684\u3001\u502b\u7406\u7684\u305d\u3057\u3066\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u4fa1\u5024\u3092\u6301\u3064\u4f55\u3089\u304b\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u306e\u767a\u660e\u3067\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u8a00\u8a9e\u3092\u62e1\u5f35\u3057\u6a29\u5a01\u3065\u3051\u3092\u884c\u3046\u4fa1\u5024\u304c\u3001\u3053\u306e\u8981\u7d20\u306b\u306f\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u3084\u5730\u57df\u3001\u5730\u65b9\u3084\u4e16\u754c\u898f\u6a21\u3067\u306e\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\u6982\u5ff5\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u305f\u3068\u3053\u308d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p><p>17. \u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306f\u8a00\u8a9e\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3082\u306e\u3092\u4f5c\u308a\u51fa\u3059\u4fa1\u5024\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u305d\u3053\u3067\u8a71\u3055\u308c\u308b\u8a00\u8449\u306f\u3082\u306f\u3084\u6bcd\u56fd\u8a9e\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3088\u308a\u306f\u6bcd\u4f5c\u54c1\u3068\u547c\u3076\u3079\u304d\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306f\u3001\u6b74\u53f2\u304b\u3089\u898b\u3066\u3082\u660e\u767d\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u306f\u3042\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306e\u3001\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4e8c\u3064\u3064\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3068\u306f\u4e00\u5207\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u306a\u3044\u3002\u4e00\u3064\u306f\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3072\u3068\u3064\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u3084\u3001\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\u8a00\u8a9e\u304c\u8a00\u8a9e\u5b66\u7684\u306b\u3069\u3046\u3044\u3063\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3001\u3069\u3046\u3044\u3063\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3092\u4f5c\u308a\u51fa\u3059\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u3082\u3046\u4e00\u3064\u306f\u3001\u653f\u6cbb-\u7d4c\u6e08\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u306e\u6a29\u529b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3001\u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u4fa1\u5024\u304c\u3001\u3042\u308c\u3053\u308c\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u3068\u540c\u4e00\u8996\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u307b\u3069\u306b\u5bc4\u4e0e\u3092\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3059\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u3068\u3001\u3080\u3057\u308d\u305d\u308c\u3086\u3048\u306b\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u304c\u305d\u3053\u304b\u3089\u3067\u3066\u304d\u305f\u6210\u679c\u7269\u306e\u8cac\u4efb\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u307f\u306a\u3055\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u304c\u91cd\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p><p>18. \u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u4fa1\u5024\u306f\u3001\u666e\u904d\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u30021789\u5e74\u306e\u4eba\u6a29\u5ba3\u8a00\u306e\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u4fa1\u5024\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u30c9\u30ec\u30d5\u30e5\u30b9\u4e8b\u4ef6\u306e\u6642\u306e\u73fe\u72b6\u7dad\u6301\u306b\u5bfe\u6297\u3057\u305f\u771f\u7406\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306e\u95d8\u3044\u306f\u3001\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u8a9e\u3092\u8c61\u5fb4\u5316\u3057\u3001\u666e\u904d\u5316\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3060\u304c\u540c\u6642\u306b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3089\u306f\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u8a9e\u306b\u9650\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u51fa\u6765\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\u8a00\u8a9e\u3001\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\u5834\u6240\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308c\u3001\u7e70\u308a\u8fd4\u3055\u308c\u3046\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002<\/p><p>19. \u6587\u5b66\u4f5c\u54c1\u3084\u601d\u8003\u306e\u6210\u679c\u306e\u7f8e\u5b66\u7684\u3001\u502b\u7406\u7684\u4fa1\u5024\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3082\u540c\u3058\u3053\u3068\u304c\u8a00\u3048\u308b\u3002<br \/>\u305d\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u3001\u3042\u308b\u8a00\u8a9e\u304c\u3001\u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u4fa1\u5024\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u767a\u5c55\u3092\u652f\u3048\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3068\u306a\u308a\u3001\u597d\u307e\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u5225\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u3088\u308a\u3082\u6709\u540d\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\u8d77\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p><p>20. \u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u6587\u5316\u7684\u652f\u914d\u304c\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3059\u5e30\u7d50\u306f\u3044\u304f\u3064\u304b\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u306e\u7279\u6a29\u6027\u3068\u3044\u3046\u767a\u60f3\u3092\u751f\u307f\u51fa\u3059\u8981\u56e0\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u304f\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u3001\u601d\u8003\u306e\u767a\u660e\u306a\u3044\u3057\u306f\u4f55\u3089\u304b\u306e\u6587\u5316\u3092\u4f5c\u308a\u51fa\u3059\u601d\u8003\u306e\u95d8\u3044\u3092\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u3068\u6df7\u540c\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u6df7\u540c\u3057\u305f\u72b6\u614b\u306b\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3057\u304b\u751f\u3058\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u4fa1\u5024\u306f\u3001\u672c\u5f53\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3067\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u306b\u306f\u3001\u4f9d\u5b58\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306a\u306e\u306b\u3001\u6587\u5316\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u306f\u3001\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u306b\u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u4fa1\u5024\u3092\u8a00\u8a9e\u306b\u4e0e\u3048\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u305f\u3081\u3001\u3053\u306e\u4fa1\u5024\u304c\u3001\u4f5c\u54c1\u3067\u3042\u308a\u95d8\u4e89\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8a8d\u8b58\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3002\u3053\u3053\u3067\u8a00\u3046\u95d8\u4e89\u3068\u306f\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3068\u304d\u306f\u3001\u3054\u304f\u5c11\u6570\u306e\u500b\u4eba\u305f\u3061\u3068\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u304c\u6b74\u53f2\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u4f5c\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3059\u308b\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u96c6\u56e3\u3068\u306e\u95d8\u3044\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3057\u3001\u307e\u305f\u3042\u308b\u3068\u304d\u306b\u306f\u3001\u8a69\u7684\u306a\u610f\u5473\u3067\u3001\u6b74\u53f2\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3068\u95d8\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6b74\u53f2\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3068\u306e\u95d8\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u540c\u6642\u4ee3\u4eba\u3068\u8db3\u4e26\u307f\u3092\u63c3\u3048\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p><p>21. \u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u533a\u5225\u304c\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u306e\u306f\u3001\u3042\u308b\u8a00\u8a9e\u3092\u751f\u6765\u7684\u306b\u7f8e\u3057\u3044\u3068\u307f\u306a\u3055\u305a\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304c\u300c\u8a00\u8a9e\u306e\u7cbe\u9ac4\u300d\uff08g\u00e9nie des langues\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u795e\u8a71\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u898b\u5b9a\u3081\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u3060\u304b\u3089\u3068\u3044\u3063\u3066\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u6d3b\u52d5\u3092\u8a00\u8a9e\u306b\u9084\u5143\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3092\u3084\u3081\u3066\u3001\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306b\u9084\u5143\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u306e\u306f\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3088\u304f\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3001\u95d8\u3063\u3066\u3044\u304b\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u8fd1\u5e74\u306e\u50be\u5411\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u306a\u305c\u306a\u3089\u3001\u601d\u8003\u3084\u624b\u6bb5\u304c\u3001\u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u9084\u5143\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u3084\u3001\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u6280\u8853\u306e\u9032\u5316\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5f31\u4f53\u5316\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3089\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u9032\u6b69\u3053\u305d\u304c\u3001\u5f8c\u9000\u3068\u91ce\u86ee\u3092\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3059\u8981\u7d20\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u96a0\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p><p>\u552f\u4e00\u3001\u5168\u4f53\u7406\u8ad6\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u6d3b\u52d5\u306e\u601d\u8003\u304c\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u2500\u7cbe\u9ac4\u2500\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u306e\u601d\u8003\u306e\u5012\u932f\u7684\u52b9\u679c\u306b\u5bfe\u6297\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\u8a00\u8a9e\u6d3b\u52d5\u306e\u601d\u8003\u306f\u3001\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\u3068\u6b74\u53f2\u6027\u306e\u7d50\u3073\u3064\u304d\u3092\u7d76\u3048\u305a\u559a\u8d77\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3089\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6b74\u53f2\u6027\u3068\u306f\u3001\u6839\u5143\u304b\u3089\u6063\u610f\u7684\u306a\u6b74\u53f2\u6027\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p><p>22. \u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u3001\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u8a9e\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u82f1\u8a9e\u5acc\u3044\u306f\u3001\u501f\u7528\u8a9e\u3084\u3001\u501f\u7528\u8a9e\u306e\u8a9e\u5f59\u3084\u6587\u6cd5\u306e\u5883\u754c\u7dda\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u7684\u306a\u6027\u8cea\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3082\u306e\u306e\u7121\u7406\u89e3\u306e\u6700\u305f\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002\u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u6027\u8cea\u3078\u306e\u7406\u89e3\u306e\u7121\u3055\u306f\u3001\u501f\u7528\u8a9e\u3084\u8a00\u8a9e\u306e\u63a5\u89e6\u3092\u5426\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u7d14\u7c8b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7d14\u7c8b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u306f\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u7121\u7406\u89e3\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u540c\u6642\u306b\u3001\u5e38\u306b\u904e\u53bb\u306e\u4f1d\u7d71\u306b\u56da\u308f\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3086\u3048\u306b\u578b\u306b\u306f\u307e\u3063\u305f\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u3067\u3001\u9000\u6f6e\u7684\u306a\u767a\u60f3\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08\u3053\u306e\u9000\u6f6e\u306f\u3044\u308d\u3044\u308d\u306a\u5834\u9762\u3067\u73fe\u308c\u308b\u3002\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u3001\u30b4\u30d3\u30ce\u30fc\u306f\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u8a9e\u306e\u8870\u9000\u306f14\u4e16\u7d00\u304b\u3089\u59cb\u307e\u3063\u305f\u3068\u8a00\u3046\u304c\u3001\u3042\u308b\u4eba\u306f19\u4e16\u7d00\u3060\u3068\u8a00\u3046\u3057\u3001\u307e\u305f\u3042\u308b\u4eba\u306f\u4eca\u65e5\u306e\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u8a9e\u306f\u300c\u7d76\u6ec5\u5371\u60e7\u300d\u3060\u3068\u8a00\u3044\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6b7b\u3092\u4e88\u544a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff09\u3002<\/p><p>23. \u3053\u306e\u7d14\u7c8b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u306a\u5acc\u60aa\u3068\u306f\u5225\u306b\u3001\u5c02\u9580\u5bb6\u305f\u3061\u304c\u81ea\u5206\u305f\u3061\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u3067\u6c17\u6301\u3061\u3092\u8868\u660e\u305b\u305a\u306b\u3001\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u304c\u5927\u4e8b\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u51e1\u5eb8\u306a\u3082\u306e\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u502b\u7406\u7684\u30fb\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u306a\u5351\u602f\u3055\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3082\u306e\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p><p>\u6b74\u53f2\u3068\u7d50\u3073\u3064\u3044\u305f\u7f8e\u5fb3\u3092\u8a00\u8a9e\u3060\u3051\u306b\u5272\u308a\u5f53\u3066\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u7cbe\u9ac4\u3092\u53d6\u308a\u9055\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u540c\u6642\u306b\u3001\u4f3c\u975e\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u8a9e\u64c1\u8b77\u8005\u304c\u3069\u308c\u307b\u3069\u307e\u3067\u306b\u7cbe\u9ac4\u3084\u8a00\u8a9e\u611f\u899a\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3092\u66b4\u9732\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p><p>24. \u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u7d14\u7c8b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3068\u306f\u53cd\u5bfe\u306b\u3001\u5168\u4f53\u7406\u8ad6\u306e\u89b3\u70b9\u304b\u3089\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u70b9\u3092\u6307\u6458\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p><p>\u4e00\u3064\u306f\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u306e\u6700\u5927\u306e\u5371\u967a\u304c\u5225\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u306b\u3088\u308b\u652f\u914d\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3001\u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u652f\u914d\u6a29\u304c\u3082\u3063\u3071\u3089\u653f\u6cbb-\u7d4c\u6e08\u7684\u306a\u5371\u967a\u3092\u3088\u308a\u4e00\u5c64\u5f37\u304f\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3001\u672c\u5f53\u306b\u5371\u967a\u306a\u306e\u306f\u3001\uff08\u8a00\u8a9e\u6d3b\u52d5\u3092\u8a00\u8a9e\u306b\u9084\u5143\u3057\u305f\u7d50\u679c\uff09\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u3092\u4eba\u3005\u304c\u8a9e\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\uff08\u82b8\u8853\u7684\u3001\u502b\u7406\u7684\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u306a\uff09\u4fa1\u5024\u5275\u9020\u304c\u884c\u308f\u308c\u306a\u304f\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5275\u9020\u304c\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u306e\u306f\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u80cc\u4fe1\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p><p>\u53e4\u5178\u30ae\u30ea\u30b7\u30a2\u8a9e\u3068\u8056\u66f8\u30d8\u30d6\u30e9\u30a4\u8a9e\u306f\u305d\u308c\u3092\u793a\u3059\u683c\u597d\u306e\u4f8b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002\u30d8\u30d6\u30e9\u30a4\u8a9e\u306f\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3092\u3053\u308c\u307e\u3067\u4e00\u5ea6\u3082\u6301\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3057\u3001\u53e4\u5178\u30ae\u30ea\u30b7\u30a2\u8a9e\u3082\u30a2\u30ec\u30ad\u30b5\u30f3\u30c0\u30fc\u5927\u738b\u306e\u6642\u4ee3\u307e\u3067\u306f\u7d9a\u304b\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u4f5c\u3089\u308c\u305f\u601d\u8003\u306e\u7523\u7269\u306b\u306f\u3001\u6b74\u53f2\u3092\u6a2a\u65ad\u3059\u308b\u666e\u904d\u6027\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u4eca\u65e5\u307e\u3067\u7d9a\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p><p>\u4f5c\u54c1\u3001\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u601d\u8003\u306e\u767a\u660e\u3053\u305d\u304c\u3001\u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u8a00\u8a9e\u3092\u3042\u308b\u3079\u304d\u72b6\u614b\u306b\u3057\u3001\u6587\u5316\u7684\u306b\u6804\u3048\u308b\u8a00\u8a9e\u306b\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3068\u3044\u3046\u306e\u3082\u3001\u4f5c\u54c1\u3092\u4f5c\u308a\u51fa\u3057\u305f\u306e\u306f\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3089\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u305f\u3068\u3048\u8a00\u8a9e\u304c\u53e4\u3044\u72b6\u614b\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u308a\u3001\u30e9\u30c6\u30f3\u8a9e\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u6b7b\u8a9e\u3068\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3001\u8a71\u3057\u8a00\u8449\u81ea\u4f53\u306f\u751f\u304d\u751f\u304d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p><p>\u30e9\u30c6\u30f3\u8a9e\u306f\u300117\u4e16\u7d00\u306b\u6b7b\u3093\u3060\u3068\u3055\u308c\u3001\u77e5\u8b58\u4eba\u306e\u9593\uff0819\u4e16\u7d00\u306e\u5b66\u4f4d\u8ad6\u6587\u306f\u3001\u30b8\u30e3\u30f3\u30fb\u30b8\u30e7\u30ec\u30b9\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3044\u307e\u3060\u30e9\u30c6\u30f3\u8a9e\u3067\u66f8\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\uff09\u3060\u3051\u3067\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308c\u308b\u8a00\u8a9e\u3068\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3068\u8a00\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u300c\u6b7b\u8a9e\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3076\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\uff08\u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u8a00\u8449\u306f\u3001\u8fd1\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30bd\u30ef\u30fc\u30ba\u30fb\u30ef\u30b1\u300e\u30e9\u30c6\u30f3\u8a9e\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u8a18\u53f7\u306e\u5e1d\u56fd\uff0816\u4e16\u7d00\u304b\u308920\u4e16\u7d00\u307e\u3067\uff09\u300f\u304c\u7528\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306a\u3001\u308f\u304b\u308a\u3084\u3059\u3044\u7d0b\u5207\u308a\u578b\u3067\u3057\u304b\u306a\u3044\uff09\u3002\u306a\u305c\u306a\u3089\u3001\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b7\u30b9\u30fb\u30d9\u30fc\u30b3\u30f3\u3084\u30db\u30c3\u30d6\u30ba\u3001\u30c7\u30ab\u30eb\u30c8\u3001\u30b9\u30d4\u30ce\u30b6\u3001\u30e9\u30a4\u30d7\u30cb\u30c3\u30c4\u3089\u306f\u3001\u30e9\u30c6\u30f3\u8a9e\u3067\u8003\u3048\u3001\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u601d\u8003\u3092\u767a\u660e\u3057\u305f\u306e\u3060\u304b\u3089\u3002<\/p><p>\u3068\u3053\u308d\u304c\u3001\u30a2\u30e9\u30e0\u8a9e\u306e\u5834\u5408\u306f\u3001\u8056\u66f8\u304c\u51fa\u6765\u305f\u5f8c\u306e\u6642\u4ee3\u306b\u56fd\u5bb6\u3092\u8d8a\u3048\u3066\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u8a00\u8a9e\u3068\u3055\u308c\u305f\u306b\u3082\u95a2\u308f\u3089\u305a\u3001\u4eca\u3067\u306f\u6570\u3048\u308b\u7a0b\u5ea6\u306e\u5730\u57df\u3067\u3057\u304b\u8a71\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002\u5f53\u6642\u306e\u5927\u5e1d\u56fd\u3067\u3055\u3048\u3001\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u4e0a\u306e\u907a\u8de1\u3057\u304b\u6b8b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p><p>25. \u8a00\u8a9e\u9593\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u611f\u60c5\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u6027\u3092\u8a8d\u8b58\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u3001\u4e2d\u4e16\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30e9\u30c6\u30f3\u8a9e\u306e\u56fd\u5bb6\u3092\u8d8a\u3048\u305f\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u73fe\u5730\u8a9e\u304c\u7e41\u6804\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002\u6b21\u306b\u305d\u306e\u73fe\u5730\u8a9e\u305f\u3061\u304c\u3001\u30e9\u30c6\u30f3\u8a9e\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u6226\u4e89\u3092\u8d77\u3053\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u3001\u73fe\u5730\u8a9e\u540c\u58eb\u3067\u6226\u4e89\u3092\u884c\u3063\u305f\u306e\u304c\u300116\u4e16\u7d00\u4ee5\u964d\u306e\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300218\u4e16\u7d00\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3068\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u3067\u306f\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u8a9e\u304c\u666e\u904d\u6027\u3092\u7372\u5f97\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u3001\u300c\u5730\u65b9\u8a9e\u300d\uff08\u305d\u308c\u306f\u3001\u30d6\u30eb\u30c8\u30f3\u8a9e\u3084\u30d0\u30b9\u30af\u8a9e\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u4ed6\u8a00\u8a9e\u3068\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u8a9e\u306e\u65b9\u8a00\u3082\u533a\u5225\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f\u540c\u3058\u3082\u306e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6271\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff09\u3092\u5236\u3059\u308b\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u9769\u547d\u306e\u95d8\u4e89\u306f\u3001\u7b2c\u4e09\u5171\u548c\u5236\u307e\u3067\u7d9a\u304f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u4eca\u65e5\u306e\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u8a9e\u570f\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u4e16\u754c\u306e\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u8a9e\u306e\u591a\u69d8\u6027\u306b\u76ee\u3092\u5411\u3051\u308c\u3070\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3089\u306f\u3082\u306f\u3084\u30ea\u30f4\u30a1\u30ed\u30eb\u304c\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3008\u660e\u6670\u306a\u3089\u3056\u308b\u3082\u306e\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u8a9e\u306b\u3042\u3089\u305a\u3009\u3068\u306f\u76f8\u5bb9\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3082\u306e\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3082\u8003\u3048\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u554f\u984c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p><p>26. \u5185\u7684\u306a\uff08\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u540c\u6642\u306b\u5916\u7684\u306a\uff09\u8907\u6570\u6027\u306e\u611f\u899a\u3068\u3044\u3046\u306e\u306f\u2500\u2500\u3053\u3053\u3067\u8a00\u3046\u611f\u899a\u3068\u306f\u3001\u3042\u308b\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u7684\u306b\u73fe\u308c\u3066\u304f\u308b\u611f\u899a\u3084\u3001\u4ed6\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3068\u540c\u6642\u306b\u51fa\u73fe\u3057\u3066\u304f\u308b\u611f\u899a\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6307\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u2500\u2500\u3001\u3053\u3053\u6700\u8fd1\u51fa\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u9593\u9055\u3044\u306a\u304f\u3001\u305f\u3057\u304b\u306b\u8131\u690d\u6c11\u5730\u5316\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u3068\u7d50\u3073\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3060\u304c\u4e00\u65b9\u3067\u3001\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\u306e\u30ed\u30de\u30f3\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3068\u305d\u306e\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5f62\u614b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30ca\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u3082\u8d77\u6e90\u3092\u6709\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p><p>27. \u3057\u304b\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u3053\u306e\u591a\u5143\u6027\u306e\u611f\u899a\u3068\u3044\u3046\u306e\u306f\u3001\u591a\u5143\u6027\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u306b\u9589\u3058\u3053\u3082\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u5730\u57df\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u3084\u30ca\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u3082\u306a\u308a\u3046\u308b\uff08\u305d\u3057\u3066\u3001\u3068\u3066\u3082\u5c0f\u898f\u6a21\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308b\u304c\u8a00\u8a9e\u306e\u601d\u8003\u306e\u9589\u9396\u6027\u3092\u518d\u751f\u7523\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\uff09\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u591a\u5143\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u3068\u3066\u4f8b\u5916\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3068\u3044\u3046\u306e\u3082\u3001\u5f7c\u3089\u306f\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u5185\u306a\u308b\u591a\u5143\u6027\u3084\u81ea\u5df1\u540c\u4e00\u6027\u306e\u591a\u5143\u6027\u3092\u8a8d\u3081\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3089\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3060\u304b\u3089\u3053\u305d\u591a\u69d8\u6027\u3092\u5305\u6442\u3059\u308b\u5168\u4f53\u7406\u8ad6\u304c\u6c42\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p><p>28. \u3042\u308b\u8a00\u8a9e\u306e\u6d88\u6ec5\u304c\u4eba\u53e3\u306e\u7834\u58ca\u3084\u6587\u5316\u306e\u6291\u5727\u306b\u8d77\u56e0\u3059\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u8a8d\u8b58\u3067\u304d\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4ee5\u4e0a\u3001\u5404\u56fd\u8a9e\u306e\u4fdd\u8b77\u306f\u8a00\u8a9e\u306e\u554f\u984c\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u7406\u8ad6\u3001\u601d\u8003\u884c\u70ba\u306e\u7406\u8ad6\u3001\u502b\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u306e\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u306e\u8a8d\u8b58\u306b\u3053\u305d\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p><p>29. \u3055\u3082\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3001\u7406\u6027\u306e\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u306e\u7570\u8cea\u6027\u3092\u4fdd\u3061\u306a\u304c\u3089\u652f\u914d\u3092\u884c\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3001\u502b\u7406\u5358\u72ec\u306a\u3089\u7121\u529b\u3060\u3057\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u5358\u72ec\u306a\u3089\u6a29\u529b\u306e\u66b4\u8d70\u3092\u8a31\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u82b8\u8853\u304c\u6301\u3064\u529b\u304c\u3001\u5404\u56fd\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u3092\u64c1\u8b77\u3059\u308b\u6700\u826f\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u7406\u89e3\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082\u306a\u3044\u3002\u8a00\u8a9e\u306f\u3001\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306e\u9053\u5177\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3057\u304b\u307f\u306a\u3055\u308c\u306a\u304f\u306a\u308a\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u5358\u72ec\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8a8d\u8b58\u306f\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u306e\u62e1\u5f35\u3092\u8a31\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u3001\u653f\u6cbb-\u7d4c\u6e08\u306e\u6a29\u529b\u3092\u5e83\u3052\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u4ed6\u56fd\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u3092\u8a71\u305b\u306a\u3044\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3002<\/p><p>30. \u7d50\u8ad6\u306f\u9006\u8aac\u7684\u306a\u3082\u306e\u306b\u306a\u308b\u2500\u2500\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3001\u601d\u8003\u306e\u50cd\u304d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u306e\u306f\u3001\u9006\u8aac\u3092\u672a\u6765\u306b\u306f\u81ea\u660e\u306e\u7406\u306b\u5909\u5316\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7406\u6027\u306e\u7d50\u3073\u3064\u304d\u3092\u901a\u3057\u3066\u898b\u3048\u3066\u304f\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u4fdd\u8b77\u3068\u3044\u3046\u306e\u304c\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u306e\u601d\u8003\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u6d3b\u52d5\u306e\u601d\u8003\u306e\u307e\u3060\u306a\u3044\u5834\u6240\uff08\u30e6\u30fc\u30c8\u30d4\u30a2\uff09\u3092\u4f5c\u308a\u51fa\u3059\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3053\u305d\u304c\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u6d3b\u52d5\u3001\u82b8\u8853\u3001\u502b\u7406\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u304c\u7d50\u3073\u3064\u3044\u305f\u5168\u4f53\u7406\u8ad6\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u611f\u899a\u306e\u7fa9\u52d9\u6559\u80b2\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1317\" aria-expanded=\"false\">CASTILLAN<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1317\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1317\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><p><strong>Castillan par Emilie Fernandez<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Proposici\u00f3n para una Declaraci\u00f3n sobre los Deberes hacia las Lenguas y el Lenguaje<\/strong><\/p><p>1. Primero hay que reconocer una especificidad en las cosas del lenguaje. Esta especificidad hace que no se puede sencillamente trasladar sobre estas cuestiones, el calco de las famosas declaraciones de los derechos de los seres humanos y de las colectividades.<\/p><p>Pronunciarse al favor de los derechos supone tambi\u00e9n pronunciarse a favor de los deberes. Tan el uno como el otro presupone un pensamiento de lo que son y de lo que hacen las lenguas. Mas este pensamiento parece m\u00e1s activo, enfocado en t\u00e9rminos de deberes.<\/p><p>La especificidad de las cosas del lenguaje supone por s\u00ed-misma un pensamiento espec\u00edfico. Para abarcar todos los elementos que este pensamiento supone, es necesario establecer el postulado que este pensamiento ha de ser una cr\u00edtica perpetua de su propia historia, so pena de no pensar el objeto, sino identificarse a tal o cual idea preconcebida acerca de las lenguas y la lengua.<\/p><p>La primera cosa que reconocer es que pensar las lenguas supone pensar lo que es una lengua, lo que es la lengua, y en que consiste hist\u00f3ricamente y en su estado presente el pensamiento de la lengua.<\/p><p>Pensar la lengua ya se limita en concebir s\u00f3lo la lengua y s\u00f3lo lengua, y la consecuencia es el aislamiento de la lengua fuera de las pr\u00e1cticas sociales del lenguaje en todas sus formas de diversidad, lo que es seguramente la situaci\u00f3n m\u00e1s mala que se puede concebir para saber lo que es y lo que hace una lengua, y para defenderla.<\/p><p>2. Pues se impone representarse que para defender una lengua, y saber de antemano los l\u00edmites de lo que significa de por s\u00ed la noci\u00f3n de lengua, se necesita una teor\u00eda general del lenguaje.<\/p><p>Para esto, hay que pensarlo de otro modo que no fuera seg\u00fan el puro modelo institucional que propone la \u00ab\u00a0Declaraci\u00f3n universal de los derechos ling\u00fc\u00edsticos\u00a0\u00bb de Barcelona, de junio de 1996, que trata s\u00f3lo de las lenguas, y da a ver as\u00ed mismo los l\u00edmites de su pensamiento sobre el lenguaje.<\/p><p>Tal teor\u00eda general implica una reflexi\u00f3n sobre los papeles, las actividades y las fuerzas del lenguaje en todas las pr\u00e1cticas sociales \u2013 una teor\u00eda de las relaciones entre la lengua y el hablar, y una teor\u00eda de los sujetos, entre una teor\u00eda de los sujetos y el arte, la \u00e9tica, la pol\u00edtica, ya que todo esto implica la noci\u00f3n de sujeto.<\/p><p>Pues la lengua no es asunto de los ling\u00fcistas a solas, ni de los pol\u00edticos a solas. La historia de la pol\u00edtica de las lenguas no es s\u00f3lo una historia pol\u00edtica. Incluye elementos que hacen parte tambi\u00e9n del arte, de la \u00e9tica, de la historia social. Entonces pensar la pol\u00edtica de las lenguas supone esta teor\u00eda general, este mantenimiento inseparable del lenguaje, del arte, de la \u00e9tica y de la pol\u00edtica para pensar las relaciones entre lenguaje y sociedad. Si no es as\u00ed uno se queda o recae en un pensamiento de la lengua sola, y de la pol\u00edtica sola, lo que de inmediato trae a despreciar el papel del arte en la sociedad, el papel de la \u00e9tica en la pol\u00edtica, pues a despreciar la libertad de los sujetos.<\/p><p>3. Para llevar juntos un pensamiento del lenguaje y de los sujetos se tiene que trabajar en una cr\u00edtica de la oposici\u00f3n entre identidad y alteridad, para pensar, al contrario en la interacci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica constante entre identidad y alteridad.<\/p><p>4. Para pensar la identidad mediante la alteridad, es imprescindible pensar en la acci\u00f3n de las artes del lenguaje espec\u00edficamente, y del arte en general, sobre las transformaciones de los modos de pensamiento, de sensibilidad y de comprensi\u00f3n, pues sobre el pensamiento del lenguaje y de las lenguas.<\/p><p>5. En que importa reconocer un papel privilegiado en las pr\u00e1cticas y en el pensamiento del traducir, lo que impone a su vez pensar de nuevo el traducir seg\u00fan un reconocimiento de las artes del pensamiento, y ya no s\u00f3lo como un cambio de lengua a lengua, sino de pl\u00e1ticas a pl\u00e1ticas, y m\u00e1s all\u00e1 de sistema de pl\u00e1ticas a sistema de pl\u00e1ticas. Pues si no es as\u00ed, es el desconocimiento habitual, enmascarado tras la buena conciencia de las perogrulladas cumplidas, y que no ven que las traducciones hacen de borrador. Borran las culturas, borran las especificidades, borran las diferencias.<\/p><p>Lo que supone a su vez que una teor\u00eda del traducir no puede estar tampoco aislada y supuestamente aut\u00f3noma al igual que la teor\u00eda del lenguaje no es reducible a la \u00fanica noci\u00f3n de lengua. Esta supuesta autonom\u00eda es por su situaci\u00f3n tradicional en la hermen\u00e9utica, el sentido, el signo. De all\u00ed se hace de borrador.<\/p><p>6. En eso, tambi\u00e9n hay que reconocer que uno de los enemigos de las lenguas, y tal vez el primer enemigo de las lenguas, no es la hegemon\u00eda cultural-econ\u00f3mica-pol\u00edtica de tal o tal lengua, sino ante todo el pensamiento que reduce el lenguaje a la lengua, y que separa la lengua del arte, de la culture, de la sociedad, de la \u00e9tica y de lo pol\u00edtico para enfocarlo s\u00f3lo en su aislamiento \u2013 independientemente del estudio t\u00e9cnico de sus funcionamientos, el cual tiene su legitimidad en s\u00ed en su objeto mismo, a la condici\u00f3n de reconocer sus l\u00edmites.<\/p><p>7. El reconocimiento de la alteridad mediante la alteridad supone el reconocimiento de la identidad como pluralidad interna y como historia, y no como \u00edndole natural.<\/p><p>8. De ah\u00ed, hay que proponer una ense\u00f1anza que no existe (y preverla a todos los niveles, como una nueva forma de educaci\u00f3n c\u00edvica), de la teor\u00eda del lenguaje como reconocimiento de las relaciones entre identidad y alteridad, entre unicidad y pluralidad interna, es decir como una po\u00e9tica, una \u00e9tica y una pol\u00edtica de las relaciones interindividuales, interculturales y internacionales. En la que po\u00e9tica, \u00e9tica y pol\u00edtica tienen que ser inseparables, so pena de recaer en el modelo tradicional. Con la insuficiencia que muchos no ven, y de la cual hay que hacer cobrar conciencia.<\/p><p>9. Esta ense\u00f1anza de la teor\u00eda del lenguaje como teor\u00eda general entonces tiene que trabajar en reconocer, bajo el modelo tradicional y dominante del signo (con toda su coherencia ling\u00fc\u00edstica, antropol\u00f3gica, filos\u00f3fica, teol\u00f3gica, social y pol\u00edtica) el trabajo de la continuaci\u00f3n como trabajo del cuerpo en el lenguaje, del sujeto en la lengua, de las invenciones del pensamiento en las lenguas, y como interacci\u00f3n, inseparabilidad e historicidad radical del lenguaje, del arte, de la \u00e9tica y de lo pol\u00edtico.<\/p><p>Esta experiencia del pensamiento dar\u00eda a ver mejor los problemas vinculados con la alteridad y la pluralidad, concebidas por lo com\u00fan como \u00fanicamente externas, y de mostrarlas tan internas como externas.<\/p><p>10. Contra la coherencia imperante del signo y contra el \u00fanico pensamiento de la lengua, hab\u00eda que pensar, reconocer, ense\u00f1ar y cultivar una contra-cultura, una contra-coherencia, la de la solidaridad e interacci\u00f3n entre las categor\u00edas de la Raz\u00f3n que toda una historia del pensamiento sigue manteniendo por heterog\u00e9neas y separadas, de lo cual testimonia a la vez la historia misma de la constituci\u00f3n de lo que llamamos las ciencias humanas, y de nuestras disciplinas universitarias, que emanan de ellas. Una verdadera cr\u00edtica de la Raz\u00f3n ling\u00fc\u00edstica.<\/p><p>Podremos entender, y tendremos pues que entender mejor y favorecer los biling\u00fcismos y los pluriling\u00fcismos, seg\u00fan cada situaci\u00f3n cultural, integr\u00e1ndolos en un pensamiento de la pluralidad interna, de la \u00e9tica y de la pol\u00edtica de los sujetos. Lo que la yuxtaposici\u00f3n sola de las lenguas no permite pensar.<\/p><p>11. Ya que si el reconocimiento de la pluralidad de las lenguas se hace s\u00f3lo mediante la pol\u00edtica del signo, en vez de hacerse mediante la teor\u00eda general del lenguaje, s\u00f3lo puede permanecer en la oposici\u00f3n entre identidad y alteridad, en el aplastamiento de las minoridades por la sola fuerza de lo econ\u00f3mico-pol\u00edtico. Aplastamiento que favorece los terrorismos particularistas.<\/p><p>M\u00e1s valdr\u00eda pues hablar de lenguas-culturas que de lenguas para concebir mejor y preservar los valores que se inventaron en ellas y que llevan en ellas \u2013valores antropol\u00f3gicos, art\u00edsticos, \u00e9tnicos y pol\u00edticos-.<\/p><p>12. La cuesti\u00f3n de los valores implica aclarar lo que enturbia la noci\u00f3n de inigualdad de las lenguas. Y que importa afrontar, en vez de establecer el postulado de forma abstracta solamente (el \u201cdem\u00f3crata abstracto\u201d de Sastre) la igualdad de las lenguas entre ellas.<\/p><p>13. Es incontestable que todas las lenguas, incluso las que las hablan una poblaci\u00f3n poca numerosa y muy localizada, y todos los rasgos que caracterizan una lengua, son iguales entre ellas en el sentido en que cualquier lengua cumple integralmente las funciones ling\u00fc\u00edsticas de una lengua, para pensar, sentir, comunicar, vivir en dada sociedad.<\/p><p>14. Pero dos factores andan enturbiando est\u00e1 noci\u00f3n primordial de la igualdad antropol\u00f3gica de las lenguas. Y estos dos factores son de niveles radicalmente distintos, que importa no confundir y que no se suman a ellas.<\/p><p>15. Uno es la potencia econ\u00f3mica y pol\u00edtica de un conjunto nacional, o teol\u00f3gico-pol\u00edtico, y que se impone como trans-lengua de comunicaci\u00f3n pan-nacional o internacional. De este modo, como potencia teol\u00f3gica y pol\u00edtica, el \u00e1rabe en Egipto, a lo largo de los siglos, ha asfixiado o prohibido la lengua copta como lengua vehicular, reduci\u00e9ndola al uso exclusivamente lit\u00fargico. El econ\u00f3mico-pol\u00edtico est\u00e1 representado hoy en d\u00eda por la globalizaci\u00f3n del ingl\u00e9s de comunicaci\u00f3n.<\/p><p>16. Mas otro factor de supremac\u00eda cultural y de expansionismo, o de duraci\u00f3n m\u00e1s all\u00e1 de la duraci\u00f3n misma de los imperios, es la invenci\u00f3n en tal o tal lengua de valores art\u00edsticos, \u00e9ticos y pol\u00edticos. En este caso son valores que hacen la expansi\u00f3n y el prestigio de esas lenguas, m\u00e1s all\u00e1 de cualquier noci\u00f3n de comunicaci\u00f3n ling\u00fc\u00edstica, local, regional o planetaria.<\/p><p>17. Son estos valores los que hacen lo que son estas lenguas, son estas obras las que son maternas y ya no las lenguas. Este hecho en s\u00ed es tambi\u00e9n incontestable hist\u00f3ricamente, pero no tiene nada en com\u00fan con lo que es y lo que hace ling\u00fc\u00edsticamente una lengua y cualquier lengua, ni tampoco con la potencia de los imperios econ\u00f3mico-pol\u00edticos. Importa que cesara la atribuci\u00f3n a las lenguas lo que es el hecho de las obras, mismo y a\u00fan m\u00e1s si los valores constituyen una aportaci\u00f3n espec\u00edfica a tal o tal lengua, hasta el punto de ser identificados a ella.<\/p><p>18. Tales valores pueden universalizarse. Los valores pol\u00edticos de la Declaraci\u00f3n de los Derechos del Hombre de 1789, o de la lucha por la verdad en contra del mantenimiento del orden durante el Caso Dreyfus han simbolizado y universalizado a la vez la lengua francesa, pero tampoco son el hecho de la lengua francesa, y pueden decirse y hacerse de nuevo en cualquier lengua y en cualquier lugar.<\/p><p>19. Pasa lo mismo, de forma diferente, con los valores est\u00e9ticos y \u00e9ticos de las obras literarias y de las obras de reflexi\u00f3n. Que tienen como efecto hacer que algunas lenguas son m\u00e1s famosas que otras, a la vez llevan y son llevadas por esos valores.<\/p><p>20. Esos efectos de supremac\u00eda se hacen la ocasi\u00f3n de una idea de la superioridad de algunas lenguas que dentro y mediante la confusi\u00f3n entre las lenguas y las invenciones del pensamiento o las luchas del pensamiento que han hecho tal o tal cultura. Esos valores no dependen de las lenguas como lenguas. Sino de la historia cultural que las asocia inevitablemente no permite por s\u00ed sola reconocer que son las obras y las luchas, a veces de un muy peque\u00f1o n\u00famero de individuos en contra de su propia colectividad, que hacen que otorgamos a la lengua lo que se hizo en ella. En el rechazo de los contempor\u00e1neos.<\/p><p>21. Estas distinciones son capitales para no atribuir a una lengua virtudes de car\u00e1cter, lo que forma el mito del genio de las lenguas. Pero m\u00e1s vale no reducir el lenguaje a lengua, y a\u00fan menos a comunicaci\u00f3n. Nueva tendencia en contra de la que importa luchar.<\/p><p>Por causa del empobrecimiento de pensamiento, de recursos, que este reduccionismo otorga, y que est\u00e1 reforzado por los progresos t\u00e9cnicos de la comunicaci\u00f3n. Enmascarando que dichos progresos son un factor de regresi\u00f3n y de barbarie.<\/p><p>El pensamiento del lenguaje como teor\u00eda general es lo que solamente puede permitir contrarrestar los efectos perversos del pensamiento de las lenguas como car\u00e1cter \u2013como genio, mediante la evocaci\u00f3n constante de los v\u00ednculos entre especificad e historicidad. Historicidad radical.<\/p><p>22. As\u00ed la fobia del ingl\u00e9s en franc\u00e9s puede aparecer m\u00e1s bien como un desconocimiento del \u00edndole hist\u00f3rico de las tomas y de los contactos en nombre de un purismo que acarrea a la vez un desconocimiento de la historia misma de las lenguas, un apego por el pasado, pues un academicismo, una noci\u00f3n del declive (variable: seg\u00fan Gobineau, el declive del franc\u00e9s comenz\u00f3 en el siglo XIV; seg\u00fan otros, en el siglo XIX; y para otros el franc\u00e9s de hoy es una \u201cobra maestra en peligro\u201d para la cual no cesan de anunciar su muerte).<\/p><p>23. M\u00e1s all\u00e1 de la fobia purista es la cobard\u00eda \u00e9tica y pol\u00edtica que hace que especialistas renuncian a expresarse en su propia lengua, y contribuyen as\u00ed en la masificaci\u00f3n comunicacionalista.<\/p><p>La atribuci\u00f3n a la lengua sola de virtudes vinculadas a una historia a la vez se equivocan de genio y muestran tambi\u00e9n cu\u00e1n poco genio y poco sentido del lenguaje tienen, los seudo defensores del franc\u00e9s.<\/p><p>24. Desde el punto de vista de una teor\u00eda general, se puede destacar dos cosas. Una es que el mayor peligro para una lengua no es la hegemon\u00eda de otra, incluso y a\u00fan m\u00e1s si esta hegemon\u00eda es solamente econ\u00f3mica y pol\u00edtica, el mayor peligro (consecuencia de la reducci\u00f3n del lenguaje a lengua) es la ausencia de creaci\u00f3n de valores (art\u00edsticos, \u00e9ticos, pol\u00edticos) de los que la hablan. Ausencia de creaci\u00f3n iguala a traici\u00f3n.<\/p><p>El griego cl\u00e1sico y el hebreo b\u00edblico son el ejemplo mismo que lenguas, una, el hebreo no tuvo nunca importancia pol\u00edtica, y la otra cuya importancia no sobrevivi\u00f3 al imperio de Alejandro, tuvieron y siguen teniendo su importancia transhist\u00f3rica s\u00f3lo mediante las obras de pensamiento que fueron producidas en esas lenguas. Y son las obras, creaciones del pensamiento, que hicieron lo que son las lenguas, lo que llevan las lenguas. Ya que no son las lenguas, como lenguas en s\u00ed, las que produjeron las obras. E incluso cuando el estado de lengua es antiguo, o que la lengua pasa a ser muerta, como el lat\u00edn, la palabra, ella, es viva.<br \/>As\u00ed el lat\u00edn, del cual se dice muerto en el siglo XVII, y lengua de los eruditos entre ellos (y las tesis de doctorado en el siglo XIX a\u00fan se escrib\u00edan en lat\u00edn, la de Jaur\u00e8s, por ejemplo), no se puede decir que es una lengua muerta (aparente banalidad que sin embargo retoma una obra reciente, le latin ou l\u2019empire d\u2019un signe, XVI-XX si\u00e8cle, el lat\u00edn o el imperio de un signo, del siglo XVI al siglo XX, de Fran\u00e7oise Waquet, Albin Michel, 1998), si Francis Bac\u00f3n, Hobbes, Descartes, Espinosa, Leibniz inventan pensamiento, inventan, pues, en lat\u00edn.<\/p><p>Pero el arameo, que en la \u00e9poca posb\u00edblica ten\u00eda una importancia comunicacional transnacional, ya no existe m\u00e1s que en algunos pueblos. En cuanto a los grandes imperios de aquel entonces, s\u00f3lo dejaron vestigios arqueol\u00f3gicos.<\/p><p>25. Hay que reconocer una historicidad del sentimiento de las relaciones entre las lenguas. De este modo, hay una paz de las lenguas vern\u00e1culas en la Edad-Media, en Europa, por la transnacionalidad del lat\u00edn. Despu\u00e9s, una guerra de las lenguas contra el lat\u00edn, luego entre ellas en Europa a partir del siglo XVI. De ah\u00ed, surgi\u00f3 la universalidad del franc\u00e9s en Europa en el siglo XVIII. De ah\u00ed la lucha de la Revoluci\u00f3n francesa en contra de los \u201cpatois\u201d, los hablares regionales (mezclando sin distinguir los dialectos del franc\u00e9s y las dem\u00e1s lenguas -el bret\u00f3n, el vasco) hasta la tercera rep\u00fablica. Tratando de la francofon\u00eda actual, o multiplicidad de los franceses en el mundo, ya no es compatible con Rivarol. Esto tambi\u00e9n, hay que pensarlo.<\/p><p>26. Es seguro que el sentido de la pluralidad interna (y tambi\u00e9n externa) \u2013el sentido en el sentido del sentimiento de una necesidad y de una copresencia- es reciente, y seguramente vinculada con la historia de las descolonizaciones, pero tambi\u00e9n remonta a las relaciones entre el romantismo de las especificidades y los nacionalismos que son el resultado de la politizaci\u00f3n.<\/p><p>27. Sin embargo este sentido de la pluralidad puede \u00e9l mismo ser ya regionalista (y nacionalista, ensimismarse en s\u00ed y reproducir a peque\u00f1a escala el ensimismamiento del pensamiento de la lengua), ya pluralista, es decir desarrollarse como el reconocimiento de las pluralidades internas, y de la pluralidad de la identidad. Capaz entonces de una teor\u00eda general.<\/p><p>28. En el momento en que reconocemos que la desaparici\u00f3n de una lengua puede ser causada sea por la destrucci\u00f3n de una poblaci\u00f3n, sea por un aplastamiento cultural, est\u00e1 claro que la defensa de las lenguas no es un problema de lengua, pero necesariamente el reconocimiento de la interacci\u00f3n entre la teor\u00eda del lenguaje, la teor\u00eda de los actos del pensamiento, la \u00e9tica y la pol\u00edtica.<\/p><p>29. A falta de que, por ser la heterogeneidad de las categor\u00edas de la raz\u00f3n que reina, la \u00e9tica sola es impotente, la pol\u00edtica sola es omnipotente, las cosas del arte no son entendidas como la mejor defensa de las lenguas, y las lenguas siendo reducidas a medios de comunicaci\u00f3n, solamente se difunden y asfixian las dem\u00e1s, esas lenguas que comunican el poder econ\u00f3mico-pol\u00edtico.<\/p><p>30. Conclusi\u00f3n parad\u00f3jica \u2013pero el trabajo del pensamiento ha de transformar las paradojas en perogrulladas del futuro- lo que se destaca de esta concatenaci\u00f3n de las razones es que la defensa de las lenguas no est\u00e1 en el pensamiento de la lengua, sino en el v\u00ednculo que a\u00fan hace la utop\u00eda del pensamiento del lenguaje, el v\u00ednculo entre lenguaje, arte, \u00e9tica y pol\u00edtica como teor\u00eda general. Es decir una ense\u00f1anza obligatoria del sentido del lenguaje.<\/p><p>Texto escrito por Henri Meschonnic.<br \/>Propuesto en el Forum de las lenguas el 28 de mayo del 2006, en la Plaza del Capitole de Toulouse.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u00a9 CarrefourCulturel Arnaud-Bernard \u2013 www.arnaud-bernard.net &#8211; carrefourculturel@arnaud-bernard.net<br \/>declaracion finale<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1318\" aria-expanded=\"false\">ITALIEN<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1318\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1318\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><p><strong>Italien par Pal\u00e9ni Natacha<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Una proposta di Dichiarazione sui Doveri nei confronti delle Lingue e del Linguaggio<\/strong><\/p><p>1- Bisogna innanzitutto riconoscere una specificit\u00e0 alle cose del linguaggio. Questa specificit\u00e0 ci impedisce di riportare su queste problematiche il calco delle dichiarazioni conosciute sui diritti umani e della comunit\u00e0.<\/p><p>Difendere i diritti significa anche difendere i doveri. Entrambi presumono di avere un\u2019idea di ci\u00f2 che sono e di ci\u00f2 che costituiscono le lingue. Ma l\u2019idea sembra pi\u00f9 viva, se si pensa in termine di doveri.<\/p><p>La specificit\u00e0 delle cose del linguaggio presuppone anche essa un\u2019idea specifica. Per avere tutti gli elementi che questa idea presuppone \u00e8 necessario considerare che questa idea debba essere una critica costante di se stesso, pena di non pensare all\u2019oggetto, ma di identificarsi a una o un\u2019altra idea che riguarda le lingue o la lingua.<\/p><p>La prima cosa da capire \u00e8 che pensare le lingue presuppone il pensiero di ci\u00f2 che \u00e8 una lingua, ci\u00f2 che \u00e8 la lingua, e dal punto di vista storico in cosa consiste e nel suo stato presente il pensiero della lingua.<\/p><p>Pensare la lingua o si delimita a non concepire che la lingua, solo la lingua, e la conseguenza \u00e8 l\u2019isolamento della lingua fuori delle pratiche sociali del linguaggio in tutte le diversit\u00e0, che \u00e8 sicuramente la peggiore situazione che si possa concepire per sapere ci\u00f2 che \u00e8 e ci\u00f2 che fa una lingua, e per difenderla.<\/p><p>2- Quindi si impone il bisogno di presentarsi per difendere la lingua, e di sapere a priori i miti di ci\u00f2 che significa il concetto stesso di lingua, c\u2019\u00e8 bisogno di una teoria di insieme del linguaggio.<\/p><p>Allora perch\u00e9 riflettere in modo diverso dal modello istituzionale che propone la \u201cDichiarazione universale dei diritti linguistici\u201d di Barcellona, del giugno 1996, che veste esclusivamente sulle lingue, e attraverso ci\u00f2 mostra i limiti del pensiero della lingua.<\/p><p>Una simile teoria d\u2019insieme implica una riflessione sul ruolo, le attivit\u00e0 e gli sforzi del linguaggio in tutte le pratiche sociali \u2013 una teoria dei rapporti tra la lingua e il discorso, tra la nozione del discorso e una teoria dei soggetti, tra una teoria dei soggetti e l\u2019arte, l\u2019etica, la politica, perch\u00e9 \u00e8 tutto ci\u00f2 che implica la nozione di soggetto.<\/p><p>Per questo la lingua non \u00e8 solo un problema dei linguisti, n\u00e9 soltanto di politici. La storia politica delle lingue non \u00e8 soltanto una storia politica. Essa include elementi che occupano anche l\u2019arte, l\u2019etica, la storia sociale. Pensare alla politica delle lingue presuppone quindi questa teoria d\u2019insieme, questa tenuta inseparabile del linguaggio, dell\u2019arte, dell\u2019etica e del politico per pensare i rapporti tra linguaggio e societ\u00e0. Altrimenti si resta o si ricade in un pensiero solo della lingua, e solo della politica, cosa che porta immediatamente ad ignorare il ruolo dell\u2019arte nella societ\u00e0, il ruolo dell\u2019etica nella politica, quindi ad ignorare la libert\u00e0 degli individui.<\/p><p>3- Per mettere insieme un pensiero del linguaggio e degli individui si deve lavorare ad una critica dell\u2019opposizione tra identit\u00e0 e alterit\u00e0, per invece pensare all\u2019interazione storica costante tra identit\u00e0 e alterit\u00e0.<\/p><p>Pensare la pluralit\u00e0 delle lingue e l\u2019interazione tra le lingue presuppone quindi di pensare all\u2019identit\u00e0 attraverso l\u2019alterit\u00e0.<\/p><p>4- Per pensare l\u2019identit\u00e0 attraverso l\u2019alterit\u00e0, \u00e8 indispensabile pensare in special modo all\u2019azione delle arti del linguaggio, e dell\u2019arte in generale, sulle trasformazioni dei modi di pensare, di sensibilit\u00e0 e di comprensione, quindi sul pensiero del linguaggio e delle lingue.<\/p><p>5- Per cui \u00e8 importante riconoscere un ruolo privilegiato alle pratiche e al pensiero del traduttore, cosa che impone a sua volta di ripensare il tradotto in funzione di una riconoscenza delle arti del pensiero, e non pi\u00f9 solo come un passaggio da una lingua ad un\u2019altra, ma da discorso a discorso, ed eventualmente da sistema di discorso a sistema di discorso. Altrimenti, \u00e8 la consueta ignoranza, mascherata dalla buona coscienza dei perfetti truismi, e che non vede che le traduzioni sono cancellazioni. Cancellazioni di culture, cancellazioni di specificit\u00e0, cancellazioni di differenze.<\/p><p>Questo presuppone a sua volta che una teoria del tradurre non pu\u00f2 pi\u00f9 essere isolata e falsamente autonoma che la teoria del linguaggio non si pu\u00f2 ridurre al solo concetto di lingua. Questa presunta autonomia non essendo nient\u2019altro che la sua situazione tradizionale nell\u2019ermeneutica, il senso, il segno. Da dove la cancellazione.<\/p><p>6- \u00c8 in questo che si riconosce un nemico anche delle lingue, e forse il primo nemico delle lingue, non \u00e8 l\u2019egemonia culturale-economica-politica di una piuttosto che di un\u2019altra lingua, ma prima di tutto il pensiero che riduce il linguaggio alla lingua, e che separa la lingua dall\u2019arte, dalla cultura, dalla societ\u00e0, dall\u2019etica e dal politico per immaginarla solo nel suo isolamento- indipendentemente dallo studio tecnico dei suoi meccanismi che, in quanto tali, alla sua legittimit\u00e0 nel suo medesimo obbiettivo, a condizioni che si riconoscano i limiti.<\/p><p>7- Il riconoscimento dell\u2019identit\u00e0 attraverso l\u2019alterit\u00e0 presuppone quello dell\u2019identit\u00e0 come pluralit\u00e0 interna e come storia, non come natura.<\/p><p>8- Partendo da ci\u00f2, c\u2019\u00e8 da proporre un insegnamento che non esiste ( e a prevederlo a tutti i livelli, come una nuova forma di educazione civica), della teoria del linguaggio come riconoscimento dei rapporti tra identit\u00e0 e alterit\u00e0, tra unicit\u00e0 e pluralit\u00e0 interna, ossia come una poetica, un\u2019etica e una politica dei rapporti interpersonali, interculturali e internazionali. Dove poetica, etica e politica devono essere inseparabili, pena di ricadere in un modello tradizionale. Con le sue lacune, che molto non vedono, e di cui bisogna rendere consapevoli.<\/p><p>9- Quest\u2019insegnamento della teoria del linguaggio come teoria d\u2019insieme deve quindi lavorare a riconoscere, nel modello tradizionale e dominante del segno ( con ogni coerenza linguistica, antropologica, filosofica, teologica, sociale e politica) il lavoro del continuo come lavoro del corpo nel linguaggio, dell\u2019individuo sulla lingua, invenzioni del pensiero sulla lingua, e come interazione, inseparabilit\u00e0 e storicit\u00e0 radicale del linguaggio, dell\u2019arte, dell\u2019etica e del politico.<\/p><p>Questa esperienza del pensiero potrebbe permettere di meglio collocare i problemi legati all\u2019alterit\u00e0 e alla pluralit\u00e0, concepite comunemente come unicamente eterne, e di mostrarle tanto interne quanto esterne.<\/p><p>10- Contro la coerenza regnante del segno e del solo pensiero della lingua, ci sar\u00e0 da pensare, riconoscere, insegnare e istruire una contro cultura, una contro coerenza, quella di questa solidariet\u00e0 e interazione tra le categorie della Ragione che tutta una storia del pensiero continua a considerare eterogenee e separate, di cui testimoniano alla volta la stessa storia della costituzione di quel che comunemente chiamiamo le scienza umane, e le discipline universitarie, che ne sono scaturite. Una verit\u00e0 critica della Ragione linguistica.<\/p><p>Potremmo, e dovremmo, allora capire meglio e favorire il bilinguismo il plurilinguismo, in base ad ogni situazione culturale, situandoli in un pensiero della pluralit\u00e0 interna, dell\u2019etica e della politica dei soggetti. Cosa che solo la giustapposizione delle lingue non permette di pensare.<\/p><p>11- Perch\u00e9 se il riconoscimento della pluralit\u00e0 delle lingue non si fa che nella politica del segno, invece di farsi nella teoria d\u2019insieme del linguaggio, essa pu\u00f2 risiedere solo nell\u2019opposizione tra identit\u00e0 e alterit\u00e0, nella repressione delle minoranze per mezzo della sola forza dell\u2019economico-politico. Repressione che favorisce i terrorismi particolarismi.<\/p><p>Allora sarebbe meglio parlare di lingue-culture che di lingue, per meglio concepire e preservare i valori che si sono inventati in s\u00e9 e di cui lei sono portanti \u2013 valori antropologici, artistici, etici e politici.<\/p><p>12- Il problema dei valori implica il bisogno di chiarire ci\u00f2 che confonde la nozione di disuguaglianza delle lingue. E introduce il bisogno di affrontare pi\u00f9 che postulare soltanto nell\u2019astratto (il \u201cdemocratico astratto\u201ddi Sartre) l\u2019uguaglianza delle lingue tra loro.<br \/>13- E\u2019 fuori discussione che tutte le lingue, compreso quelle che parlate da una scarsa popolazione e ben delimitata, messe in relazione con ci\u00f2 che costituisce una lingua, sono uguali tra di loro nel senso che tutte le lingue rivestono integralmente le funzioni linguistiche di una lingua, per pensare, sentire, comunicare, vivere in una determinata societ\u00e0.<\/p><p>14- Ma due fattori confondono questa nozione primordiale dell\u2019uguaglianza antropologica delle lingue. E sono questi due fattori radicalmente distinti, che non bisogna confondere, e che non possono essere sommati.<\/p><p>15- Un fattore \u00e8 la potenza economico-politica di un insieme nazionale, o teologico- politico, che s\u2019impone come una trans-lingua di comunicazione internazionale. Ad esempio, di potenza teologico-politca, l\u2019arabo in Egitto nel corso dei secoli ha soffocato o vietato il copto la lingua veicolare, riducendola ad uso puramente liturgico. L\u2019economico-politico oggi \u00e8 rappresentato dalla mondializzazione dell\u2019inglese di comunicazione.<\/p><p>16- Ma un altro fattore di supremazia culturale e di espansionismo, o di durata che va al di l\u00e0 della durata degli imperi, \u00e8 l\u2019invenzione in una o un\u2019altra lingua di valori artistici, etici e politici. In ogni caso sono questi valori che determinano l\u2019espansione e il prestigio di queste lingue, al di l\u00e0 di ogni nozione di comunicazione linguistica, locale, regionale o planetaria.<\/p><p>17- Sono quindi questi valori che costituiscono le lingue, sono le opere materiali e non pi\u00f9 le lingue. Questo aspetto \u00e8 d&rsquo;altronde dal punto di vista storico incontestabile, ma non c\u2019\u00e8 niente di comune in ci\u00f2 che \u00e8 e in ci\u00f2 che costituisce linguisticamente una lingua e ogni lingua, neanche con la potenza degli imperi economico-politici. Bisogna smettere di attribuire alle lingue ci\u00f2 che \u00e8 delle opere, e giustamente anche se questi valori determinano un apporto specifico ad una o un\u2019altra lingua, al punto da essersi identificate.<\/p><p>18- Tali valori possono universalizzarsi. I valori politici della Dichiarazione dei diritti umani del 1789, o della lotta per la verit\u00e0 per mantenere l\u2019ordine come nel caso del \u201cAffaire Dreyfus\u201d, hanno simbolizzato e universalizzato allo stesso tempo la lingua francese, ma allo stesso tempo non sono il caso della lingua francese, ma possono definirsi e ripetersi in tutte le lingue e in tutti gli ambiti.<\/p><p>19 \u2013 Vale lo stesso per i valori estetici ed etici delle opere letterarie e delle opere di pensiero. Che fanno si che alcune lingue siano pi\u00f9 celebri di altre, e che sono allo stesso tempo spinte e condotte da questi valori.<\/p><p>20- Questi effetti di supremazia diventano l\u2019occasione di un\u2019idea della supremazia di alcune lingue solo in quanto creano confusione nella lingua e le invenzioni di pensiero o le battaglie di pensiero che hanno formato una o un\u2019altra cultura. Questi valori non dipendono dalle lingue in quanto lingue. Ma la storia culturale che le associa inevitabilmente non permette soltanto a lei di riconoscere quelle che sono le opere e le lotte, a volte di un ristretto numero di individui contro la collettivit\u00e0, che fanno si che attribuiamo alla lingua ci\u00f2 che si \u00e8 creato in essa e a volte anche poeticamente contro di lei. Rifiutando i contemporanei.<\/p><p>21- Queste distinzioni sono capitali per non attribuire a una lingua delle virt\u00f9 naturali, cosa che situa il mito del genio delle lingue. Ma in ogni modo per non ridurre il linguaggio alla lingua, e ancora peggio alla comunicazione. Tendenza recente contro la quale vale le pena di lottare.<\/p><p>A causa dell\u2019impoverimento del pensiero, dei mezzi, che questo riduzionismo ha portato, e che rafforza i progressi tecnici della comunicazione. Mascherando che questi stessi progressi sono un fattore di regressione e di barbarie.<\/p><p>Il pensiero del linguaggio come teoria d\u2019insieme \u00e8 l\u2019unica cosa che pu\u00f2 permettersi di opporsi agli effetti perversi del pensiero delle lingue come natura \u2013 come genio, per mezzo di un costante richiamo dei legami tra specificit\u00e0 e storicit\u00e0. Storicit\u00e0 radicale.<\/p><p>22- Cos\u00ec la fobia dell\u2019inglese nel francese pu\u00f2 apparire come una mancata conoscenza del aspetto storico dei prestiti, e dei loro limiti, lessicali e sintattici. \u00c8 proprio la mancanza di conoscenza di questo aspetto che provoca il rifiuto dei prestiti e dei contatti in nome del purismo che implica allo stesso tempo una mancanza di conoscenza anche della storia delle lingue, un passatismo, quindi un accadeismo, una nozione di declino (variabile: per Gobineau, il declino del francese cominciava nel XIV s. ; per altri nel XIX s.; per altri, il francese oggi \u00e8 un \u201ccapo lavoro in pericolo\u201ddi cui non smettono di annunciare la morte).<\/p><p>23- Un altro aspetto di questa fobia purista \u00e8 la codardia etica e politica che fa che specialisti rinuncino ad esprimersi nelle proprie lingue, contribuendo cos\u00ec alla massificazione communicazionalista.<\/p><p>Attribuire solo alla lingua virt\u00f9 legate alla storia non fa che ingannare il genio e dimostrare allo stesso tempo quanto poco hanno di genio, e di senso del linguaggio, gli pseudonimi-difensori del francese.<\/p><p>24- Dal punto di vista di una teoria d\u2019insieme, si possono invece notare due cose.<\/p><p>Una \u00e8 che il pi\u00f9 grande pericolo per una lingua non \u00e8 l\u2019egemonia di un\u2019altra, e ancora se questa egemonia e solo economico-politica, il pericolo maggiore (conseguenza della riduzione del linguaggio a lingua) \u00e8 l\u2019assenza di creazione di valori (artistici, etici, politici) da parte di coloro che la parlano. Assenza di creazione uguale tradimento.<\/p><p>Il greco classico e l\u2019ebraico biblico sono l\u2019esempio esatto delle lingue di cui una l\u2019ebreo, non ha mai avuto un\u2019importanza politica, e l\u2019altra di cui l\u2019importanza non ha superato l\u2019impero di Alessandro, non hanno avuto e non hanno ancora un\u2019importanza ultrastorica se non attraverso le opere di pensiero che sono state prodotte in queste lingue. E sono state le opere, le invenzioni di pensiero, che hanno reso queste lingue ci\u00f2 che sono, ci\u00f2 di cui sono diventate portanti. Perch\u00e9 non sono le lingue, in quanto lingue, che hanno prodotto le opere. E anche nel caso in cui lo stato della lingua \u00e8 antico, o che la lingua passa per morta, come il latino, la parola, resta vivente.<\/p><p>Per cui il latino che consideriamo morto nel XVII s., e lingua parlata solo da dotti (e le tesi nel XIX s. si scrivevano ancora in latino, ad esempio quella di Jaur\u00e8s), non possiamo dire che sia una lingua morta (banalit\u00e0 apparente che riprende un\u2019opera recente, Il latino o l\u2019impero di un segno, XVI-XX s., di Fran\u00e7ois Waquet, Albin Michel, 1998), se Francis Bacon, Hobbes, Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz inventano pensieri, inventano i loro pensieri, in latino.<\/p><p>Ma l\u2019aramaico, che aveva in epoca post-biblica un\u2019importanza comunicazionale transnazionale, esiste soltanto in qualche villaggio. Quanto ai grandi imperi, non hanno lasciato che resti archeologici.<\/p><p>25- Bisogna riconoscere una storicit\u00e0 del sentimento dei rapporti tra le lingue. \u00c8 per questo che c\u2019\u00e8 una pace delle lingue vernacolari nel medio evo, in Europa, nella trasnazionalit\u00e0 del latino. Dopo una guerra delle lingue contro il latino, poi tra di loro in Europa a partire dal XVI s. Da dove \u00e8 nata l\u2019universalit\u00e0 del francese in Europa nel XVIII s. Da dove la lotta della Rivoluzione francese contro il \u201cpatois\u201d (che mescola indistintamente i dialetti del francese e le altre lingue- il bretone, il basco) fino alla III\u00e8 Repubblica. Quanto alla francofonia attuale, o molteplicit\u00e0 di francese nel mondo, la lingua non \u00e8 pi\u00f9 compatibile con Rivarol. Anche questo merita una riflessione.<\/p><p>26- E\u2019evidente che il senso della pluralit\u00e0 interna (e anche esterna) \u2013 il senso nel senso del sentimento di una necessit\u00e0 e di una compresenza \u2013 \u00e8 recente, e sicuramente legato alla storia delle colonizzazioni, ma risale anche ai rapporti tra il romanticismo delle specificit\u00e0 e i nazionalismi che ne sono la politicizzazione.<\/p><p>27- Tuttavia questo senso della pluralit\u00e0 pu\u00f2 anch\u2019esso essere regionalista e nazionalista, ripiegato su se stesso (e che riproduce in piccola scala la chiusura del pensiero della lingua), o pluralista, ossia costituirsi come il riconoscimento delle pluralit\u00e0 interne, e della pluralit\u00e0 dell\u2019identit\u00e0. Capace in questo caso di una teoria d\u2019insieme.<\/p><p>28- Dal momento che si riconosce che la scomparsa di una lingua \u00e8 dovuta o alla distruzione di una popolazione, o a una repressione culturale, \u00e8 chiaro che la difesa delle lingue non \u00e8 un problema di lingua, ma naturalmente il riconoscimento dell\u2019interazione tra la teoria del linguaggio, la teoria degli atti del pensiero, l\u2019etica e la politica.<\/p><p>29- In caso contrario, ci\u00f2 che regna essendo l\u2019eterogeneit\u00e0 delle categorie della ragione, solo l\u2019etica \u00e8 impotente, solo la politica \u00e8 potente, le cose dell\u2019arte non vengono colte come la migliore difesa delle lingue, e le lingue essendo ridotte a mezzi di comunicazione, si diffondono e soffocano le altre lingue che comunicano il potere economico-politco.<\/p><p>30- Conclusione paradossale \u2013 ma il lavoro del pensiero \u00e8 di trasformare i paradossi in truismi del futuro \u2013 ci\u00f2 che si deduce da questa sequenza logica \u00e8 che la difesa delle lingue non \u00e8 nel pensiero della lingua, ma nel legame che ne fa ancora l\u2019utopia del pensiero del linguaggio, il legame tra linguaggio, arte, etica e politica come teoria d\u2019insieme. Ovvero un insegnamento obbligatorio del senso del linguaggio.<\/p><p>Testo scritto da Henri Mesconnic, proposto al Forum delle lingue il 28 maggio 2006, Place du Capitole a Tolosa.<\/p><p>Pubblicato nel N\u00b0 64 della Linha Imaginot : linhaimaginot@gmail.com<\/p><p>Il Forum delle lingue \u00e8 organizzato da Carrefour culturel Arnaud Bernard : www.arnaud-bernard.net<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u00a9 CARREFOUR CULTUREL ARNAUD-BERNARD &#8211; carrefourculturel@arnaud-bernard.net DECLARATION-2006<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1319\" aria-expanded=\"false\">ASSYRIEN<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1319\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1319\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><p><strong>Assyrien par Philimon Darmo<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u071a\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0732\u071a\u072b\u0732\u071a\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0729\u0735\u0710 \u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u0715\u0735\u0729\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0721\u0738\u072b\u072c\u0732\u0710\u0720\u0735\u0722\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0720\u0718\u0735\u072c \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0718\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0721\u0720\u0718\u073f\u0710\u0735\u0710 1 \u2013 \u0721\u0738\u0722\u0715\u071d\u073c \u0729\u0735\u0715\u0747\u0721\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0710\u0747\u0722\u0735\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0735\u0720\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0715\u0725\u0735\u0712\u0738\u0715 \u0720\u0739\u0717 \u071d\u073c\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0715\u0721\u0732\u0718\u0715\u0739\u0710 \u0712\u0732\u071a\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u071d\u073c\u0720\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u0728\u0712\u0718\u073c\u071d\u0735\u072c\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u0710\u0747\u0723\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710. \u0712\u0725\u0738\u0720\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0710\u0732\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u071d\u073c\u0720\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0710\u0747\u0722\u0735\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0739\u0710 \u0721\u0735\u0728\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u0712\u0732\u0726\u072b\u071d\u073c\u071b\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0732\u0726\u0720\u0738\u071a\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u071a\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0732\u0728\u0732\u071a\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0712\u0718\u073c\u0715\u0735\u0729\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u073c\u0715\u071d\u073c\u0725\u0739\u0308\u0710 \u0715\u0719\u0738\u0715\u0729\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0710\u0747\u0722\u0735\u072b\u0735\u071d\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0718\u0715\u0732\u071f\u0722\u0718\u073c\u072b\u071d\u0735\u072c\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u071a\u0735\u072b\u071a\u0735\u0710 \u0729\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0710\u0732\u0722\u0739\u0710 \u0728\u0712\u0718\u073c\u071d\u0735\u072c\u0308\u0739\u0710.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0726\u0718\u073c\u0720\u071a\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0725\u0732\u0720 \u072b\u072a\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0729\u0738\u071b\u072a\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u0710\u0747\u0723\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0719\u0738\u0715\u0729\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0712\u0738\u072a\u0721\u0735\u0719\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0710\u0735\u0726 \u0720\u0726\u0718\u073c\u0720\u071a\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0725\u0732\u0720 \u072b\u072a\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0729\u0738\u071b\u072a\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u0710\u0747\u0723\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0721\u0738\u072b\u072c\u0732\u0720\u0735\u0722\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0739\u0308\u0710. \u0710\u0732\u0722\u0739\u0710 \u072c\u0738\u072a\u0718\u0732\u071d\u0717\u071d \u0712\u0738\u072a\u0721\u0735\u0719\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0710\u0735\u0722\u0732\u0722\u0729\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u072c\u0732\u071a\u0721\u0732\u0722\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0732\u0715\u0717\u0732\u0713\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072c \u0721\u0718\u073f\u0715\u071d\u073c \u071d\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0718\u0710\u0735\u0722\u071d\u073c \u0721\u0718\u073f\u0715\u071d\u073c \u071f\u0739\u0710 \u0725\u0735\u0712\u0742\u0715\u071d\u073c. \u0710\u071d\u073c\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0717\u0735\u0715\u071f\u0742\u0735\u0710 \u072c\u0732\u071a\u0721\u0732\u0722\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0732\u0712\u071d\u0718\u073c\u0722\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072b \u0725\u0735\u0712\u0742\u0718\u073f\u0715\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0712\u0738\u0720\u071a\u0735\u0721\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0721\u0323\u0722 \u0713\u0739\u0712\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0721\u0738\u072b\u072c\u0732\u0710\u0720\u0735\u0722\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0308\u0739\u0710.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0715\u071d\u073c\u0720\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u0728\u0712\u0718\u073c\u071d\u0735\u072c\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u0710\u0747\u0723\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0712\u0713\u0735\u0722\u0718\u073f\u0717\u0307 \u0721\u0732\u071d\u0715\u0718\u073c\u0725\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u072c\u0732\u071a\u0721\u0732\u0722\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u071d\u073c\u0720\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710. \u0717\u0735\u0715\u071f\u0742\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0710\u0747\u0722\u0735\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u0726\u0732\u072a\u0721\u0739\u0710 \u0720\u0717\u0718\u073f\u0722 \u071f\u0720\u0732\u071d\u0717\u071d \u0710\u0738\u0723\u071b\u0718\u073f\u071f\u0742\u0723\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u0710\u0732\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u072c\u0732\u071a\u0721\u0732\u0722\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0732\u071d\u0715\u0718\u073c\u0725\u0735\u071d\u0717\u071d \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307\u060c \u0718\u0735\u0720\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0715\u0710\u0747\u0722\u0735\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u071a\u0735\u072b\u0738\u0712\u0742 \u0715\u0710\u0732\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u072c\u0732\u071a\u0721\u0732\u0722\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0723\u0722\u071d\u073c\u0729\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0715\u0717\u0735\u0718\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u071a\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u0729\u072a\u071d\u073c\u071b\u071d\u073c\u0729\u071d\u073c \u0710\u0732\u0721\u071d\u073c\u0722\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u072c\u0732\u072b\u0725\u071d\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0713\u0735\u0722\u0718\u073f\u0717\u0307\u060c \u0725\u0732\u0721 \u0721\u0738\u072c\u0717\u0735\u0718\u071d\u0735\u0722\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0735\u0710 \u072c\u0732\u071a\u0721\u0732\u0722\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072c \u0722\u071d\u073c\u072b\u0718\u073f\u0717\u0307\u060c \u0710\u071d\u073c\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0732\u071d\u0715\u0718\u073c\u0725\u0718\u073f\u0717\u0307 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0713\u0735\u0722\u0718\u073f\u0717\u0307 \u0710\u0732\u071d\u071f\u0742 \u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0723\u0732\u0717\u0721\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u071a\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u0729\u0732\u0715\u071d\u073c\u0721\u0718\u073c\u072c \u072c\u0732\u071a\u0721\u0732\u0722\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072c \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0718\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0721\u0738\u0722\u0715\u071d\u073c \u0729\u0732\u0715\u0721\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0721\u0732\u0718\u0715\u0718\u073c\u071d\u0739\u0710 \u0712\u071d\u073c\u0739\u0717 \u071d\u073c\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0715\u072c\u0732\u071a\u0721\u0732\u0722\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072c \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0721\u0732\u071d\u0715\u0718\u073c\u0725\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u072c\u0732\u071a\u0721\u0732\u0722\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072c \u0721\u0718\u073f\u0715\u071d\u073c \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0721\u0718\u073f\u0715\u071d\u073c \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0721\u0718\u073f\u0715\u071d\u073c \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0723\u0718\u073c\u071f\u0735\u0720\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u072c\u0732\u071a\u0721\u0732\u0722\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072c \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u072c\u0732\u072b\u0725\u071d\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710\u071d\u073c\u072c \u0718\u0717\u0735\u072b\u0735\u0710\u071d\u073c\u072c.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u072c\u0732\u071a\u0721\u0732\u0722\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072c \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u072c\u0718\u073c\u071a\u0738\u0721\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0712\u0728\u0732\u0720\u0721\u0732\u0722\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0732\u0720\u071a\u0718\u073c\u0715\u060c \u071d\u0732\u0722 \u0712\u0732\u0720\u071a\u0718\u073c\u0715 \u0712\u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0723\u0732\u0717\u0721\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0718\u0732\u0712\u0717\u0307\u071d\u0713\u0735\u0717\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0726\u071d\u073c\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0726\u072a\u071d\u073c\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0323\u0722 \u0710\u0735\u0715\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u0725\u071d\u0735\u0715\u0718\u073c\u0717\u0308\u071d \u072b\u0735\u0718\u072c\u0735\u0726\u0735\u071d\u0308\u0739\u0710. \u0718\u0710\u0732\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0738\u072c\u0717\u0735\u0718\u071d\u0735\u0722\u0710\u071d\u073c\u072c \u071d\u073c\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0717\u0307\u071d \u0710\u0732\u071d\u071f\u0732\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072b \u071a\u0738\u072a\u0712\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0710\u0747\u0722\u0735\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0735\u0728\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u0728\u0732\u0720\u0721\u0738\u0722 \u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0710\u071d\u073c\u0721\u0735\u0722 \u0715\u071a\u0732\u0726\u0718\u073c\u071b\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0715\u071d\u0735\u0715\u0738\u0725 \u0721\u0718\u073f\u0715\u071d\u073c \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0721\u0323\u0722 \u0721\u0718\u073f\u0715\u071d\u073c \u0726\u071d\u073c\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0721\u072c\u0718\u073c\u072a\u0728\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0732\u0715\u0723\u0735\u072c\u0738\u072a \u0720\u0739\u0717.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0721\u0720\u0718\u073f\u0710\u0735\u0710 2 \u2013 \u0718\u0717\u0735\u0715\u071f\u0742\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0718\u0735\u0720\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0715\u0710\u0747\u0722\u0735\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u0728\u0732\u0720\u0721\u0738\u0722 \u0715\u0732\u0721\u0723\u0732\u072c\u072a\u0735\u0722\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0718\u0710\u0732\u071d\u071f\u0742 \u071a\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u072b\u0732\u072a\u071b\u0735\u0710\u060c \u071d\u073c\u0715\u0735\u0725\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u072c\u071a\u0718\u073c\u0721\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u072a\u0738\u0725\u071d\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0723\u0718\u073c\u071f\u0735\u0720\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0723\u0722\u071d\u073c\u0729\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0720\u0732\u071a\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u072c\u0739\u0710\u0718\u073f\u072a\u071d\u073c\u0735\u0710 \u072c\u0739\u0712\u0739\u071d\u0720\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0729\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072c \u0710\u0735\u0717\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0718\u0735\u0720\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0715\u0710\u0747\u0722\u0735\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u072c\u0732\u071a\u0721\u0738\u0722 \u0720\u0712\u0732\u072a \u0721\u0323\u0722 \u0713\u071d\u073c\u0713\u0742\u0720\u0735\u0710 \u071f\u0722\u0718\u073c\u072b\u072c\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0728\u0738\u0726\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0715 \u00ab\u00a0\u0712\u0718\u073c\u0715\u0735\u0729\u0735\u0710 \u072c\u0739\u0712\u0739\u071d\u0720\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0719\u0738\u0715\u0729\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0308\u0739\u0710\u00a0\u00bb \u0715\u0726\u071d\u073c\u072b\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0726\u072a\u071d\u073c\u0723\u0735\u0710 \u0713\u0735\u0718 \u0721\u0715\u071d\u073c\u0722\u0747\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0712\u0732\u072a\u072b\u0739\u0720\u0718\u073f\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u071d\u0732\u072a\u071a\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u071a\u0719\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0735\u0722 1996\u060c \u0710\u0732\u071d\u0722\u071d\u073c \u0715\u0712\u0732\u0720\u071a\u0718\u073c\u0715 \u071d\u073c\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072c \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710\u060c \u0718\u0717\u0735\u0715\u071f\u0742\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0738\u0728\u071d\u0735\u072a\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0720\u0732\u072c\u071a\u0718\u073c\u0721\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u072c\u0732\u071a\u0721\u0732\u0722\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072c \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u071a\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u0717\u0735\u0715\u071f\u0742\u0735\u0710 \u072c\u0739\u0710\u0718\u073f\u072a\u071d\u073c\u0735\u0710 \u072c\u0739\u0712\u0739\u071d\u0720\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0738\u072a\u0721\u0735\u0719\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0720\u072c\u0732\u071a\u0721\u0732\u0722\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072c \u0713\u0732\u072a\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0725\u0735\u0712\u0742\u0718\u073f\u0715\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0718\u071a\u0732\u071d\u0720\u0735\u0722\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0713\u0735\u0718 \u071f\u0720\u0735\u071d\u0717\u071d \u0713\u071d\u073c\u0713\u0742\u0720\u0739\u0308\u0710 \u072b\u0732\u0718\u072c\u0735\u0726\u0735\u071d\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u2013 \u071a\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u072c\u0739\u0710\u0718\u073f\u072a\u071d\u073c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0710\u0747\u071a\u071d\u0735\u0722\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0732\u071d\u0722\u0735\u072c \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0723\u0718\u073c\u0718\u0735\u0715\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0712\u0732\u071d\u0722\u0735\u072c \u072a\u0738\u0725\u071d\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0723\u0718\u073c\u0718\u0735\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u072c\u0739\u0710\u0718\u073f\u072a\u071d\u073c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u072b\u0732\u072a\u0308\u0712\u0739\u0710\u060c \u0712\u0732\u071d\u0722\u0735\u072c \u072c\u0739\u0710\u0718\u073f\u072a\u071d\u073c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u072b\u0732\u072a\u0308\u0712\u0739\u0710 \u0718\u0710\u0718\u073c\u0721\u0735\u0722\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0710\u071d\u073c\u072c\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0718\u073f\u0722 \u0718\u0726\u0718\u073f\u0720\u071d\u073c\u071b\u071d\u073c\u0729\u071d\u073c\u060c \u0712\u0717\u0307\u071d \u0715\u072a\u0738\u0725\u071d\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u072b\u0732\u072a\u0712\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0738\u072a\u0721\u0735\u0719\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0720\u0710\u0732\u0722\u0739\u0710 \u071f\u0720\u0732\u071d\u0717\u071d.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0718\u0717\u0735\u0715\u071f\u0742\u0735\u0710\u060c \u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0712\u0732\u0720\u071a\u0718\u073c\u0715 \u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0725\u0712\u0742\u0735\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0738\u072c\u0715\u071d\u073c\u0720\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u0721\u0720\u0732\u072b\u0722\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710\u060c \u0718\u0710\u0735\u0726 \u0720\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0712\u0732\u0720\u071a\u0718\u073c\u0715 \u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0725\u0712\u0742\u0735\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0738\u072c\u0715\u071d\u073c\u0720\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0726\u0718\u073f\u0720\u071d\u073c\u071b\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0735\u071d\u0308\u0739\u0710. \u072c\u0732\u072b\u0725\u071d\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0726\u0718\u073f\u0720\u071d\u073c\u071b\u071d\u073c\u0729\u071d\u073c \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0712\u0732\u0720\u071a\u0718\u073c\u0715 \u071a\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u072c\u0732\u072b\u0725\u071d\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0726\u0718\u073f\u0720\u071d\u073c\u071b\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0710\u0738\u0720\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0735\u0726 \u0712\u0738\u071a\u0712\u0742\u0735\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0710\u0738\u0723\u071b\u0718\u073f\u071f\u0742\u0723\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u0710\u0747\u0723\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0710\u0732\u0721\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0718\u0732\u0712\u0710\u071d\u073c\u072c\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0718\u073f\u0722 \u0718\u0732\u0712\u072c\u0732\u072b\u0725\u071d\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u072b\u0732\u0718\u072c\u0735\u0726\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710. \u0718\u0717\u0735\u0715\u071f\u0742\u0735\u0710\u060c \u072c\u0732\u071a\u0721\u0732\u0722\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072c \u0726\u0718\u073f\u0720\u071d\u073c\u071b\u071d\u073c\u0729\u071d\u073c \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0738\u072a\u0721\u0735\u0719\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0720\u0710\u0732\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u072c\u0739\u0710\u0718\u073f\u072a\u071d\u073c\u0735\u0710 \u072c\u0739\u0712\u0739\u071d\u0720\u0735\u072c\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0718\u0732\u0720\u0710\u0732\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u071f\u0720\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0738\u072c\u0726\u0732\u072a\u072b\u0735\u0722\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0732\u0715\u0710\u0732\u0721\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0718\u0732\u0715\u0710\u071d\u073c\u072c\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0718\u073f\u0722 \u0718\u0732\u0715\u0726\u0718\u073f\u0720\u071d\u073c\u071b\u071d\u073c\u0729\u071d\u073c\u060c \u0717\u0735\u0715\u071f\u0742\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0710\u0747\u0722\u0735\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0735\u0728\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u0728\u0732\u0720\u0721\u0738\u0722 \u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0710\u0747\u071a\u071d\u0735\u0722\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0732\u071d\u0722\u0735\u072c \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u072b\u0732\u0718\u072c\u0735\u0726\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710. \u0710\u0738\u0722 \u0720\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0710\u0747\u0722\u0735\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u0726\u071d\u0735\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0712\u072b\u0735\u0718\u0726\u0739\u0717 \u0718\u0712\u0738\u0715\u0725\u0735\u072a\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0720\u072c\u0732\u071a\u0721\u0732\u0722\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072c \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0722\u0732\u0726\u032e\u072b\u0739\u0717 \u0718\u0732\u0712\u0726\u0718\u073f\u0720\u071d\u073c\u071b\u071d\u073c\u0729\u071d\u073c \u0712\u0722\u0732\u0726\u032e\u072b\u0735\u0717\u0307. \u0718\u0710\u0732\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0732\u071d\u071f\u0732\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u071a\u0732\u0715\u072a\u0739\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u072a\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u071a\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u073c\u0715\u0735\u0725\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u071a\u071d\u073c\u0720\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072c \u0713\u0732\u072a\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0710\u0732\u0721\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u071f\u0739\u0710 \u071b\u0732\u0710\u0720\u071d\u073c \u0713\u0735\u0718 \u072b\u0732\u0718\u072c\u0735\u0726\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0718\u0713\u0732\u072a\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0710\u071d\u073c\u072c\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0718\u073f\u0722 \u0718\u0732\u0715\u0726\u0718\u073f\u0720\u071d\u073c\u071b\u071d\u073c\u0729\u071d\u073c\u060c \u0718\u0710\u0735\u0726 \u071a\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u073c\u0715\u0735\u0725\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u071a\u071d\u073c\u0720\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072c \u071a\u0739\u0710\u072a\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u0712\u0722\u0732\u071d \u0710\u0732\u072c\u072a\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0721\u0732\u0720\u0720\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0712\u0717\u0307\u0718 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0721\u0720\u0718\u073f\u0710\u0735\u0710 3 \u2013 \u0717\u0735\u0715\u071f\u0742\u0735\u0710\u060c \u072c\u0732\u071a\u0721\u0732\u0722\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u072b\u0732\u0718\u072c\u0726\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072c \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0732\u0712\u0722\u0732\u071d \u0710\u0732\u072c\u072a\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0721\u0732\u0720\u0720\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0712\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0723\u0722\u071d\u073c\u0729\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0720\u0732\u0712\u072a\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u071a\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0718\u073c\u072a\u071a\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0726\u0718\u073c\u0720\u071a\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0729\u072a\u071d\u073c\u071b\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u0721\u0715\u0732\u0720\u0729\u0712\u0742\u0735\u0722\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0732\u071d\u0722\u0735\u072c \u0717\u071d\u073c\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0732\u0710\u0747\u071a\u072a\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0712\u0722\u071d\u073c\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u0720\u0721\u0732\u0712\u072a\u0718\u073c\u071d\u0739\u0710 \u0721\u072b\u0732\u0718\u072c\u0726\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u072c\u0732\u072b\u0725\u071d\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0732\u0721\u071d\u073c\u0722\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0732\u071d\u0722\u0735\u072c \u0717\u071d\u073c\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0732\u0710\u0747\u071a\u072a\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0729\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072c \u0710\u0735\u0717\u0735\u0710\u060c \u072c\u0732\u071a\u0721\u0732\u0722\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072c \u0723\u0732\u0713\u071d\u073c\u0710\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0718\u0732\u0721\u072b\u0732\u0718\u072c\u0726\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0732\u071d\u0722\u0735\u072c \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0712\u0738\u072a\u0721\u0735\u0719\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0720\u0721\u0732\u0712\u072a\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0717\u071d\u073c\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0721\u0738\u0728\u0725\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u0710\u0747\u071a\u0735\u072a\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0721\u0720\u0718\u073f\u0710\u0735\u0710 4 \u2013 \u0717\u0735\u0715\u071f\u0742\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0710\u0747\u0722\u0735\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0735\u0728\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u0721\u0732\u0712\u072a\u0739\u0710 \u0717\u071d\u073c\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0721\u0738\u0728\u0725\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u0710\u0747\u071a\u0735\u072a\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0710\u0747\u0722\u0735\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0735\u0720\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0715\u0715\u071d\u073c\u0720\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710\u071d\u073c\u072c \u072c\u0732\u071a\u0721\u0738\u0722 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072c \u0721\u0732\u0725\u0712\u0715\u0735\u0722\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0710\u0718\u073c\u0721\u0735\u0722\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0718\u0710\u0718\u073c\u0721\u0735\u0722\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072b \u0713\u0735\u0718\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710\u071d\u073c\u072c\u060c \u0715\u0710\u071d\u073c\u072c\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0725\u0732\u0720 \u072b\u0718\u073c\u071a\u0720\u0735\u0726\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u0710\u0718\u073c\u072a\u0308\u071a\u0735\u072c\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u072c\u0732\u071a\u0721\u0732\u0722\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0732\u0715\u071a\u0732\u072b\u071d\u073c\u072b\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0732\u0715\u0726\u0732\u072a\u0721\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0718\u0717\u0735\u0715\u071f\u0742\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0735\u0726 \u0725\u0732\u0720 \u072c\u0732\u071a\u0721\u0732\u0722\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072c \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0721\u0720\u0718\u073f\u0710\u0735\u0710 5 \u2013 \u0710\u0735\u0722\u0732\u0722\u0729\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0720\u071d\u073c\u0715\u0735\u0725\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u0725\u071d\u0735\u0715\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u072c\u0732\u072a\u0713\u0732\u0721\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0732\u0715\u072c\u0732\u071a\u0721\u0732\u0722\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0710\u0747\u0723\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u072c\u0732\u072a\u0713\u0732\u0721\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u071f\u0739\u0710 \u071b\u0732\u0710\u0720\u071d\u073c \u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0713\u0732\u072a\u0735\u0710 \u072a\u0739\u072b\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0718\u0710\u0732\u0722\u0739\u0710 \u0712\u0722\u0732\u0718\u0712\u0732\u071d\u0717\u071d \u0726\u0732\u0729\u0718\u073c\u0715\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u072c\u0732\u072a\u0713\u0732\u0721\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0726\u0735\u071d\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u072c\u0718\u073c\u071a\u0721\u0738\u0722\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u071a\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u0713\u0735\u0717\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0747\u071a\u0739\u072a\u0747\u072c\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0725\u0732\u0721\u0735\u0725\u0732\u0721 \u0721\u0732\u0718\u0715\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0710\u0718\u073c\u0721\u0735\u0722\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u072c\u0732\u071a\u0721\u0732\u0722\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0710\u0747\u071a\u0739\u072a\u0747\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0732\u0720\u071a\u0718\u073c\u0715 \u0710\u0732\u071d\u071f\u0742 \u0721\u0732\u0725\u0712\u0732\u072a\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0323\u0722 \u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0747\u071a\u0739\u072a\u0747\u0722\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0710\u0738\u0720\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0323\u0722 \u0723\u0718\u073c\u0718\u0735\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0723\u0718\u073c\u0718\u0735\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0721\u0738\u072c\u0717\u0735\u0718\u071d\u0735\u0722\u0710\u071d\u073c\u072c \u0721\u0323\u0722 \u071b\u0732\u071f\u0742\u0723\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0723\u0718\u073c\u0718\u0735\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u071b\u0732\u071f\u0742\u0723\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0723\u0718\u073c\u0718\u0735\u0715\u0735\u0710. \u0710\u0738\u0722 \u0720\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0726\u0720\u0735\u071b\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0738\u0715 \u0717\u0735\u0718\u0739\u0710 \u0712\u0728\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0718\u073c\u072c \u071d\u073c\u0715\u0735\u0725\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0725\u071d\u0735\u0715\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0726\u071d\u073c\u072b\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0721\u071a\u0718\u073c\u072b\u071f\u0738\u0722\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u071d\u0732\u0715 \u072b\u072a\u0735\u072a\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u072c\u072a\u0308\u071d\u073c\u0728\u0739\u0710 \u0718\u0725\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0718\u071a\u0732\u071f\u071d\u073c\u0721\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0712\u071d\u073c\u0715\u0735\u0725\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u072c\u0718\u073c\u072a\u0308\u0713\u0735\u0721\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u073c\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u072b\u0735\u071d\u0726\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0710\u0732\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0722\u0735\u0718\u0712\u0718\u073f\u0717\u0307 \u0721\u0732\u071d\u0715\u0718\u073c\u0725\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0715\u0732\u071a\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u072c\u0739\u0710\u0718\u073f\u072a\u071d\u073c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u072c\u0732\u072a\u0713\u0732\u0721\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0739\u0710 \u0721\u0735\u0728\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0726\u0735\u071d\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u0726\u072a\u071d\u073c\u072b\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u071a\u0718\u073c\u0715\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0718\u072b\u0732\u0720\u071d\u073c\u071b \u0712\u071d\u0735\u072c\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u071a\u0718\u073c\u072b\u0735\u0712\u0742\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0717\u0732\u072a \u0710\u0732\u071d\u071f\u0742 \u0715\u072c\u0739\u0710\u0718\u073f\u072a\u071d\u073c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0739\u0710 \u0721\u0735\u0728\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0726\u0735\u071d\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0718\u073c\u0712\u0728\u0738\u072a\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0712\u0732\u0720\u071a\u0718\u073c\u0715 \u071a\u0732\u0715 \u072a\u0738\u0725\u071d\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710. \u0710\u0732\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u072b\u0732\u0720\u071d\u073c\u071b\u0718\u073c\u072c \u0712\u071d\u0735\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u071a\u0718\u073c\u072b\u0735\u0712\u0742\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u073c\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0712\u072b\u0735\u0718\u0726\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u071d\u0718\u073c\u0712\u0735\u0720\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0713\u0735\u0718 \u072c\u0718\u073c\u072a\u0308\u0713\u0735\u0721\u0739\u0710 \u0718\u0723\u0718\u073c\u071f\u0735\u0720\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u072a\u0738\u0721\u0719\u0735\u0710. \u0718\u0717\u0735\u0715\u071f\u0742\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0738\u0717\u0718\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u072b\u0735\u071d\u0726\u0735\u0722\u072c\u0735\u0710.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0721\u0720\u0718\u073f\u0710\u0735\u0710 6 \u2013 \u0710\u0735\u0717\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0735\u0726 \u0721\u0732\u0725\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0739\u0717 \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0721\u0732\u0718\u0715\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0721\u0323\u0722 \u0712\u0725\u0738\u0720\u0715\u0712\u0742\u0735\u0712\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710\u060c \u0718\u0712\u0732\u0720\u071f\u0735\u0710 \u0717\u0732\u0720 \u0715\u0721\u0735\u071b\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0717\u0307\u0718 \u0712\u0725\u0738\u0720\u0715\u0712\u0742\u0735\u0712\u0742\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072b \u0713\u0718\u073c\u0712\u0742\u072a\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710\u060c \u0720\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u072b\u0732\u0720\u071d\u073c\u071b\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0732\u072a\u0715\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0710\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0718\u073f\u0722\u0718\u073f\u0721\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0726\u0718\u073f\u0720\u071d\u073c\u071b\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0710\u0735\u0717\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0732\u0722 \u0715\u0717\u0735\u0718 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0710\u0738\u0720\u0735\u0710 \u0717\u0307\u071d \u072c\u0732\u071a\u0721\u0732\u0722\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0721\u0732\u0712\u0728\u0718\u073c\u072a\u0739\u0717 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0718\u0732\u0715\u0712\u0738\u0726\u072a\u0735\u072b\u0739\u0717 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0323\u0722 \u0710\u0718\u073c\u0721\u0735\u0722\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0721\u0732\u072a\u0715\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u072b\u0732\u0718\u072c\u0735\u0726\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0710\u071d\u073c\u072c\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0718\u073f\u0722 \u0718\u0726\u0718\u073f\u0720\u071d\u073c\u071b\u071d\u073c\u0729\u071d\u073c\u060c \u0718\u0732\u0715\u0712\u0732\u0720\u071a\u0718\u073f\u0715 \u0712\u0738\u071a\u0719\u0735\u071d\u0739\u0717 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0720\u071a\u0718\u073c\u0715\u0739\u0717 \u2013 \u0720\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0747\u0723\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0732\u0715\u072a\u0735\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u072c\u0732\u0729\u0722\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072c \u0715\u0735\u0710\u071f\u0742\u071d\u073c \u071f\u0739\u0710 \u0726\u0735\u0720\u0738\u071a\u060c \u0718\u0732\u0715\u0717\u0735\u0715\u071f\u0742\u0735\u0710 \u0722\u0735\u0721\u0718\u073c\u0723\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0739\u0717 \u072c\u0720\u071d\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0725\u0732\u0720 \u0713\u0718\u073c\u072b\u0721\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0713\u0735\u0722\u0739\u0717\u060c \u0712\u072b\u0732\u072a\u071b\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0710\u0747\u0722\u0735\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0738\u0729\u0712\u0735\u0720\u0732\u071d\u0717\u071d \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0720\u0721\u072c\u0732\u071a\u0308\u0721\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0718\u073f\u0717\u0307.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0721\u0720\u0718\u073f\u0710\u0735\u0710 7 \u2013 \u071d\u073c\u0715\u0735\u0725\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0717\u071d\u073c\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0710\u0718\u073c\u072a\u071a\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u0710\u0747\u071a\u072a\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0732\u0725\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073f\u0717\u0307 \u071d\u073c\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u071d\u073c\u0715\u0735\u0725\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0717\u071d\u073c\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0732\u071d\u071f\u0742 \u071a\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u0723\u0732\u0713\u071d\u073c\u0710\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0713\u0735\u0718\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0710\u0732\u071d\u071f\u0742 \u072c\u0732\u072b\u0725\u071d\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0712\u072b\u0735\u0718\u0726\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0710\u0732\u071d\u071f\u0742 \u071a\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u0729\u0732\u0718\u0732\u0721\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0738\u072c\u071a\u0732\u0719\u071d\u0735\u0722\u071d\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u071f\u071d\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0721\u0720\u0718\u073f\u0710\u0735\u0710 8 \u2013 \u071f\u0732\u0715 \u072b\u0732\u072a\u0718\u073c\u071d\u0739\u0710 \u0721\u0323\u0722 \u072c\u0735\u0721\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0710\u0747\u0722\u0735\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u0723\u0722\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0715\u0721\u0732\u071a\u072b\u0738\u071a \u071a\u0732\u0715 \u072c\u0718\u073c\u0720\u0721\u0735\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0717\u0732\u0720 \u0717\u0735\u0715\u071d\u073c\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0732\u071d\u072c \u0717\u0718\u0738\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0732\u071f\u0742\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0739\u0717 (\u0710\u071d\u073c\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0732\u071d\u0722\u071d\u073c \u0715\u0710\u0747\u0722\u0735\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0735\u0720\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0715\u0717\u0735\u0718\u0739\u0710 \u0721\u0732\u072a\u071d\u0718\u073c\u0719\u0739\u0717 \u0712\u071f\u0720\u0732\u071d\u0717\u071d \u0715\u0732\u072a\u0308\u0713\u0739\u0710\u060c \u0710\u0732\u071d\u071f\u0742 \u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0710\u0735\u0715\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u071a\u0732\u0715\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u071d\u0718\u073c\u0720\u0726\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0715\u071d\u073c\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710)\u060c \u0712\u0722\u071d\u073c\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0721\u0732\u0720\u0718\u073c\u0726\u0739\u0710 \u072c\u0739\u0710\u0718\u073f\u072a\u071d\u073c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0732\u071d\u071f\u0742 \u071a\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0732\u0718\u0715\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0710\u0732\u0723\u0718\u073c\u072a\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0732\u071d\u0722\u0735\u072c \u0717\u071d\u073c\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0732\u0710\u0747\u071a\u072a\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0712\u0732\u071d\u0722\u0735\u072c \u071d\u073c\u071a\u071d\u073c\u0715\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0723\u0732\u0713\u071d\u073c\u0710\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0713\u0735\u0718\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0712\u071f\u0732\u072a\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0732\u071d\u071f\u0742 \u0726\u0718\u073f\u0710\u0739\u071b\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0710\u071d\u073c\u072c\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0718\u073f\u0722 \u0718\u0726\u0718\u073f\u0720\u071d\u073c\u071b\u071d\u073c\u0729\u071d\u073c \u0715\u0710\u0732\u0723\u0718\u073c\u072a\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0712\u0732\u071d\u0722\u0732\u071d \u0726\u0732\u072a\u0308\u0728\u0718\u073f\u0726\u0739\u0710 \u0720\u071a\u0718\u073f\u0715\u0735\u071d\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0718\u0712\u0732\u071d\u0722\u0732\u071d \u0710\u0747\u071a\u071d\u0735\u0722\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0721\u0732\u072a\u0308\u0715\u0718\u072c\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0739\u0710 \u0718\u072c\u0739\u0712\u0739\u071d\u0720\u0735\u071d\u0308\u0739\u0710\u060c \u0710\u0732\u071d\u071f\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0726\u0718\u073f\u0710\u0739\u071b\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0710\u071d\u073c\u072c\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0718\u073f\u0722 \u0718\u0726\u0718\u073f\u0720\u071d\u073c\u071b\u071d\u073c\u0729\u071d\u073c \u0718\u0735\u0720\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0715\u0717\u0735\u0718\u071d\u073c \u0720\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0738\u072c\u0726\u0732\u072a\u0308\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0739\u0710\u060c \u0710\u0738\u0722 \u0710\u0735\u0722\u071d\u073c \u0718\u0735\u0720\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0715\u0720\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0735\u0725\u072a\u071d\u073c \u0720\u071b\u0718\u073c\u0726\u032e\u0723\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0732\u072a\u072c\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710. \u0725\u0732\u0721 \u0725\u0732\u0723\u0729\u0718\u073c\u071d\u0735\u072c\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u071b\u0738\u072b\u071d\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0710\u0732\u071d\u0722\u071d\u073c \u0715\u072a\u0735\u0712\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0747\u0722\u0735\u072b\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0720\u0739\u0710 \u071a\u0735\u0719\u071d\u073c\u0720\u0717\u0718\u073f\u0722 \u0718\u0710\u0732\u071d\u0722\u071d\u073c \u0715\u0710\u0747\u0722\u0735\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0735\u0720\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0715\u071a\u0735\u0712\u0738\u072b \u0720\u0717\u0718\u073f\u0722 \u0720\u0713\u0735\u0718 \u071a\u072b\u071d\u073c\u0712\u0742\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0739\u0717.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0721\u0720\u0718\u073f\u0710\u0735\u0710 9 \u2013 \u0717\u0735\u0715\u071f\u0742\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0721\u0732\u0720\u0732\u0726\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u072c\u0739\u0710\u0718\u073f\u072a\u071d\u073c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0732\u071d\u071f\u0742 \u071a\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u072c\u0739\u0710\u0718\u073f\u072a\u071d\u073c\u0735\u0710 \u072c\u0739\u0712\u0739\u071d\u0720\u0735\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0735\u0720\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0715\u071a\u0732\u0726\u071b\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0738\u071d\u0715\u0735\u0725\u0739\u0717\u060c \u072c\u071a\u0718\u073f\u072c \u071b\u0718\u073c\u0726\u032e\u0723\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0732\u072a\u072c\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0721\u0735\u072a\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u072a\u0738\u0721\u0719\u0735\u0710 (\u0725\u0732\u0721 \u071f\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0715\u0732\u0712\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0732\u0715\u0721\u0721\u0732\u0720\u0720\u0718\u073c\u072c \u0713\u0738\u0722\u0723\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0747\u0722\u0735\u072b\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0726\u071d\u073c\u0720\u0718\u073f\u0723\u0718\u073f\u0726\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u072c\u0739\u0710\u0718\u073f\u0720\u0718\u073f\u0713\u0742\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u072b\u0732\u0718\u072c\u0735\u0726\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0726\u0718\u073f\u0720\u071d\u073c\u071b\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710) \u0726\u0718\u073c\u0720\u071a\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0710\u0732\u0721\u071d\u073c\u0722\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0732\u071d\u071f\u0742 \u0726\u0718\u073c\u0720\u071a\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0713\u0718\u073c\u072b\u0721\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0713\u0735\u0718\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0732\u0715\u072b\u0732\u072a\u0712\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0715\u0732\u072b\u071f\u0742\u071d\u073c\u071a\u0718\u073c\u071d\u0735\u072c\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u072a\u0738\u0725\u071d\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710\u060c \u0718\u0710\u0732\u071d\u071f\u0742 \u072b\u0732\u0718\u072c\u0732\u0726\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u072b\u0738\u072a\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0720\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0738\u072c\u0726\u0732\u072a\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u072c\u0732\u072b\u0725\u071d\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0732\u0715\u0710\u071d\u073c\u072c\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0718\u073f\u0722 \u0718\u0732\u0715\u0726\u0718\u073f\u0720\u071d\u073c\u071b\u071d\u073c\u0729\u071d\u073c.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0717\u0735\u0715\u071f\u0742\u0735\u0710 \u072c\u0732\u071a\u0721\u0732\u0722\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0712\u0732\u071a\u072a\u0735\u0722\u071d\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0738\u0715 \u072b\u0735\u0712\u0742\u0729\u0735\u0710 \u0729\u0732\u072a\u0729\u0732\u0719\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072b \u071b\u0735\u0712\u0742\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0729\u0738\u071b\u072a\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u0710\u0747\u0723\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0732\u0710\u0747\u071a\u072a\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0723\u0732\u0713\u071d\u073c\u0710\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0710\u0732\u071d\u0722\u071d\u073c \u0715\u0732\u0725\u071d\u0735\u0715\u0710\u071d\u073c\u072c \u0726\u071d\u073c\u072b\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0738\u072a\u071d\u0739\u0710 \u0710\u0732\u071d\u071f\u0742 \u0712\u0732\u0720\u071a\u0718\u073c\u0715\u0735\u0710\u071d\u073c\u072c \u0712\u0732\u072a\u0735\u071d\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0718\u0732\u0715\u0721\u0732\u071a\u0719\u0718\u073c\u071d\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0710\u0735\u0722\u071d\u073c \u0713\u0735\u0718\u0735\u071d\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0710\u0735\u0726 \u0712\u0732\u072a\u0735\u071d\u0308\u0739\u0710.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0721\u0720\u0718\u073f\u0710\u0735\u0710 10 \u2013 \u0710\u0732\u071d\u071f\u0742 \u071a\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u0720\u0729\u0718\u073c\u0712\u0742\u0720\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0715\u0732\u0712\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u072b\u0732\u0720\u071b\u0738\u0722\u0735\u0722\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u072a\u0738\u0721\u0719\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u072c\u0732\u071a\u0721\u0732\u0722\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0732\u0720\u071a\u0718\u073f\u0715\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0712\u0738\u0715 \u0717\u0735\u0718\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0728\u0726\u0735\u071d\u071d\u073c \u0720\u072c\u0732\u071a\u0721\u0718\u073c\u0722\u0739\u0710 \u0718\u0720\u0738\u071d\u0715\u0735\u0725\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0732\u0720\u0721\u0732\u0720\u0718\u073c\u0726\u0739\u0710 \u0718\u0720\u0738\u0719\u072a\u0735\u0725\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u071a\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0715\u0732\u0720\u0729\u0712\u0742\u0735\u0722\u0718\u073c\u072c \u0721\u0732\u072a\u0715\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710\u060c \u071a\u0715\u0732\u0710 \u0721\u0715\u0732\u0720\u0729\u0712\u0742\u0735\u0722\u0718\u073c\u072c \u0715\u0732\u0712\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0710\u0732\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0732\u071a\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0732\u0721\u072b\u0732\u0718\u072c\u0732\u0726\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0732\u071d\u0722\u0735\u072c \u0710\u0735\u0715\u072b\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0726\u072a\u0308\u071d\u073c\u072b\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u0721\u0720\u071d\u073c\u0720\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u071f\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u072c\u0732\u072b\u0725\u071d\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u072a\u0738\u0722\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0738\u072a\u071a\u0735\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0720\u0735\u0729\u0735\u0715\u0747\u0721\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u072c\u0732\u071a\u0721\u0718\u073c\u0722\u0739\u0710 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072c \u0720\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0715\u0732\u0721\u071d\u0735\u0722\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0732\u0726\u072a\u071d\u073c\u072b\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0710\u0732\u071d\u071f\u0742 \u0715\u072c\u0738\u072a\u0718\u0732\u071d\u0717\u071d \u0721\u0732\u071a\u0719\u0718\u073c\u071d\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u072c\u0732\u072b\u0725\u071d\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u072a\u0718\u073c\u071f\u0735\u0712\u0742\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0710\u0735\u0722\u071d\u073c \u0721\u0738\u0722\u0715\u071d\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u071f\u0739\u0710 \u0729\u0735\u072a\u0732\u071a\u0720\u0717\u0718\u073f\u0722 \u071d\u0718\u073c\u0720\u0726\u0735\u0722 \u0710\u0747\u0722\u0735\u072b\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0732\u0726\u0720\u0735\u071b\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0718\u073c\u0720\u0726\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0710\u0735\u071f\u0735\u0715\u071d\u073c\u0721\u0735\u071d\u0308\u0739\u0710. \u0710\u0732\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u073c\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u071a\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0712\u0732\u071a\u0722\u0735\u0722\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u072b\u0732\u072a\u071d\u073c\u072a\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u0721\u0720\u071d\u073c\u0720\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0710\u0732\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0732\u0720\u071f\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u072b\u0735\u0712\u0742\u0729\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0718\u0712\u0738\u0715 \u072b\u0735\u0712\u0742\u0729\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0732\u0722 \u0715\u0712\u0718\u073c\u072b \u0728\u0726\u0735\u071d\u071d\u073c \u0726\u0732\u072a\u0721\u0732\u071a \u0720\u0717\u0718\u073f\u0722 \u0718\u0715\u0712\u0718\u073c\u072b \u0712\u0735\u0725\u0732\u071a \u0720\u0717\u0718\u073f\u0722 \u072c\u072a\u0732\u071d\u0735\u0722\u0718\u073c\u072c \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0718\u0723\u0732\u0713\u071d\u073c\u0710\u0718\u073c\u072c \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0720\u0726\u0718\u073f\u072c \u071f\u0720\u071a\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0732\u071d\u071f\u0732\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0732\u072a\u0715\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0712\u0721\u0732\u072c\u0732\u0712\u0742\u072c\u0732\u071d\u0717\u071d \u0713\u0735\u0718 \u072c\u0732\u071a\u0721\u0732\u0722\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072c \u0723\u0732\u0713\u071d\u073c\u0710\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0713\u0735\u0718\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0710\u071d\u073c\u072c\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0718\u073f\u0722 \u0718\u0726\u0718\u073f\u0720\u071d\u073c\u071b\u071d\u073c\u0729\u071d\u073c \u0715\u0732\u0712\u0722\u0732\u071d \u0710\u0732\u072c\u072a\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0710\u0732\u071d\u0722\u071d\u073c \u0715\u0732\u0721\u0729\u0732\u072a\u0712\u0738\u0722\u0735\u0722\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0720\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0712\u0738\u072b\u0712\u0742\u0735\u0729\u0732\u0722 \u0715\u072c\u0732\u071a\u0721\u0732\u0722\u0732\u071a \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072c \u0715\u071d\u073c\u0735\u0717\u0307.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0721\u0720\u0718\u073f\u0710\u0735\u0710 11 \u2013 \u0712\u0717\u0307\u071d \u0715\u0710\u0738\u0722 \u0710\u0732\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0723\u0732\u0713\u071d\u073c\u0710\u0718\u073c\u072c \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0721\u0735\u0728\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0712\u0732\u0720\u071a\u0718\u073f\u0715 \u0726\u0735\u071d\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u0729\u0712\u071d\u073c\u0720\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0713\u0735\u0718\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0726\u0718\u073f\u0720\u071d\u073c\u071b\u071d\u073c\u0729\u071d\u073c \u0715\u072a\u0738\u0721\u0719\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0712\u072b\u0735\u0718\u0726\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u0720\u0713\u0735\u0718\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u072c\u0739\u0710\u0718\u073f\u072a\u071d\u073c\u0735\u0710 \u072c\u0739\u0712\u0739\u071d\u0720\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0710\u0732\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0723\u0732\u0713\u071d\u073c\u0710\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0732\u0720\u071a\u0718\u073f\u0715 \u0721\u0735\u0728\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u071d\u0735\u072c\u0712\u0742\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u072b\u0735\u0718\u0726\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u0721\u0715\u0732\u0720\u0729\u0712\u0742\u0735\u0722\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0732\u071d\u0722\u0735\u072c \u0717\u071d\u073c\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0732\u0710\u0747\u071a\u072a\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0712\u071b\u0732\u071a\u071b\u0732\u071a\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u071a\u0723\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0308\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0739\u0710 \u0712\u071a\u0732\u071d\u0720\u0735\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0710\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0718\u073f\u0722\u0718\u073f\u0721\u0735\u071d\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0718\u0726\u0718\u073f\u0720\u071d\u073c\u071b\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0735\u071d\u0308\u0739\u0710. \u0710\u0732\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u071b\u0732\u071a\u071b\u0732\u071a\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0732\u072a\u0715\u0718\u073c\u071d\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0729\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0732\u072a\u0308\u0717\u0712\u0742\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u071d\u073c\u0720\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0308\u0739\u0710.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0717\u0735\u0715\u071f\u0742\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0718\u0735\u0720\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0715\u0710\u0747\u0722\u0735\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u0717\u0732\u0721\u0719\u0738\u0721 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072c \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u0721\u0732\u072a\u0308\u0715\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0739\u0710 \u0712\u072b\u0735\u0718\u0726\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710\u060c \u0712\u0722\u071d\u073c\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0721\u0732\u0712\u072a\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0715\u0732\u0722\u071b\u0735\u072a\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072b \u071b\u0735\u0712\u0742\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u071d\u0732\u0729\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0308\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u0721\u0718\u073c\u072b\u071f\u0742\u071a\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0717\u0718\u073f\u0722 \u0713\u0735\u0722\u0732\u071d\u0717\u071d \u0720\u0713\u0735\u0718\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0710\u0732\u0722\u0739\u0710 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u0721\u0732\u072a\u0308\u0715\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0739\u0710 \u0718\u0732\u0715\u071d\u073c\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0732\u0729\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0308\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u0721\u0721\u0732\u0720\u0720\u0718\u073c\u072c \u0713\u0738\u0722\u0723\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0747\u0722\u0735\u072b\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u071d\u0732\u0729\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0308\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0739\u0710 \u0710\u0718\u073c\u0721\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0718\u0710\u071d\u073c\u072c\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0718\u073f\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0718\u0726\u0718\u073f\u0720\u071d\u073c\u071b\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0735\u071d\u0308\u0739\u0710.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0721\u0720\u0718\u073f\u0710\u0735\u0710 12 \u2013 \u0721\u0732\u0725\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u0728\u0712\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u071d\u0732\u0729\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0308\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u073c\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0723\u072c\u0735\u072a\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0710\u0735\u0722\u071d\u073c \u0721\u0738\u0722\u0715\u071d\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u0721\u0732\u0712\u072a\u0718\u073c\u071d\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u0720\u0712\u0735\u0720\u0735\u0710 \u0713\u0735\u0718 \u072a\u0738\u0725\u071d\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0735\u0710 \u072b\u0735\u0718\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0732\u071d\u0722\u0732\u072c \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710. \u0718\u0710\u0732\u071d\u0722\u071d\u073c \u0723\u0722\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0720\u0732\u0721\u0715\u0732\u0720\u0729\u0712\u0742\u0735\u0722\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u072b\u0735\u0718\u0726\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u072b\u0735\u0718\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0712\u0732\u071d\u0722\u0735\u072c \u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0715\u0717\u0307\u0718 \u0710\u0747\u071a\u0739\u072a\u0747\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u073c\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0728\u0738\u0726\u071d\u0735\u0710\u071d\u073c\u072c \u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0725\u071d\u0735\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0735\u0710 \u0723\u0718\u073c\u071f\u0735\u0720\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 (\u00ab\u00a0\u0715\u071d\u073c\u0721\u0718\u073f\u0729\u072a\u0735\u071b\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0735\u0710 \u0723\u0718\u073c\u071f\u0735\u0720\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710\u00a0\u00bb \u0715\u0723\u0735\u072a\u072c\u0732\u072a).<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0721\u0720\u0718\u073f\u0710\u0735\u0710 13 \u2013 \u0720\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0738\u0723\u072c\u0732\u072a\u0712\u0742\u0735\u0722\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0715\u071f\u0720\u0732\u071d\u0717\u071d \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710\u060c \u0712\u0738\u071a\u0712\u0742\u0735\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0735\u0722\u071d\u073c \u0721\u0717\u0718\u073c\u0721\u0719\u0738\u0721\u0739\u0710 \u0712\u071d\u0732\u0715 \u0725\u0732\u0721\u0721\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0719\u0725\u0718\u073f\u072a\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0718\u0732\u0712\u0725\u0735\u0721\u0718\u073f\u072a\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0712\u0726\u0738\u0722\u071d\u0735\u072c\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0719\u0725\u0718\u073f\u072a\u0308\u0739\u0710\u060c \u0717\u0732\u072a \u0710\u0732\u071d\u071f\u0742 \u071f\u0720\u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0721\u0738\u0722\u0715\u071d\u073c \u0715\u0710\u0747\u0723\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0712\u072c\u0732\u072a\u0732\u0728\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710\u060c \u072b\u0735\u0718\u071d\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0723\u0718\u073c\u071f\u0735\u0720\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u071f\u0720 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0717\u0735\u0718\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u072c\u0732\u0721\u0718\u073c\u0721\u0732\u071d\u0717\u071d \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0718\u0735\u0720\u071d\u0735\u072c\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0732\u071d\u0722\u071d\u073c \u0715\u0712\u0738\u072b\u0712\u0742\u0735\u0729\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0729\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0721\u0732\u0720\u0720\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u072c\u0732\u071a\u0721\u0738\u0722\u071d\u073c \u0718\u0732\u0715\u072a\u0735\u0713\u0742\u072b\u071d\u073c \u0718\u0732\u0715\u071d\u0735\u0717\u0712\u0742\u071d\u073c \u0718\u0732\u0715\u072b\u0735\u0729\u0720\u071d\u073c \u0718\u0732\u0715\u071a\u0735\u071d\u071d\u073c \u0713\u0735\u0718 \u071a\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u072b\u0732\u0718\u072c\u0735\u0726\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u072a\u072b\u071d\u073c\u0721\u072c\u0735\u0710.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0721\u0720\u0718\u073f\u0710\u0735\u0710 14\u2013 \u0710\u071d\u073c\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u072c\u072a\u0739\u071d\u0722 \u0722\u0718\u073c\u0729\u0719\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u071f\u0739\u0710 \u0721\u0732\u0712\u072a\u071d\u073c \u0712\u0718\u073c\u0720\u0712\u0735\u0720\u0735\u0710 \u0713\u0735\u0718 \u0715\u0710\u0735\u0717\u0735\u0710 \u072a\u0738\u0725\u071d\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0732\u0720\u0728\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u072b\u0735\u0718\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u0721\u0721\u0732\u0720\u0720\u0718\u073c\u072c \u0713\u0738\u0722\u0723\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0747\u0722\u0735\u072b\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710. \u0718\u0710\u0732\u0722\u0739\u0710 \u0722\u0718\u073c\u0729\u0719\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0726\u072a\u0308\u071d\u073c\u072b\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u072a\u0735\u0715\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0735\u0720\u0735\u0710\u071d\u073c\u072c \u0718\u0718\u0735\u0720\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0715\u0710\u0747\u0722\u0735\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0735\u0710 \u071a\u0735\u0712\u0738\u071b \u0720\u0717\u0718\u073f\u0722 \u0712\u0738\u071a\u0715\u0735\u0715\u0739\u0710 \u0718\u0720\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0732\u0719\u071d\u0738\u0715 \u0720\u0717\u0718\u073f\u0722 \u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0720\u0715\u0717\u0307\u0718 \u0710\u0747\u071a\u0739\u072a\u0747\u0722\u0735\u0710.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0721\u0720\u0718\u073f\u0710\u0735\u0710 15\u2013 \u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0721\u0323\u0722 \u0715\u0710\u0732\u0722\u0739\u0710 \u0722\u0718\u073c\u0729\u0719\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u073c\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u071a\u0732\u071d\u0720\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0718\u073f\u0722\u0718\u073f\u0721\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0726\u0718\u073f\u0720\u071d\u073c\u071b\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u071f\u0720\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0718\u073c\u0721\u072c\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0732\u0722 \u072c\u0739\u0710\u0718\u073f\u0720\u0718\u073f\u0713\u0742\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0726\u0718\u073f\u0720\u071d\u073c\u071b\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0710\u0732\u071d\u0722\u071d\u073c \u0715\u0712\u0738\u0723\u071d\u0735\u0721\u0718\u073f\u0717\u0307 \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0713\u0735\u0722\u0739\u0717 \u0710\u0732\u071d\u071f\u0742 \u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0725\u0712\u0735\u072a \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u071d\u0732\u0717\u0712\u0742\u072b\u0729\u0735\u0720\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0718\u073c\u0721\u072c\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0732\u0722 \u072c\u0739\u0712\u0739\u071d\u0720\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710. \u0729\u0735\u0710 \u071b\u0718\u073c\u0726\u032e\u0723\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0725\u0732\u072a\u0735\u0712\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0713\u0735\u0718 \u0721\u0738\u0728\u072a\u0739\u071d\u0722\u060c \u0712\u0725\u0738\u0720\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u071a\u0732\u071d\u0720\u0735\u072c\u0735\u0722\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0739\u0717 \u072c\u0735\u0718\u0715\u071d\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0726\u0718\u073f\u0720\u071d\u073c\u071b\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0729\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0738\u072c\u071a\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0715\u0735\u072a\u0308\u0739\u0710\u060c \u0720\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u072b\u0712\u0742\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0729\u0718\u073c\u0726\u071b\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0726\u0735\u0710\u0738\u072b \u0721\u0718\u073c\u0721\u0726\u0720\u0738\u071a\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0732\u071d\u071f\u0742 \u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u0722\u0729\u071d\u073c\u0720\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0721\u0718\u073c\u0712\u0728\u0738\u072a\u0739\u0717 \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0715\u0726\u0735\u0710\u0738\u072b \u0721\u0718\u073c\u0726\u0720\u0738\u071a\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0732\u0720\u071a\u0718\u073f\u0715 \u0710\u0732\u071d\u071f\u0742 \u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u072c\u0735\u0718\u0715\u071d\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710. \u0710\u0738\u0715\u071d\u0718\u073f\u0721 \u071d\u0735\u0718\u0721\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0721\u0725\u0732\u0720\u0721\u0738\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u071d\u0735\u0717\u0712\u0742\u072b\u0729\u0735\u0720\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0738\u0722\u0713\u0720\u0738\u0723\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0738\u072a\u0721\u0735\u0719\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0720\u071a\u0732\u071d\u0720\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0718\u073f\u0722\u0718\u073f\u0721\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0726\u0718\u073f\u0720\u071d\u073c\u071b\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0721\u0720\u0718\u073f\u0710\u0735\u0710 16\u2013 \u0710\u071d\u073c\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0722\u0718\u073c\u0729\u0719\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0747\u071a\u0739\u072a\u0747\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0721\u0735\u072a\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0732\u072a\u0715\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0732\u0715\u0721\u0732\u0726\u072c\u071d\u0735\u0722\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710\u060c \u071d\u0732\u0722 \u0710\u0732\u071d\u0722\u071d\u073c \u0715\u071f\u0739\u0710 \u0726\u0735\u0710\u0738\u072b \u0729\u0735\u0710 \u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0719\u0732\u0712\u0742\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072b \u071d\u0732\u072a\u071d\u073c\u071f\u0742\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0323\u0722 \u0719\u0732\u0712\u0742\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0710\u0738\u0721\u0726\u072a\u0735\u071b\u0718\u073c\u072a\u0308\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0739\u0710\u060c \u071d\u073c\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u072b\u071f\u0742\u071d\u073c\u071a\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u071d\u0732\u0729\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0308\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0739\u0710 \u0710\u0718\u073c\u0721\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0718\u0726\u0718\u073f\u0720\u071d\u073c\u071b\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0735\u071d\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0713\u0735\u0718 \u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0725\u0732\u071d\u0722\u0735\u0710. \u0712\u0710\u0732\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0732\u071d\u071f\u0732\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0710\u0732\u0722\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0732\u0729\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0308\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u071f\u0739\u0710 \u0721\u0732\u0712\u072a\u071d\u073c\u0720\u0717\u0718\u073f\u0722 \u0721\u0732\u0726\u072c\u071d\u0735\u0722\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0732\u071b\u0712\u0742\u071d\u073c\u0712\u0742\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0710\u0735\u0722\u071d\u073c \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710\u060c \u0720\u0712\u0735\u072c\u0732\u072a \u0721\u0323\u0722 \u071f\u0720\u0732\u071d\u0717\u071d \u072a\u0308\u0738\u0725\u071d\u0735\u0722\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u071d\u0735\u0717\u0712\u0742\u072b\u0729\u0735\u0720\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0718\u073c\u071f\u072c\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0726\u0722\u071d\u073c\u072c\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0732\u0722 \u072c\u0739\u0712\u0739\u071d\u0720\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0721\u0720\u0718\u073f\u0710\u0735\u0710 17\u2013 \u0729\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072c \u0710\u0735\u0717\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0710\u0732\u0722\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0732\u0729\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0308\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u073c\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0717\u0307\u0718 \u0721\u0738\u0722\u0715\u071d\u073c \u0715\u0721\u072c\u0732\u072a\u0718\u073c\u0728\u0732\u071d\u0717\u071d \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0710\u0732\u0722\u0739\u0710 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710\u061b \u0717\u0307\u0718 \u0721\u0738\u0722\u0715\u071d\u073c \u0715\u0710\u071d\u073c\u072c\u0720\u0732\u0722 \u071d\u073c\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u071f\u0732\u072b\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0308\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u071d\u0738\u0721\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u072b\u0735\u0718\u0726\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u071d\u0738\u0721\u0735\u0710. \u0710\u0735\u0717\u0735\u0710 \u072b\u072a\u0735\u072a\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u071d\u0735\u072c\u0739\u0717 \u0720\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0738\u0723\u072c\u0732\u072a\u0712\u0742\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u072c\u0732\u072b\u0725\u071d\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710\u071d\u073c\u072c\u060c \u0710\u071d\u073c\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0732\u071d\u072c \u0720\u0739\u0717 \u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0710\u0732\u0723\u0718\u073c\u072a\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0735\u0710 \u0725\u0732\u0721 \u0721\u0738\u0722\u0715\u071d\u073c \u0715\u072c\u0732\u072a\u0718\u073c\u0728\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0710\u0732\u071d\u0722\u071d\u073c \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0717\u0735\u0718\u0739\u0710\u060c \u0718\u0710\u0735\u0726 \u0720\u0735\u0710 \u0725\u0732\u0721 \u0710\u0738\u0721\u0726\u072a\u0735\u071b\u0718\u073c\u072a\u0308\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0739\u0710 \u0710\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0718\u073f\u0722\u0718\u073f\u0721\u0735\u071d\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0718\u0726\u0718\u073f\u0720\u071d\u073c\u071b\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0735\u071d\u0308\u0739\u0710. \u0718\u0735\u0720\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0715\u0710\u0747\u0722\u0735\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u071f\u0735\u0720\u0739\u0710 \u0721\u0323\u0722 \u0720\u0738\u0710\u0747\u0723\u0735\u072a\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0720\u0721\u0738\u0722\u0715\u071d\u073c \u0715\u071d\u073c\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0723\u0718\u073c\u0725\u072a\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u071f\u0732\u072b\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0308\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0739\u0710\u060c \u0710\u0735\u0726\u0738\u0722 \u0715\u072b\u0732\u072a\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0735\u0710\u071d\u073c\u072c \u071d\u0732\u0729\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0308\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0732\u071d\u0717\u071d \u0721\u0732\u0729\u072a\u0718\u073c\u0712\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0725\u0718\u073c\u0715\u072a\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u072a\u072b\u071d\u073c\u0721\u0735\u0710 \u0729\u0735\u0710 \u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0725\u0732\u071d\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0715\u0732\u072a\u0713\u0742\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0732\u071d\u071f\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u0726\u071d\u0735\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0718\u073c\u071d\u0715\u0738\u0725\u0739\u0710 \u0710\u0732\u071d\u071f\u0742 \u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0723\u0732\u0717\u0721\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0717\u0307\u0718 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0721\u0720\u0718\u073f\u0710\u0735\u0710 18\u2013 \u0717\u0735\u0715\u071f\u0742\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0732\u0729\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0308\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0739\u0710 \u0721\u0735\u0728\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0717\u0735\u0718\u071d\u073c \u072c\u0739\u0712\u0739\u071d\u0720\u0735\u071d\u0308\u0738\u0710. \u071d\u0732\u0729\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0308\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0739\u0710 \u0726\u0718\u073f\u0720\u071d\u073c\u071b\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0735\u071d\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u0712\u0718\u073c\u0715\u0735\u0729\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0719\u0738\u0715\u0729\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0710\u0747\u0722\u0735\u072b\u0735\u071d\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u072b\u0739\u0722\u0747\u072c\u0735\u0710 1789\u060c \u071d\u0732\u0722 \u0710\u0735\u0713\u0742\u0718\u073f\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0738\u0729\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u072b\u072a\u0735\u072a\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u0720\u0729\u0718\u073c\u0712\u0742\u0720 \u071a\u0732\u0721\u0732\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u072a\u0739\u0710\u0719\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0719\u0732\u0712\u0742\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u0728\u0712\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u0715\u072a\u0735\u071d\u0726\u032e\u0718\u073c\u0723 (Dreyfus Affair)\u060c \u0710\u0732\u0722\u0739\u0710 \u072c\u0738\u072a\u0718\u0732\u071d\u0717\u071d \u0721\u072a\u0718\u073c\u0721\u0719\u0738\u0722 \u0720\u0717\u0718\u073f\u0722 \u0718\u0721\u0725\u0718\u073c\u0720\u0721\u0738\u0722 \u0720\u0717\u0718\u073f\u0722 \u0720\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0726\u032e\u072a\u0732\u0722\u0723\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710. \u0710\u0732\u0722\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0732\u0729\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0308\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0739\u0710 \u0721\u0735\u0728\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0726\u0735\u071d\u072b\u071d\u073c \u0710\u0747\u0721\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0739\u0710 \u0718\u0732\u0725\u0712\u0742\u071d\u073c\u0715\u0739\u0710 \u0712\u071f\u0720\u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0717\u0735\u0718\u0739\u0710 \u0718\u0732\u0712\u071f\u0720 \u0715\u0718\u073c\u071f\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0717\u0735\u0718\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0732\u0715\u0720\u0735\u0710 \u071a\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0732\u0725\u0712\u0715\u0735\u0722\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0323\u0722 \u0721\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0729\u0718\u073c\u0718\u0738\u0721\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0712\u072a\u0739\u072b \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0726\u032e\u072a\u0732\u0722\u0723\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0721\u0720\u0718\u073f\u0710\u0735\u0710 19\u2013 \u0717\u0732\u072a \u0710\u0735\u0717\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0738\u0722\u0715\u071d\u073c \u0712\u0738\u0720\u071a\u0735\u0721\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717\u060c \u0712\u0732\u071a\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0718\u073c\u072a\u071a\u0735\u0710 \u0726\u072a\u071d\u073c\u072b\u072c\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0720\u071d\u0732\u0729\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0308\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0739\u0710 \u072b\u0718\u073c\u0726\u072a\u0735\u071d\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0718\u0710\u071d\u073c\u072c\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0718\u073f\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u071f\u0732\u072b\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0308\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0739\u0710 \u0723\u0738\u0726\u072a\u0735\u071d\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0718\u0732\u0715\u071f\u0732\u072b\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0308\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u072c\u0732\u071a\u0721\u0732\u0722\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0725\u0732\u0721\u071d\u073c\u0729\u072c\u0735\u0710. \u0718\u0710\u0735\u0717\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0738\u0722\u0715\u071d\u073c \u0721\u0732\u0725\u0712\u0742\u0718\u073c\u0715\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0715\u071a\u0732\u0715\u071f\u0721\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0717\u0735\u0718\u071d\u073c \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072b \u0721\u072b\u0732\u0721\u0717\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0721\u0323\u0722 \u0710\u0747\u071a\u0739\u072a\u0747\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0718\u0732\u0715\u0717\u0732\u072a \u0712\u0717\u0307\u071d \u0725\u0738\u0715\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u071b\u0735\u0725\u0722\u071d\u073c\u0720\u0717\u0718\u073f\u0722 \u0718\u0732\u0715\u0726\u0735\u071d\u072b\u071d\u073c \u071b\u0725\u071d\u073c\u0722\u0739\u0710 \u0712\u0710\u0732\u0722\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0732\u0729\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0308\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0739\u0710.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0721\u0720\u0718\u073f\u0710\u0735\u0710 20\u2013 \u0710\u0732\u0722\u0739\u0710 \u0721\u0732\u0725\u0712\u0715\u0735\u0722\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u072a\u0732\u0712\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0732\u0720\u071a\u0718\u073f\u0715 \u071f\u0739\u0710 \u0721\u0732\u0712\u072a\u071d\u073c \u072a\u0308\u0738\u0725\u071d\u0735\u0722\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u0710\u0747\u0721\u0735\u072a\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u071a\u0732\u0715\u071f\u0721\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u071d\u073c\u0720\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072b \u072a\u0732\u0712\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0725\u0738\u0720\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0712\u0718\u073c\u0720\u0712\u0735\u0720\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0710\u071d\u073c\u072c \u0712\u0732\u071d\u0722\u0735\u072c \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0732\u072b\u071f\u0742\u071d\u073c\u071a\u0718\u073c\u071d\u0735\u072c\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u072a\u0738\u0725\u071d\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0732\u0722 \u0710\u0735\u0713\u0742\u0718\u073f\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u072a\u0738\u0725\u071d\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0726\u071d\u073c\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0721\u0718\u073c\u0712\u072a\u0738\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u071d\u0732\u0715 \u071a\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0732\u072a\u0715\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0725\u0732\u071d\u0722\u072c\u0735\u0710. \u0710\u0732\u0722\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0732\u0729\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0308\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0739\u0710 \u0720\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0726\u0720\u0735\u071b\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0721\u0323\u0722 \u0713\u0739\u0712\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710. \u0710\u071d\u073c\u0722\u0735\u0710\u060c \u072c\u0732\u072b\u0725\u071d\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0732\u072a\u0715\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u071a\u072a\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0735\u0710\u071d\u073c\u072c \u0712\u0738\u0710\u0747\u0723\u0735\u072a\u0732\u071d\u0717\u071d \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0710\u0732\u0722\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0732\u0729\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0308\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0739\u0710 \u0718\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0720\u0739\u0710 \u072b\u0735\u0712\u0742\u0729\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0732\u0722 \u0715\u0721\u0732\u0718\u0715\u0732\u071a \u0715\u0732\u0712\u0725\u0738\u0720\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u071f\u0732\u072b\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0308\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0739\u0710 \u0718\u0710\u0735\u0713\u0742\u0718\u073f\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710\u060c \u0718\u071a\u0732\u0715\u071f\u0721\u0735\u0710 \u0713\u0735\u0717\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0712\u0725\u0738\u0720\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u071f\u0720\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0721\u0738\u0722\u071d\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0719\u0725\u0718\u073f\u072a\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0726\u0732\u072a\u0308\u0728\u0718\u073f\u0726\u0739\u0710 \u0720\u071a\u0718\u073f\u0715\u0735\u071d\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u0720\u0729\u0718\u073c\u0712\u0742\u0720 \u071f\u0722\u0718\u073c\u072b\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0713\u0735\u0722\u0732\u071d\u0717\u071d\u060c \u0710\u0747\u0722\u0735\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0735\u0728\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u071d\u0735\u0717\u0738\u0712\u0742 \u0712\u0732\u071d\u072c\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0729\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0726\u071d\u073c\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0712\u0738\u072a\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0713\u0735\u0718\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0732\u0715\u071a\u0732\u0715\u071f\u0721\u0735\u0710 \u0713\u0735\u0717\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0726\u0718\u073f\u0710\u0739\u071b\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0735\u0710\u071d\u073c\u072c \u0715\u0732\u0720\u0729\u0718\u073c\u0712\u0742\u0720\u0739\u0717\u060c \u0712\u0732\u0723\u072a\u0735\u0712\u0742\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u0712\u0722\u0732\u071d \u0719\u0732\u0712\u0742\u0722\u0735\u0710.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0721\u0720\u0718\u073f\u0710\u0735\u0710 21\u2013 \u0710\u0732\u0722\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u071d\u073c\u0720\u0735\u0722\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0710\u0732\u0720\u0728\u0735\u071d\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0717\u0735\u0715\u071f\u0742\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0710\u0747\u0722\u0735\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0735\u0717\u0738\u0712\u0742 \u0712\u0732\u071d\u072c\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u0721\u071d\u0732\u072c\u072a\u0308\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0739\u0710 \u0729\u0735\u0710 \u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0710\u0732\u071d\u0722\u071d\u073c \u0715\u0721\u0732\u072c\u0718\u073c\u0712\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0721\u0732\u072c\u0720\u0735\u0710 \u0723\u0726\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u071b\u0718\u073c\u0720\u071d\u0735\u0729\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0712\u072b\u0735\u0718\u0726\u0735\u0717\u0307. \u0710\u071d\u073c\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0717\u0732\u072a \u0712\u0717\u0307\u071d \u0725\u0738\u0715\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0717\u0735\u0715\u071f\u0742\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0710\u0747\u0722\u0735\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0732\u0712\u0728\u0738\u072a \u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0717\u0732\u0720 \u0715\u0721\u0732\u071b\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072b \u0712\u0735\u0728\u0718\u073f\u072a\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0323\u0722 \u071d\u0735\u0717\u0712\u0742\u072b\u0729\u0735\u0720\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0718\u0710\u0732\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u073c\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u071a\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0732\u071a\u072b\u0732\u0712\u0742\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u071a\u0732\u0715\u072c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0718\u0735\u0720\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0715\u0726\u0735\u0720\u072b\u0732\u071a \u0715\u0732\u0720\u0729\u0718\u073c\u0712\u0742\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0712\u0725\u0738\u0720\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u0721\u0721\u0732\u0723\u071f\u0738\u0722\u0735\u0722\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u072a\u0738\u0725\u071d\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0732\u0715\u0721\u0738\u0728\u0725\u0735\u071d\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u0710\u0732\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0732\u0712\u0728\u0738\u072a\u0735\u0722\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0732\u071d\u072c\u0718\u073c\u071d\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0718\u0710\u0732\u071d\u0722\u071d\u073c \u0715\u071b\u0718\u073c\u0718\u0735\u072a\u0735\u0710 \u072c\u0732\u0729\u0722\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u071d\u0735\u0717\u0712\u0742\u072b\u0729\u0735\u0720\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u071a\u0732\u0720\u0718\u073c\u0722\u0732\u071d\u0717\u071d \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717\u060c \u071b\u0732\u072b\u0732\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u072b\u072a\u0735\u072a\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0710\u0735\u0717\u0735\u0710 \u072b\u0718\u073c\u0718\u072b\u0735\u071b\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u073c\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u071a\u0732\u0715 \u072a\u0718\u073c\u072b\u0721\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u0715\u0725\u0735\u072a\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0735\u0712\u0735\u072c\u0747\u072a\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0732\u0715\u0712\u0732\u072a\u0712\u072a\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0712\u0732\u0720\u071a\u0718\u073f\u0715 \u0710\u071d\u073c\u0721\u0735\u0722 \u0715\u0710\u0747\u0722\u0735\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u071a\u0735\u072b\u0738\u0712\u0742\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0732\u071d\u071f\u0742 \u071a\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u072c\u0739\u0710\u0718\u073f\u072a\u071d\u073c\u0735\u0710 \u072c\u0739\u0712\u0739\u071d\u0720\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0738\u0715 \u0721\u0732\u0721\u0728\u0738\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0726\u0718\u073c\u0720\u071a\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0732\u0721\u0715\u0732\u0720\u0729\u0718\u073c\u0712\u0739\u0710 \u0729\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0732\u0725\u0712\u0715\u0735\u0722\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u071a\u072a\u0308\u071d\u073c\u0712\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u071a\u072b\u0735\u0712\u0742\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0732\u071d\u071f\u0742 \u071a\u0732\u0715 \u071f\u071d\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u2013 \u0710\u0732\u071d\u071f\u0742 \u071a\u0732\u0715 \u071b\u0718\u073c\u0720\u071d\u0735\u0729\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0712\u0732\u0715\u071f\u0742\u0735\u072a\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0732\u0721\u071d\u073c\u0722\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0710\u0732\u0723\u0718\u073c\u072a\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0712\u0732\u071d\u0722\u0735\u072c \u0715\u071d\u073c\u0720\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u072c\u0732\u072b\u0725\u071d\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710\u060c \u072c\u0732\u072b\u0725\u071d\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u072a\u0735\u0715\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0735\u0720\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710\u060c<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0721\u0720\u0718\u073f\u0710\u0735\u0710 22\u2013 \u0729\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072c \u0710\u0735\u0717\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0719\u0715\u0718\u073f\u0725\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0726\u032e\u072a\u0732\u0722\u0723\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u071d\u073c\u072c\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0721\u0323\u0722 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0738\u0722\u0713\u0720\u0738\u0723\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0732\u0712\u071d\u0718\u073c\u0722\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0715\u0712\u0738\u0710\u072c\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0721\u0323\u0722 \u0720\u0732\u071d\u072c\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u071d\u073c\u0715\u0735\u0725\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072c \u072c\u0732\u072b\u0725\u071d\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0710\u071d\u073c\u0721\u0735\u0722 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u071f\u0739\u0710 \u0721\u0732\u0715\u071d\u0738\u0722\u071d\u073c \u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0721\u0323\u0722 \u0715\u0717\u0307\u0718 \u0710\u0747\u071a\u0739\u072a\u0747\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u072c\u0718\u073c\u071a\u0735\u0721\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0720\u0738\u071f\u0723\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0735\u071d\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0718\u072a\u0718\u073c\u071f\u0735\u0712\u0742 \u0721\u0732\u0721\u0720\u0720\u0735\u071d\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u0721\u0732\u0715\u071d\u0735\u0722\u072c\u0735\u0710. \u0720\u0732\u071d\u072c\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u071d\u073c\u0715\u0735\u0725\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072c \u0710\u0735\u0717\u0735\u0710 \u0713\u0739\u0712\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0732\u0712\u072a\u0718\u073c\u071d\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0721\u0732\u071a\u0726\u0732\u0720\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0323\u0722 \u0720\u0729\u0732\u0712\u0718\u073c\u0720\u0739\u0710 \u0721\u0732\u0715\u071d\u0735\u0722\u071d\u0735\u072c\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0718\u0710\u0732\u0723\u0718\u073c\u072a\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0712\u072b\u0738\u0721\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0728\u0738\u0726\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0732\u071d\u0722\u071d\u073c \u0715\u0717\u0732\u072a \u0712\u0717\u0307\u071d \u0725\u0738\u0715\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0738\u072a\u0721\u0735\u0719\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0720\u0720\u0732\u071d\u072c\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u071d\u073c\u0715\u0735\u0725\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072c \u072c\u0732\u072b\u0725\u071d\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0718\u0732\u0721\u0721\u0732\u0720\u0720\u0718\u073c\u072c \u0715\u0732\u0725\u0712\u0742\u0735\u072a\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0732\u0721\u0721\u0732\u0720\u0720\u0718\u073c\u072c \u0710\u0735\u071f\u0735\u0715\u071d\u073c\u0721\u071d\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0715\u071d\u073c\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u071a\u0732\u0715 \u072a\u0738\u0725\u071d\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u0721\u071a\u071d\u073c\u0720\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 (\u072b\u0718\u073c\u071a\u0720\u0735\u0726\u0735\u0710: \u0713\u0718\u073f\u0712\u071d\u073c\u0722\u071d\u0718\u073f Gobineau \u0712\u0738\u071a\u072b\u0735\u0712\u0742\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0715\u0732\u0721\u071a\u071d\u073c\u0720\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0726\u032e\u072a\u0732\u0722\u0723\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u072b\u0718\u073c\u072a\u0739\u0710 \u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0712\u0715\u0735\u072a\u0735\u0710 \u0715 14\u061b \u0710\u0747\u071a\u0739\u072a\u0747\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0712\u0738\u071a\u072b\u0735\u0712\u0742\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u072b\u0718\u073c\u072a\u0739\u0710 \u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0712\u0715\u0735\u072a\u0735\u0710 \u0715 19\u061b \u0718\u0729\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0747\u071a\u0739\u072a\u0747\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710\u060c \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0726\u032e\u072a\u0732\u0722\u0723\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u073c\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u00ab\u00a0\u071a\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u0723\u071d\u073c\u0721\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0713\u0735\u0718 \u0729\u0738\u0722\u071b\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307\u00a0\u00bb \u0718\u0720\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0738\u072b\u0720\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0323\u0722 \u0720\u0722\u0732\u0712\u0718\u073c\u071d\u0739\u0710 \u0710\u071d\u073c\u0721\u0735\u0722 \u0712\u0738\u0715 \u0710\u0735\u072c\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0725\u0738\u0715\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0721\u0735\u0718\u072c\u0739\u0717).<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0721\u0720\u0718\u073f\u0710\u0735\u0710 23\u2013 \u0712\u072a\u0739\u072b \u0715\u0710\u0732\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0738\u071a\u0738\u0720\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0728\u0726\u071d\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710\u060c \u072c\u0735\u0721\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u071d\u073c\u072c \u0715\u0732\u071a\u0718\u073c\u0720\u072c\u0735\u0722\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u071d\u073c\u072c\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0718\u073f\u0722\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0726\u0718\u073f\u0720\u071d\u073c\u071b\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0721\u0732\u0725\u0712\u0742\u0718\u073c\u0715\u0732\u071d\u0717\u071d \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0721\u0738\u072c\u0715\u071d\u073c\u0720\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u072a\u0732\u071a\u0729\u0738\u0722\u071d\u073c \u0721\u0323\u0722 \u0720\u0721\u0732\u071d\u0715\u0718\u073c\u0725\u0718\u073f\u0717\u0307 \u0713\u0735\u0722\u0732\u071d\u0717\u071d \u0712\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0713\u0735\u0722\u0732\u071d\u0717\u071d\u060c \u0718\u0732\u0712\u0710\u0732\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0718\u073c\u072a\u071a\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0735\u0722\u071d\u073c \u0717\u0732\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072a\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0721\u0732\u071a\u0720\u0732\u0721\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0735\u0717\u0712\u0742\u072b\u0729\u0735\u0720\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0710\u0747\u0723\u0735\u072a\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u0721\u071d\u0732\u072c\u072a\u0308\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u071a\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u072c\u0732\u072b\u0725\u071d\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0732\u0720\u071a\u0718\u073f\u0715 \u0712\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0717\u0732\u072a \u0712\u0717\u0307\u071d \u0725\u0738\u0715\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0732\u0725\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073f\u0717\u0307 \u071d\u073c\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0726\u072a\u0735\u072b\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u071b\u0718\u073c\u0720\u071d\u0735\u0729\u0735\u0710 \u071a\u0738\u0720\u071b\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0721\u0732\u071a\u0719\u0718\u073c\u071d\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0720\u071b\u0718\u073c\u0720\u071d\u0735\u0729\u0735\u0710 \u0719\u0725\u0718\u073f\u072a\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0732\u0720\u0723\u0718\u073c\u071f\u0735\u0720\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0715\u0732\u0723\u0722\u0739\u0710\u0713\u0742\u072a\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0720\u0735\u0710 \u072b\u0732\u072a\u0308\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0726\u032e\u072a\u0732\u0722\u0723\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0721\u0720\u0718\u073f\u0710\u0735\u0710 24\u2013 \u0712\u0717\u0738\u0726\u071f\u0742\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0721\u0323\u0722 \u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0728\u0735\u0718\u0712\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u071a\u071d\u0735\u072a\u0735\u0710 \u072c\u0732\u072b\u0725\u071d\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0710\u0747\u0722\u0735\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0728\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0715\u071a\u0735\u0719\u0739\u0710 \u072c\u072a\u0739\u071d\u0722 \u0721\u0738\u0722\u0715\u071d\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0729\u0732\u0715\u0721\u0735\u0710\u071d\u073c\u072c\u060c \u0717\u0307\u0718 \u0729\u0738\u0722\u071b\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072b \u0713\u0718\u073c\u0712\u0742\u072a\u0735\u0710 \u0729\u0735\u0710 \u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u072a\u0739\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0747\u071a\u0739\u072a\u0747\u0722\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0710\u0735\u0726\u0738\u0722 \u0715\u0710\u0732\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u072a\u0739\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0717\u0735\u0718\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0732\u0720\u071a\u0718\u073f\u0715 \u0710\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0718\u073f\u0722\u0718\u073f\u0721\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0726\u0718\u073f\u0720\u071d\u073c\u071b\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710. \u0717\u0307\u0718 \u0729\u0738\u0722\u071b\u0735\u0710 \u0729\u0732\u0715\u0721\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 (\u0726\u0720\u0735\u071b\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0721\u0732\u0712\u0728\u0732\u072a\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710) \u071d\u073c\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0720\u0732\u071d\u072c\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0721\u0732\u0712\u072a\u0738\u071d\u0735\u0722\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u071d\u0732\u0729\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0718\u073c\u0721\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0710\u071d\u073c\u072c\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0718\u073f\u0722\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0726\u0718\u073f\u0720\u071d\u073c\u071b\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u071d\u0732\u0715 \u0710\u0735\u0722\u071d\u073c \u0715\u0717\u0732\u0721\u0719\u0718\u073c\u0721\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0710\u0735\u0717\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710. \u0720\u0732\u071d\u072c\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0721\u0732\u0712\u072a\u0738\u071d\u0735\u0722\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u072b\u0735\u0718\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0725\u0732\u0721 \u0722\u071f\u0742\u071d\u073c\u0720\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0735\u0718\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0725\u0732\u072c\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0725\u0738\u0712\u0742\u072a\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u071f\u072c\u0735\u0712\u0742\u0735\u0710 \u0729\u0732\u0715\u071d\u073c\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u073c\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u071a\u0732\u0715 \u071b\u0718\u073c\u0726\u032e\u0723\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u072b\u0732\u0721\u0720\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0712\u0738\u0728\u071d\u0735\u072a\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0710\u0735\u0722\u0732\u0722\u0729\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0725\u0712\u0735\u072a \u072c\u0732\u072b\u0725\u071d\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710. \u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0721\u0738\u0722\u0732\u071d\u0717\u071d \u2013 \u0725\u0738\u0712\u0742\u072a\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u2013 \u071f\u0720\u071f\u0720\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710\u071d\u073c\u072c \u0720\u0732\u071d\u072c \u0717\u0718\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0739\u0717 \u071a\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0735\u0722\u0732\u0722\u0729\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0726\u0718\u073f\u0720\u071d\u073c\u071b\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0718\u0732\u0715\u0717\u0307\u0718 \u0710\u0747\u071a\u0739\u072a\u0747\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u2013 \u071d\u0735\u0718\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0725\u0732\u072c\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0735\u0710 \u2013 \u0710\u0735\u0722\u0732\u0722\u0729\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0739\u0717 \u0720\u0735\u0710 \u071a\u071d\u0739\u0710 \u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0721\u0323\u0722 \u0712\u0735\u072c\u0747\u072a \u0710\u0738\u0721\u0726\u072a\u0735\u071b\u0718\u073f\u072a\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0710\u0735\u0720\u0738\u071f\u0723\u0735\u0722\u0715\u0732\u072a. \u0710\u0735\u0722\u0732\u0722\u0729\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0725\u0712\u0735\u072a \u072c\u0732\u072b\u0725\u071d\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u072c\u0738\u072a\u0718\u0732\u071d\u0717\u071d \u0710\u0732\u0722\u0739\u0710 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0726\u071d\u0735\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0721\u072b\u071f\u0742\u071d\u073c\u071a\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0713\u0735\u0718 \u071f\u0732\u072b\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0308\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u072a\u0738\u0725\u071d\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0726\u071d\u073c\u072b\u0720\u0717\u0718\u073f\u0722 \u0712\u0738\u072a\u071d\u0739\u0710 \u0713\u0735\u0718 \u0710\u0732\u0722\u0739\u0710 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710. \u0718\u0710\u0735\u0722\u0739\u0710 \u071f\u0732\u072b\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0308\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0717\u0718\u0735\u0718\u060c \u0710\u0732\u0722\u0739\u0710 \u072b\u071f\u0742\u071d\u073c\u071a\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u072a\u0738\u0725\u071d\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0715\u0721\u0718\u073c\u0725\u0712\u0738\u0715 \u0720\u0717\u0718\u073f\u0722 \u0715\u0710\u0732\u0722\u0739\u0710 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u0717\u0735\u0718\u071d\u073c \u0721\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u071d\u073c\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0732\u0715\u0717\u0735\u0718\u071d\u073c \u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0721\u0738\u0728\u0725\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0712\u0717\u0307\u071d \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0720\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0722\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0710\u0732\u071d\u071f\u0742 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710\u060c \u0710\u0735\u0722\u071d\u073c \u0715\u071f\u0739\u0710 \u0721\u0732\u0712\u072a\u071d\u073c\u0720\u0717\u0718\u073f\u0722 \u0710\u0732\u0722\u0739\u0710 \u071f\u0732\u072b\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0308\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0739\u0710. \u0718\u0710\u0735\u0726\u0738\u0722 \u0710\u071d\u073c\u0721\u0735\u0722 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0738\u0723\u071d\u0735\u0712\u0742\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717\u060c \u071d\u0732\u0722 \u0726\u071d\u0735\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0721\u071a\u0718\u073c\u072b\u0712\u0738\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0732\u071d\u071f\u0742 \u0721\u071d\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0710\u0732\u071d\u071f\u0742 \u0715\u071d\u073c\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0735\u072c\u071d\u073c\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0710\u071d\u073c\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0732\u0721\u0720\u0720\u0735\u0710 \u071a\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0718\u0717\u0735\u0715\u071f\u0742\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0726\u071d\u073c\u072b\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0710\u0747\u0721\u071d\u073c\u072a\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0735\u072c\u071d\u073c\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u071d\u073c\u072c\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0712\u0715\u0735\u072a\u0735\u0710 \u0715 17\u060c \u0718\u0732\u0715\u0712\u0732\u0720\u071a\u0718\u073f\u0715 \u0723\u071f\u0718\u073f\u0720\u0735\u0723\u071b\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u071f\u0739\u0710 \u0721\u0732\u0726\u0720\u0738\u071a\u071d\u073c\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0712\u0732\u071d\u0722\u0735\u072c \u0713\u0735\u0722\u0732\u071d\u0717\u071d (\u0718\u0732\u0712\u0715\u0735\u072a\u0735\u0710 \u0715 19\u060c \u0720\u0717\u0735\u0720\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0732\u072a\u0308\u0721\u071d\u073c\u0735\u072c\u0739\u0710 \u0721\u0732\u0720\u0726\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u071f\u0739\u0710 \u0726\u0735\u071d\u072b\u071d\u073c \u0717\u0718\u0735\u0718 \u071f\u072c\u071d\u073c\u0712\u0739\u0710 \u0712\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0735\u072c\u071d\u073c\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0729\u0735\u0710 \u071b\u0718\u073c\u0726\u032e\u0723\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0732\u072a\u0721\u071d\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715 Jaur\u00e8s)\u060c \u0710\u071d\u073c\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0739\u0710 \u0721\u0735\u0728\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0726\u0735\u071d\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0747\u0721\u071d\u073c\u072a\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0710\u0735\u0717\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u071d\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717 (\u071f\u0720 \u0715\u0732\u0710\u071f\u0742\u071d\u073c \u0715\u0717\u0735\u0718\u071d\u0735\u0710\u060c \u071a\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u0723\u072a\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u071a\u0732\u0719\u071d\u0735\u0722\u071d\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0726\u071d\u073c\u072b\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0726\u072a\u071d\u073c\u0723\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0713\u0735\u0718 \u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0723\u071d\u0735\u0721\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0710\u0732\u0722\u0739\u0710 \u0725\u0738\u0715\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0710\u0747\u071a\u0735\u072a\u0735\u071d\u0308\u0739\u0710: Le latin ou l&rsquo;impire d&rsquo;un signe, XVI-XXe si\u00e8cle\u060c \u0712\u071d\u0732\u0715 Fran\u00e7oise Waquet &#8211; Albin Michel, 1998)\u060c \u071f\u0732\u0715 \u0726\u071d\u073c\u072b\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u071d\u073c\u0715\u071d\u073c\u0725\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715 Francis Bacon\u060c Hobbes\u060c Descartes\u060c Spinoza\u060c Leibniz \u072b\u071f\u0742\u071d\u073c\u071a\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0717\u0718\u073f\u0722 \u071a\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u071f\u0721\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u072c\u0732\u071a\u0721\u0732\u0722\u072c\u0735\u0710\u060c \u072b\u071f\u0742\u071d\u073c\u071a\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0717\u0718\u073f\u0722 \u072c\u0732\u071a\u0721\u0732\u0722\u072c\u0732\u071d\u0717\u071d \u0712\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0735\u072c\u071d\u073c\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u071f\u0720 \u0715\u0732\u0710\u071f\u0742\u071d\u073c \u0715\u0717\u0735\u0718\u071d\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0735\u072a\u0735\u0721\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0717\u0307\u0718 \u0715\u0710\u0735\u0722\u0732\u0722\u0729\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0739\u0717 \u071d\u0735\u0717\u0712\u0742\u072b\u0729\u0735\u0720\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u072c\u0739\u0712\u0739\u071d\u0720\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u073c\u0717\u0718\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0719\u0732\u0712\u0742\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0721\u0323\u0722 \u0712\u0735\u072c\u0747\u072a \u0726\u072a\u0735\u0723\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u071f\u072c\u0735\u0712\u0742\u0735\u0710 \u0729\u0732\u0715\u071d\u073c\u072b\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0710\u0738\u0715\u071d\u0718\u073f\u0721 \u071d\u0735\u0718\u0721\u0735\u0710 \u0726\u071d\u0735\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0721\u0718\u073c\u0726\u0720\u0738\u071a\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0732\u0720\u071a\u0718\u073f\u0715 \u0713\u0735\u0718 \u071a\u0732\u0715\u071f\u0721\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0735\u072c\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0308\u0739\u0710. \u0712\u0722\u0738\u0723\u0712\u0732\u072c \u0720\u0710\u0738\u0721\u0726\u072a\u0735\u071b\u0718\u073f\u072a\u0308\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0739\u0710 \u0713\u0732\u0722\u0747\u0712\u0735\u072a\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u0719\u0732\u0712\u0742\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0725\u0712\u0742\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0308\u0739\u0710\u060c \u0710\u0735\u0722\u071d\u073c \u0712\u0732\u0720\u071a\u0718\u073f\u0715 \u072b\u0712\u0742\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0735\u0710 \u0719\u0735\u0718\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0323\u0722 \u071a\u0732\u072a\u0308\u0712\u0735\u072c\u0739\u0710 \u0710\u0732\u072a\u0308\u071f\u071d\u0718\u073f\u0720\u0718\u073f\u0713\u0742\u0735\u071d\u0739\u0710.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0721\u0720\u0718\u073f\u0710\u0735\u0710 25\u2013 \u0718\u0735\u0720\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0715\u0710\u0747\u0722\u0735\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u0729\u0735\u0712\u0738\u0720 \u0720\u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0715\u0732\u072a\u0713\u0742\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u072c\u0732\u072b\u0725\u071d\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0713\u0735\u0718 \u072a\u0713\u0742\u0735\u072b\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0710\u071d\u073c\u072c\u0720\u0717\u0718\u073f\u0722 \u0710\u0747\u071a\u071d\u0735\u0722\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0725\u0732\u0721\u071a\u0715\u0735\u0715\u0739\u0710. \u0729\u0735\u0710 \u071b\u0718\u073c\u0726\u032e\u0723\u0735\u0710\u060c \u072c\u0739\u0712\u0739\u071d\u0720\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0735\u072c\u071d\u073c\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u072b\u0712\u0742\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0723\u0718\u0735\u0715\u0735\u071d\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u071a\u0735\u071d\u071d\u073c \u0717\u0718\u0735\u0718 \u0712\u0732\u072b\u0720\u0735\u0721\u0735\u0710 \u0725\u0732\u0721\u071a\u0715\u0735\u0715\u0739\u0710 \u0712\u0715\u0735\u072a\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0721\u0738\u0728\u0725\u0735\u071d\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0713\u0735\u0718 \u0710\u0738\u0718\u072a\u0718\u073f\u0726\u0735\u0710. \u0712\u0717\u0307\u071d\u0713\u0735\u0717\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0712\u072b\u0732\u072a\u0732\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0323\u0722 \u0715\u0735\u072a\u0735\u0710 \u0715 16\u060c \u0710\u0747\u072c\u0739\u0710 \u0720\u0739\u0717 \u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0726\u0720\u0735\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u0720\u0729\u0718\u073c\u0712\u0742\u0720 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0735\u072c\u071d\u073c\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0718\u0732\u0712\u0717\u0307\u071d\u0713\u0735\u0717\u0735\u0710 \u072b\u0718\u073c\u072a\u0739\u0710 \u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0726\u0720\u0735\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0732\u071d\u0722\u0735\u072c \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0713\u0735\u0718 \u0710\u0738\u0718\u072a\u0718\u073f\u0726\u0735\u0710. \u0726\u0720\u0735\u071b\u0735\u0710 \u0717\u0718\u0739\u0710 \u0720\u0739\u0717 \u072c\u0739\u0712\u0739\u071d\u0720\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0726\u032e\u072a\u0732\u0722\u0723\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0713\u0735\u0718 \u0710\u0738\u0718\u072a\u0718\u073f\u0726\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0715\u0735\u072a\u0735\u0710 \u0715 18\u060c \u0718\u0717\u0732\u072a \u0712\u0717\u0307\u071d \u0725\u0738\u0715\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0726\u0720\u0735\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0729\u0735\u0718\u0721\u0735\u0710 \u0726\u032e\u072a\u0732\u0722\u0723\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u0720\u0729\u0718\u073c\u0712\u0742\u0720 patois (\u071a\u0712\u0742\u0735\u071b\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0738\u072c\u0726\u0732\u072a\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710\u071d\u073c\u072c \u0715\u0720\u0739\u0725\u0719\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0726\u032e\u072a\u0732\u0722\u0723\u0735\u071d\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0725\u0732\u0721 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0710\u0747\u071a\u0739\u072a\u0747\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u2013 \u0720\u0739\u0725\u0719\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u0712\u072a\u071d\u073c\u072c\u0718\u073f\u0722 \u0718\u0732\u0715\u0712\u0735\u0723\u071f) \u0717\u0732\u0720 \u0720\u0721\u0738\u072c\u071a\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0726\u0718\u073f\u0720\u0718\u073f\u071b\u071d\u073c\u0735\u0710 \u072c\u0720\u071d\u073c\u072c\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710. \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072c \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0726\u032e\u072a\u0732\u0722\u0723\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0718\u073c\u0726\u0720\u0738\u071a\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u071d\u0732\u0715 \u071f\u0722\u0718\u073c\u072b\u071d\u0735\u072c\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0721\u0721\u0732\u0720\u0720\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0712\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0726\u032e\u072a\u0732\u0722\u0723\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0738\u0715\u071d\u0718\u073f\u0721 \u071d\u0735\u0718\u0721\u0735\u0710\u060c \u071d\u0732\u0722 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0726\u032e\u072a\u0732\u0722\u0723\u0735\u071d\u0739\u0308\u0710 \u0726\u072a\u0308\u071d\u073c\u072b\u0739\u0710 \u0713\u0735\u0718 \u0725\u0735\u0720\u0721\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0710\u0735\u0717\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0747\u071a\u0739\u072a\u0747\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0721\u0738\u072c\u0720\u0732\u071a\u0721\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0725\u0732\u0721 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u072a\u071d\u073c\u0712\u0742\u0735\u072a\u0718\u073f\u0720 Rivarol. \u0718\u0735\u0720\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0715\u0710\u0747\u0722\u0735\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u072c\u0732\u071a\u0721\u0738\u0722 \u0710\u0735\u0726 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072c \u0710\u0735\u0717\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0738\u0722\u0715\u071d\u073c.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0721\u0720\u0718\u073f\u0710\u0735\u0710 26\u2013 \u072b\u0732\u072a\u071d\u073c\u072a\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0715\u0723\u0718\u073c\u071f\u0735\u0720\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0723\u0732\u0713\u071d\u073c\u0710\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0713\u0735\u0718\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 (\u0718\u0710\u0735\u0726 \u0712\u0732\u072a\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710) \u2013 \u0723\u0718\u073c\u071f\u0735\u0720\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0723\u0718\u073c\u071f\u0735\u0720\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u072a\u0713\u0742\u0735\u072b\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072c \u0710\u0735\u0722\u0732\u0722\u0729\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u071a\u0732\u0715 \u071b\u0718\u073c\u071d\u0735\u0712\u0742\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u072b\u0732\u0718\u072c\u0726\u0735\u0710 \u2013 \u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0721\u0738\u0722\u0715\u071d\u073c \u071a\u0732\u0715\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0718\u0732\u0712\u072b\u0732\u072a\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0747\u0723\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0712\u072c\u0732\u072b\u0725\u071d\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u072b\u0718\u073c\u0720\u0735\u0721\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0721\u0732\u072b\u0725\u0721\u072a\u0735\u0722\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0710\u071d\u073c\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0735\u0726 \u0712\u0738\u0715\u0725\u0735\u072a\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0720\u0735\u0712\u0735\u072c\u0747\u072a\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0732\u0710\u0747\u071a\u071d\u0735\u0722\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0732\u071d\u0722\u0735\u072c \u072a\u0718\u073f\u0721\u0735\u0722\u071b\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0715\u071d\u073c\u0720\u0735\u0722\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0718\u0732\u0715\u0710\u0718\u073c\u0721\u072c\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u071d\u073c\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u072b\u0732\u0729\u071b\u0712\u0742\u0735\u0722\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0718\u073f\u0717\u0307.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0721\u0720\u0718\u073f\u0710\u0735\u0710 27\u2013 \u0712\u071f\u0720 \u0715\u0732\u0710\u071f\u0742\u071d\u073c \u0715\u0717\u0735\u0718\u071d\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0710\u0735\u0717\u0735\u0710 \u0723\u0718\u073c\u071f\u0735\u0720\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0723\u0732\u0713\u071d\u073c\u0710\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0735\u0728\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0717\u0735\u0718\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0732\u0722 \u0726\u0722\u071d\u073c\u072c\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0710\u0718\u073c\u0721\u072c\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0729\u071b\u071d\u073c\u0725\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0323\u0722 \u0725\u0735\u0720\u0721\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0732\u072a\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 (\u0718\u0721\u0732\u0712\u072a\u0718\u073c\u071d\u0739\u0710\u060c \u0712\u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0715\u0732\u072a\u0713\u0742\u0735\u0710 \u071f\u0718\u073c\u0726\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0720\u0717\u0307\u0718 \u0713\u0739\u0712\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0712\u0742\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u072c\u0732\u071a\u0721\u0732\u0722\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072c \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710)\u060c \u071d\u0732\u0722 \u0723\u0732\u0713\u071d\u073c\u0710\u0735\u0722\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0717.\u0715. \u0712\u0738\u072a\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0732\u071d\u071f\u0742 \u0721\u0732\u0718\u0715\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0723\u0732\u0713\u071d\u073c\u0710\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0713\u0735\u0718\u0735\u071d\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0718\u0732\u0712\u0723\u0732\u0713\u071d\u073c\u0710\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0717\u071d\u073c\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0718\u0717\u0735\u0715\u071f\u0742\u0735\u0710 \u0717\u0718\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0721\u0738\u072c\u0721\u0732\u0728\u071d\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0726\u0735\u0710\u0738\u072b \u0729\u0712\u071d\u073c\u0720\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0732\u071d\u071f\u0742 \u071a\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u072c\u0739\u0710\u0718\u073f\u072a\u071d\u073c\u0735\u0710 \u072c\u0739\u0712\u0739\u071d\u0720\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0721\u0720\u0718\u073f\u0710\u0735\u0710 28\u2013 \u0710\u071d\u073c\u0721\u0735\u0722 \u0715\u0710\u0747\u0722\u0735\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0738\u0729\u0712\u0735\u0720\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0715\u0721\u0735\u0718\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0735\u0728\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0717\u0735\u0718\u0739\u0710 \u0712\u0725\u0738\u0720\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u0723\u071a\u071d\u073c\u0726\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0725\u0732\u0721\u0735\u0710\u060c \u071d\u0732\u0722 \u0712\u0725\u0738\u0720\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u071b\u0732\u071a\u071b\u0732\u071a\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u071a\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0732\u072a\u0715\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0728\u0726\u071d\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0715\u0732\u0721\u0723\u0732\u072c\u072a\u0735\u0722\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0720\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0729\u0738\u071b\u072a\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0710\u0738\u0720\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0735\u0722\u0732\u0722\u0729\u0735\u0710\u071d\u073c\u072c \u0721\u0732\u0715\u0725\u0718\u073c\u071d\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0720\u0721\u0732\u0718\u0715\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0732\u0721\u072b\u0732\u0718\u072c\u0732\u0726\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0732\u071d\u0722\u0735\u072c \u072c\u0739\u0710\u0718\u073f\u072a\u071d\u073c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u072c\u0739\u0710\u0718\u073f\u072a\u071d\u073c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u0725\u0712\u0742\u0735\u0715\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u072c\u0732\u071a\u0721\u0732\u0722\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0732\u0715\u0710\u071d\u073c\u072c\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0718\u073f\u0722 \u0718\u0732\u0715\u0726\u0718\u073f\u0720\u071d\u073c\u071b\u071d\u073c\u0729\u071d\u073c.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0721\u0720\u0718\u073f\u0710\u0735\u0710 29\u2013 \u0710\u0738\u0722 \u0720\u0735\u0710\u060c \u071f\u0732\u0715 \u0721\u072b\u0732\u071a\u0720\u0738\u0726\u0735\u0722\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0710\u0735\u0715\u072b\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u0721\u0720\u071d\u073c\u0720\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u072b\u0732\u0720\u071b\u0718\u073c\u0722\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307\u060c \u0710\u071d\u073c\u072c\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0718\u073f\u0722 \u0712\u0722\u0732\u0726\u032e\u072b\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0720\u0739\u0710 \u0721\u0735\u0728\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0717\u0732\u071d\u0738\u072a\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0718\u0726\u0718\u073f\u0720\u071d\u073c\u071b\u071d\u073c\u0729\u071d\u073c \u0720\u071a\u0718\u073f\u0715\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u071a\u0732\u071d\u0720\u072c\u0735\u0722\u071d\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307\u060c \u0718\u0732\u0728\u0712\u0718\u073c\u071d\u0735\u072c\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u0710\u0718\u073c\u0721\u0735\u0722\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0726\u071d\u073c\u072b\u0739\u0710 \u0726\u0718\u073c\u072a\u0721\u0738\u071d\u0739\u0710 \u0710\u0732\u071d\u071f\u0742 \u0717\u0307\u071d \u0721\u0723\u0732\u072c\u072a\u0735\u0722\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072b \u072a\u0739\u072b\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710. \u0718\u071f\u0732\u0715 \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0726\u071d\u073c\u072b\u0739\u0710 \u071d\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0718\u073c\u0712\u0728\u0738\u072a\u0739\u0710 \u0720\u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0721\u0738\u0728\u0725\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u071d\u0735\u0717\u0712\u0742\u072b\u0729\u0735\u0720\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0712\u0717\u0307\u071d\u0713\u0735\u0717\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0732\u0720\u071a\u0718\u073f\u0715 \u0710\u0735\u0722\u071d\u073c \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u0710\u071d\u073c\u072c \u0720\u0717\u0718\u073f\u0722 \u071a\u0732\u071d\u0720\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0718\u073f\u0722\u0718\u073f\u0721\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0726\u0718\u073f\u0720\u071d\u073c\u071b\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0738\u0726\u072a\u0735\u0723\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0712\u0738\u071a\u0722\u0735\u0729\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0729\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0735\u0722\u071d\u073c \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0710\u0747\u071a\u0739\u072a\u0747\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0721\u0720\u0718\u073f\u0710\u0735\u0710 30\u2013 \u071a\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0721\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u0720\u0729\u0718\u073c\u0712\u0742\u0720\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u2013 \u0710\u071d\u073c\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0735\u0720\u071d\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u072c\u0732\u071a\u0721\u0732\u0722\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u073c\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u0720\u072b\u0732\u071a\u0720\u0718\u073c\u0726\u0732\u071d\u0717\u071d \u0715\u0732\u0720\u0729\u0718\u073c\u0712\u0742\u0720\u0718\u0735\u072c\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0720\u0732\u072b\u072a\u0735\u072a\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u0729\u0718\u073c\u0715\u0721\u0739\u0710 &#8211; \u0726\u0720\u0735\u071b\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0710\u0735\u0717\u0735\u0710 \u0713\u0715\u0735\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0718\u073c\u0713\u0742\u071d\u073c\u0729\u071d\u073c \u071d\u073c\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0715\u0732\u0721\u0723\u0732\u072c\u072a\u0735\u0722\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0720\u0735\u0710 \u071d\u0720\u0735\u0717\u0307 \u071f\u0721\u071d\u073c\u0722\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0713\u0735\u0718 \u072c\u0732\u071a\u0721\u0732\u0722\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072c \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710\u060c \u0710\u0738\u0720\u0735\u0710 \u0713\u0735\u0718 \u0710\u0732\u0723\u0718\u073c\u072a\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0717\u0735\u0720\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0732\u0725\u0712\u0742\u0718\u073c\u0715\u0718\u073f\u0717\u0307 \u071d\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0715\u0717\u0735\u0718\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0717\u0307\u071d \u071d\u0718\u073f\u072c\u0718\u073f\u0726\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u072c\u0732\u071a\u0721\u0732\u0722\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710\u060c \u0710\u0732\u0723\u0718\u073c\u072a\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0732\u071d\u0722\u0735\u072c \u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0710\u0718\u073c\u0721\u0735\u0722\u0718\u073c\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0710\u071d\u073c\u072c\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0718\u073f\u0722 \u0718\u0726\u0718\u073f\u0720\u071d\u073c\u071b\u071d\u073c\u0729\u071d\u073c \u0710\u0732\u071d\u071f\u0742 \u071a\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u072c\u0739\u0710\u0718\u073f\u072a\u071d\u073c\u0735\u0710 \u072c\u0739\u0712\u0739\u071d\u0720\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710. \u0712\u071a\u0732\u0712\u072a\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0710\u0747\u071a\u0739\u072a\u0747\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710\u060c \u0721\u0732\u0720\u0732\u0726\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0729\u071b\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0735\u071d\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0723\u0718\u073c\u071f\u0735\u0720\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0710\u0735\u0717\u0735\u0710 \u0721\u0720\u0718\u073f\u0710\u0735\u0710 \u0726\u071d\u073c\u072b\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0721\u0718\u073c\u071a\u072b\u0738\u071a\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u071d\u0732\u0715 Henri Meschonnic \u0713\u0735\u0718 \u0720\u0718\u073c\u0721\u0735\u0715\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710 \u0715\u0726\u071d\u073c\u072b\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0729\u071b\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u0723\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0718\u073f\u0721\u0735\u0710 28 \u0710\u071d\u073c\u0735\u072a 2006 \u0713\u0735\u0718 Place du Capitole \u0712\u0732\u0721\u0715\u071d\u073c\u0722\u0747\u072c\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u072c\u0718\u073c\u0720\u0718\u073c\u0723. \u0721\u0732\u0720\u0726\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 Henri Meschonnic \u071d\u073c\u0720\u0739\u0717 \u0726\u072a\u0718\u073f\u0726\u032e\u071d\u073c\u0723\u0718\u073f\u072a \u0712\u0710\u071d\u073c\u0729\u0735\u072a\u0735\u0710 \u0713\u0735\u0718 Universit\u00e9 Paris-8\u060c \u0718\u071a\u0732\u0715 \u0721\u0735\u071a\u0718\u073f\u072a\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0732\u0721\u072c\u0732\u072a\u0713\u0721\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0732\u071f\u072c\u0735\u0712\u0742\u0735\u0710 \u0729\u0732\u0715\u071d\u073c\u072b\u0735\u0710 \u0718\u0723\u0735\u071d\u0718\u073f\u0721\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0721\u0739\u0710\u0721\u072a\u0735\u072c\u0308\u0739\u0710.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0726\u072a\u0308\u071d\u073c\u0723\u0735\u072c\u0739\u0710 \u0710\u0747\u071a\u0735\u072a\u0735\u071d\u0308\u0739\u0710:<br \/>\u00ab\u00a0Hugo la po\u00e9sie contre le maintien de l&rsquo;ordre\u00a0\u00bb (Maisonneuve et Larose),<br \/>\u00ab\u00a0Au commencement, traduction de la Gen\u00e8se\u00a0\u00bb (Descl\u00e9e de Brouwer),<br \/>\u00ab\u00a0Spinoza po\u00e8me de la pens\u00e9e\u00a0\u00bb (Maisonneuve et Larose).<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0726\u072a\u0308\u071d\u073c\u0723\u0735\u072c\u0739\u0710 \u0712\u0718\u073c\u072c \u072b\u0732\u072a\u0712\u0735\u0710 \u0715\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0308\u0739\u0710:<br \/>\u00ab\u00a0De la langue fran\u00e7aise, essai sur une clart\u00e9 obscure\u00a0\u00bb (Hachette, coll. Pluriel, 2001).<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u072c\u0718\u073c\u072a\u0713\u0735\u0721\u0735\u0710 \u0720\u0720\u0738\u072b\u0735\u0722\u0735\u0710 \u0710\u0735\u072c\u0718\u073f\u072a\u0735\u071d\u0735\u0710 \u0712\u071d\u0732\u0715 \u0726\u071d\u073c\u0720\u071d\u073c\u0721\u0718\u073f\u0722 \u0715\u0732\u072a\u0721\u0718\u073c<br \/>\u071a\u0719\u071d\u073c\u072a\u0735\u0722 2019\u060c \u0723\u0738\u0715\u0722\u071d\u073c \u0710\u0718\u073f\u0723\u072c\u072a\u0735\u0720\u071d\u073c\u0735\u0710<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"10\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-13110\" aria-expanded=\"false\">POLONAIS<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-13110\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"10\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-13110\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><p><strong>Polonais par l\u2019association Apolina Toulous<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">Apel do odwa\u017cnych naszych czas\u00f3w<\/span><\/strong><\/p><p>W 1789 roku powsta\u0142a Uniwersalna Deklaracja Praw Cz\u0142owieka , kt\u00f3ra odgrywa wa\u017cn\u0105 rol\u0119 na ca\u0142ym \u015bwiecie jako bro\u0144 etyczna, prawna i intelektualna w walce przeciwko przemocy i niesprawiedliwo\u015bci.<br \/>W XXI wieku musi powsta\u0107 Uniwersalna Deklaracja Obowi\u0105zk\u00f3w wobec J\u0119zyk\u00f3w i Kultur. Dlaczego?<br \/>Poniewa\u017c nieustannie ro\u015bnie liczba konflikt\u00f3w etnicznych (plemiennych, regionalnych, narodowych) na ca\u0142ej planecie wskazuje na konieczno\u015b\u0107 przyj\u0119cia prze wsp\u00f3lnot\u0119 mi\u0119dzynarodow\u0105 serii praw mog\u0105cych wypleni\u0107 lub przynajmniej zahamowa\u0107 te konflikty.<br \/>Poniewa\u017c te walki, kt\u00f3re zatruwaj\u0105 stosunki mi\u0119dzy lud\u017ami na ca\u0142ym \u015bwiecie, s\u0105 konsekwencj\u0105 zaprzeczania, w spos\u00f3b mniej lub bardziej dotkliwy w zale\u017cno\u015bci od region\u00f3w, to\u017csamo\u015bci grupowej stworzonej przez j\u0119zyki i kultury w szerokim znaczeniu (tak\u017ce w formie religii).<br \/>Poniewa\u017c to co stanowi si\u0142\u0119 Deklaracji Praw Cz\u0142owieka, czyli to \u017ce traktuje ona o ludziach jako o jednostkach przynale\u017c\u0105cych do r\u00f3\u017cnych grup (etnicznych, j\u0119zykowych, spo\u0142ecznych, religijnych) aby zapewni\u0107 im r\u00f3wne traktowanie na poziomie etycznym i prawnym, stanowi jednocze\u015bnie jej s\u0142abo\u015b\u0107 \u2013 bowiem nie mo\u017ce ona decydowa\u0107 o prawach grup ludzi.<br \/>Poniewa\u017c ponad kryteriami ekonomiczno- politycznymi, do kt\u00f3rych sprowadzaj\u0105 je cz\u0119sto marksi\u015bci i libera\u0142owie, mo\u017cemy \u0142atwo zauwa\u017cy\u0107 \u017ce zagadnienie to\u017csamo\u015bci odbija si\u0119 w biegu historii, trybach \u017cycia, przewrotach politycznych i zmianach ekonomicznych. I \u017ce ani obywatelstwo \u015bwiata, ani ekonomiczny anty-globalizm, ani skupienie si\u0119 na problemach trzeciego \u015bwiata, \u017cadna z tych postaw wynikaj\u0105cych z arogancji Zachodu (kt\u00f3ry ignoruje g\u0142\u0119boko zakorzenion\u0105 kultur\u0119 tych region\u00f3w, gdzie \u201eludzie wci\u0105\u017c walcz\u0105 w imi\u0119 prawd religijnych i spraw dotycz\u0105cych tradycji lokalnej\u201d) i z abstrakcyjnego uniwersalizmu nie rozwi\u0105\u017c\u0105 tamtejszych problem\u00f3w. Tym bardziej \u017ce sam zach\u00f3d ma z nimi do czynienia, chocia\u017c na mniejsz\u0105 skal\u0119 (Irlandia, Kraj Bask\u00f3w, Korsyka, Kosowo itd.)<\/p><p>Tylko Uniwersalna Deklaracja Obowi\u0105zk\u00f3w wobec J\u0119zyk\u00f3w i Kultur, kt\u00f3ra:<br \/>&#8211; zorganizowa\u0142aby \u015bwiatow\u0105 debat\u0119 na kt\u00f3r\u0105 zwo\u0142anoby wszystkie wsp\u00f3lnoty j\u0119zykowe i kulturowe, aby ka\u017cde zagadnienie mog\u0142o by\u0107 przedyskutowane z punktu widzenia wszystkich kultur (religii, tradycji..)<br \/>&#8211; kt\u00f3ra nie redukowa\u0142aby si\u0119 wy\u0142\u0105cznie do poj\u0119cia j\u0119zyk\u00f3w, ani tym bardziej do j\u0119zyk\u00f3w oznaczaj\u0105cych tylko \u015brodki komunikacji, ale rozwa\u017cy\u0142aby ona zagadnienie mowy, i jej zwi\u0105zk\u00f3w z my\u015bl\u0105, a co za tym idzie r\u00f3\u017cne sposoby my\u015blenia w r\u00f3\u017cnych kulturach.<br \/>Tylko taka deklaracja mog\u0142aby uzupe\u0142ni\u0107 Deklaracj\u0119 Praw Cz\u0142owieka. I tak si\u0119 stanie.<\/p><p>Zapraszamy wszystkich pionier\u00f3w my\u015bli i dzia\u0142ania do prze\u017cycia tej przygody.<br \/>Z dala od wszelkich ideologii proponuj\u0105cych gotowe odpowiedzi na wszystko, z dala od wszystkich utopii i zamkni\u0119tych k\u00f3\u0142ek adoracji, z dala od wszystkich kt\u00f3rzy chc\u0105 przemawia\u0107 w imi\u0119 narod\u00f3w ( niech wreszcie narody przem\u00f3wi\u0105 same za siebie!). W opozycji do mistyki anty-globalizmu (m\u00f3wi\u0105c \u017ce inny \u015bwiat jest mo\u017cliwy, przyznaj\u0105 one racj\u0119 idei \u017ce aktualnie istnieje JEDEN \u015bwiat, a co za tym idzie, neguje zr\u00f3\u017cnicowanie, kt\u00f3rym ten \u015bwiat si\u0119 charakteryzuje). Proponuj\u0105 nam nowy, inny \u015bwiat na dzie\u0144 jutrzejszy, a tym czasem to czego naprawd\u0119 chc\u0105 ludzie, to uznanie r\u00f3\u017cnych \u015bwiat\u00f3w ju\u017c istniej\u0105cych. Przygoda do kt\u00f3rej was zapraszamy domaga si\u0119 aby warto\u015bci uniwersalne kszta\u0142towa\u0142y si\u0119 we wszystkich j\u0119zykach, ze \u015bwiadomo\u015bci\u0105 istnienia innych kultur. Jest to wspania\u0142a podr\u00f3\u017c, kt\u00f3r\u0105 nale\u017cy nieustannie pog\u0142\u0119bia\u0107, z wyobra\u017ani\u0105 ludzk\u0105 we wszystkich jej formach, dzie\u0142ach, marzeniach. Jest to najwi\u0119ksze przedsi\u0119wzi\u0119cie intelektualne, etyczne i polityczne jakie moglibysmy sobie wyobrazic.<\/p><p>Projekt deklaracji dotycz\u0105cej obowi\u0105zk\u00f3w wobec j\u0119zyk\u00f3w i wobec mowy<\/p><p>1. Na pocz\u0105tku nale\u017cy zauwa\u017cy\u0107 wyj\u0105tkowy charakter zjawisk dotycz\u0105cych mowy. Ta wyj\u0105tkowo\u015b\u0107 jest powodem dla kt\u00f3rego nie mo\u017cemy u\u017cy\u0107 wobec tych problem\u00f3w kalki znanych nam deklaracji dotycz\u0105cych praw jednostek i grup ludzkich.<br \/>Wypowiadanie si\u0119 o prawach zobowi\u0105zuje nas r\u00f3wnie\u017c do wypowiedzenia si\u0119 w sprawie obowi\u0105zk\u00f3w. Obydwa te akty musz\u0105 by\u0107 oparte na rozwa\u017caniach o tym, czym jest j\u0119zyk i jak funkcjonuje. Musz\u0105 by\u0107 to rozwa\u017cania aktywne i zaanga\u017cowane, skupione przede wszystkim na obowi\u0105zkach.<br \/>Wspomniana wyj\u0105tkowo\u015b\u0107 zagadnie\u0144 zwi\u0105zanych z mow\u0105 narzuca wyj\u0105tkowy charakter tym rozwa\u017caniom. Aby nie omin\u0105\u0107 \u017cadnego aspektu, musz\u0105 one nieustannie weryfikowa\u0107 swoj\u0105 w\u0142asn\u0105 histori\u0119. Jest to o tyle istotne \u017ce mog\u0105 one \u0142atwo przej\u0105\u0107 istniej\u0105ce ju\u017c schematy i stereotypy, zamiast skupi\u0107 si\u0119 na istocie zagadnienia.<br \/>Przede wszystkim nale\u017cy zauwa\u017cy\u0107 \u017ce rozwa\u017cania dotycz\u0105ce mowy zmuszaj\u0105 do refleksji o tym, czym jest j\u0119zyk w og\u00f3le, czym jest dany, konkretny j\u0119zyk, a tak\u017ce jak postrzegano j\u0119zyki w przesz\u0142o\u015bci i dzisiaj.<br \/>W rzeczywisto\u015bci my\u015blenie o j\u0119zyku sprowadza si\u0119 do analizy j\u0119zyka i tylko j\u0119zyka, co z kolei oznacza wyizolowanie j\u0119zyka ze spo\u0142ecznych praktyk mowy w pe\u0142nym ich zr\u00f3\u017cnicowaniu. Jest to bardzo niekorzystna sytuacja kt\u00f3ra stoi na przeszkodzie w zrozumieniu czym jest j\u0119zyk i jak funkcjonuje, a tak\u017ce uniemo\u017cliwia wzi\u0119cie go w obron\u0119.<\/p><p>2. Wydaj\u0119 si\u0119 oczywistym \u017ce aby m\u00f3c wytyczy\u0107 granice poj\u0119cia \u201ej\u0119zyk\u201d i aby m\u00f3c go chroni\u0107 nale\u017cy odwo\u0142a\u0107 si\u0119 do og\u00f3lnej teorii mowy. W zwi\u0105zku z tym nale\u017ca\u0142oby przemy\u015ble\u0107 od nowa czysto instytucjonalny model zaproponowany przez \u201eUniwersaln\u0105 deklaracj\u0119 praw j\u0119zykowych\u201d w Barcelonie w czerwcu 1996, kt\u00f3ry odnosz\u0105c si\u0119 tylko do j\u0119zyk\u00f3w, r\u00f3wnocze\u015bnie pokazuje swoje granice w rozwa\u017caniach nad mow\u0105.<br \/>Wspomniana og\u00f3lna teoria mowy narzuca refleksj\u0119 nad rol\u0105, dzia\u0142aniem i znaczeniem j\u0119zyka we wszystkich praktykach spo\u0142ecznych. Jest to teoria dotycz\u0105ca zwi\u0105zk\u00f3w mi\u0119dzy j\u0119zykiem a mow\u0105, mi\u0119dzy poj\u0119ciem mowy a teori\u0105 dotycz\u0105c\u0105 jednostek, miedzy teori\u0105 dotycz\u0105c\u0105 jednostek a sztuk\u0105, etyk\u0105 i polityk\u0105, bo tego typu zagadnienia s\u0105 zwi\u0105zane z \u017cyciem poszczeg\u00f3lnych ludzi.<br \/>J\u0119zyk nie jest zatem ani wy\u0142\u0105czn\u0105 domen\u0105 j\u0119zykoznawc\u00f3w, ani polityk\u00f3w. Historia polityki dotycz\u0105cej j\u0119zyk\u00f3w nie jest wy\u0142\u0105cznie histori\u0105 polityczn\u0105. Zawiera ona tak\u017ce elementy zwi\u0105zane ze sztuk\u0105, z etyk\u0105, z histori\u0105 spo\u0142ecze\u0144stwa. Rozwa\u017cania nad polityk\u0105 dotycz\u0105c\u0105 j\u0119zyk\u00f3w musz\u0105 by\u0107 ca\u0142o\u015bciowe, musz\u0105 bra\u0107 pod uwag\u0119 tych nieod\u0142\u0105cznych towarzyszy mowy \u2013 sztuk\u0119, etyk\u0119, polityk\u0119, by m\u00f3c analizowa\u0107 zwi\u0105zki mi\u0119dzy mow\u0105 a spo\u0142ecze\u0144stwem. W innym wypadku mo\u017cemy \u0142atwo popa\u015b\u0107 w my\u015blenie o j\u0119zyku i o polityce jako dw\u00f3ch oddzielnych rzeczywisto\u015bciach, co prowadzi do b\u0142\u0119dnego rozumienia roli sztuki w spo\u0142ecze\u0144stwie, roli etyki w polityce, a co za tym idzie \u2013 na b\u0142\u0119dnym rozumieniu wolno\u015bci jednostek.<br \/>3. Aby m\u00f3c rozwa\u017ca\u0107 ca\u0142o\u015bciowo nad mow\u0105 i nad jednostkami nale\u017cy obali\u0107 przekonanie o opozycji mi\u0119dzy to\u017csamo\u015bci\u0105 a zr\u00f3\u017cnicowaniem i wskazywa\u0107 na nieustanne wsp\u00f3\u0142oddzia\u0142ywanie mi\u0119dzy tymi dwoma poj\u0119ciami na przestrzeni epok.<br \/>Aby m\u00f3c przyzna\u0107 wielo\u015b\u0107 r\u00f3\u017cnych j\u0119zyk\u00f3w i wsp\u00f3lne oddzia\u0142ywanie mi\u0119dzy nimi nale\u017cy my\u015ble\u0107 o to\u017csamo\u015bci w kategoriach zr\u00f3\u017cnicowania.<br \/>4. Aby m\u00f3c zrozumie\u0107 to\u017csamo\u015b\u0107 poprzez zr\u00f3\u017cnicowanie, jest koniecznym zauwa\u017cy\u0107 wp\u0142yw sztuki wyp\u0142ywaj\u0105cej z j\u0119zyka, a tak\u017ce sztuki w og\u00f3le, na zmian\u0119 sposob\u00f3w my\u015blenia ku wra\u017cliwo\u015bci i zrozumieniu, a wi\u0119c na nowe poj\u0119cie j\u0119zyka i mowy.<br \/>5. W zwi\u0105zku z tym nale\u017cy przyzna\u0107 uprzywilejowan\u0105 rol\u0119 praktykom i teorii t\u0142umaczenia, co z kolei zmusza nas do nowego spojrzenia na t\u0142umaczenie jako uznanie sztuki i my\u015bli ludzkiej, a nie tylko jako zwyk\u0142y przek\u0142ad z j\u0119zyka na j\u0119zyk. Trzeba raczej postrzega\u0107 t\u0142umaczenie jako przek\u0142ad mowy na mow\u0119, lub te\u017c systemu mowy na inny system. W innym wypadku popadniemy w b\u0142\u0119dne rozumienie t\u0142umaczenia, poparte przez seri\u0119 znanych nam truizm\u00f3w, kt\u00f3re nie dostrzega faktu \u017ce t\u0142umaczenia dzia\u0142aj\u0105 cz\u0119sto jak korektor. Wymazuj\u0105 inn\u0105 kultur\u0119, wymazuj\u0105 r\u00f3\u017cnice i cechy szczeg\u00f3lne innej kultury.<br \/>Z drugiej strony teoria t\u0142umaczenia nie mo\u017ce by\u0107 ju\u017c izolowana i traktowana osobno jako \u017ce teoria mowy nie sprowadza si\u0119 tylko do poj\u0119cia j\u0119zyka. To cz\u0119sto praktykowane wyizolowanie ma zwi\u0105zek z poj\u0119ciem j\u0119zyka w hermeneutyce jako znak. St\u0105d pow\u00f3d wymazywania.<br \/>6. Nale\u017cy zauwa\u017cy\u0107 \u017ce najwi\u0119kszym wrogiem j\u0119zyk\u00f3w nie jest dominacja kulturalno-ekonomiczno-polityczna danego j\u0119zyka, ale przede wszystkim rozumowanie kt\u00f3re sprowadza mow\u0119 do j\u0119zyka, kt\u00f3re oddziela j\u0119zyk od sztuki, kultury, spo\u0142ecze\u0144stwa, od etyki i polityki, kt\u00f3re rozwa\u017ca j\u0119zyk sam w sobie, nie bior\u0105c pod uwag\u0119 bada\u0144 nad jego oddzia\u0142ywaniem. Takie rozwa\u017canie mo\u017ce mie\u0107 oczywi\u015bcie warto\u015b\u0107 samo w sobie, lecz pod warunkiem \u017ce jest si\u0119 \u015bwiadomym jego ogranicze\u0144.<br \/>7. Zrozumienie to\u017csamo\u015bci poprzez zr\u00f3\u017cnicowanie zak\u0142ada postrzeganie to\u017csamo\u015bci jako wielo\u015bci, i przyznanie \u017ce nie jest ona stanem naturalnym, lecz \u017ce wykszta\u0142ci\u0142a si\u0119 w biegu historii.<br \/>8. Wychodz\u0105c od tej konkluzji nale\u017ca\u0142oby zaproponowa\u0107 nauczanie kt\u00f3re dotychczas nie istnia\u0142o ( i utworzy\u0107 je na wszystkich stopniach szkolnictwa, jako form\u0119 edukacji obywatelskiej) przedstawiaj\u0105ce teori\u0119 j\u0119zyka jako uznanie zwi\u0105zk\u00f3w mi\u0119dzy to\u017csamo\u015bci\u0105 a zr\u00f3\u017cnicowaniem, mi\u0119dzy jedno\u015bci\u0105 a wielo\u015bci\u0105. Jest to spojrzenie z punktu widzenia poetyki, polityki i etyki na stosunki mi\u0119dzy jednostkami, mi\u0119dzy kulturami i mi\u0119dzy narodami.<br \/>9. To nauczanie teorii mowy jako teorii ca\u0142o\u015bciowej musi pracowa\u0107 nad uznaniem<br \/>pod tradycyjnym i dominuj\u0105cym modelem znaku (zachowuj\u0105c jednak jego sp\u00f3jno\u015b\u0107 j\u0119zykow\u0105, antropologiczn\u0105, filozoficzn\u0105, teologiczn\u0105, spo\u0142eczn\u0105 i polityczn\u0105) nieprzerwan\u0105 prac\u0119 korpusu w mowie, podmiotu w j\u0119zyku, kreatywnych idei w j\u0119zykach a tak\u017ce wsp\u00f3\u0142oddzia\u0142ywanie, nierozdzielno\u015b\u0107 i radykaln\u0105 historyczno\u015b\u0107 mowy, sztuki, polityki i etyki.<br \/>Taki spos\u00f3b rozwa\u017cania pozwoli\u0142by lepiej usytuowa\u0107 problemy zwi\u0105zane ze zr\u00f3\u017cnicowaniem i z wielo\u015bci\u0105, cz\u0119sto postrzegane wy\u0142\u0105cznie jako problemy zewn\u0119trzne i pokaza\u0107 je r\u00f3wnie\u017c jako problemy wewn\u0119trzne.<br \/>10. Aby m\u00f3c zaprzeczy\u0107 zwi\u0105zkowi mi\u0119dzy znakiem a jednostronnym postrzeganiem j\u0119zyka, nale\u017ca\u0142oby utworzy\u0107, naucza\u0107 i kultywowa\u0107 kontr-kultur\u0119, kontr-zwi\u0105zek, a mianowicie wsp\u00f3\u0142zale\u017cno\u015b\u0107 i wsp\u00f3\u0142oddzia\u0142ywanie mi\u0119dzy r\u00f3\u017cnymi kategoriami rozumu, kt\u00f3re historia my\u015bli ludzkiej od pocz\u0105tku traktowa\u0142a jako oddzielne i odr\u00f3\u017cniaj\u0105ce si\u0119 od siebie. Dowodem na t\u0119 wsp\u00f3\u0142zale\u017cno\u015b\u0107 mo\u017ce by\u0107 wykszta\u0142cenie si\u0119 wsp\u00f3lnej grupy nauk, kt\u00f3re nazywamy humanistycznymi, a tak\u017ce zwi\u0105zanych z nimi dziedzin uniwersyteckich. Taka kontr-kultura by\u0142aby prawdziw\u0105 krytyk\u0105 rozumu j\u0119zykowego.<br \/>Mogliby\u015bmy zatem, i powinni\u015bmy, lepiej zrozumie\u0107 i promowa\u0107 dwu- i wieloj\u0119zyczno\u015b\u0107 w r\u00f3\u017cnych kulturach, pojmuj\u0105c spo\u0142ecze\u0144stwo jako wewn\u0119trzn\u0105 wielo\u015b\u0107, wpisuj\u0105c te poj\u0119cia w etyk\u0119 i polityk\u0119 dotycz\u0105c\u0105 jednostek. Zwyk\u0142e zestawienie ze sob\u0105 r\u00f3\u017cnych j\u0119zyk\u00f3w nie wystarcza.<br \/>11. W przypadku gdy pojmujemy wielo\u015b\u0107 j\u0119zyk\u00f3w w kategorii znaku, zamiast opiera\u0107 si\u0119 na ca\u0142o\u015bciowej teorii mowy, jest rzecz\u0105 pewn\u0105 \u017ce pozostaniemy przy opozycji to\u017csamo\u015b\u0107 : zr\u00f3\u017cnicowanie, przy niszczeniu mniejszo\u015bci przez si\u0142y ekonomiczno-polityczne, kt\u00f3re jest powodem powstawania terroryzm\u00f3w lokalnych.<br \/>Powinno si\u0119 raczej m\u00f3wi\u0107 o j\u0119zyko-kulturach ni\u017c o j\u0119zykach, aby lepiej zachowa\u0107 i ochroni\u0107 warto\u015bci kt\u00f3re wykszta\u0142ci\u0142y si\u0119 w tych j\u0119zykach i kt\u00f3re s\u0105 w nie wpisane \u2013 warto\u015bci antropologiczne, artystyczne, etyczne i polityczne.<br \/>12. Zagadnienie warto\u015bci zmusza nas do ja\u015bniejszego przedstawienia poj\u0119cia nier\u00f3wno\u015bci j\u0119zyk\u00f3w. Trzeba skonfrontowa\u0107 si\u0119 z tym problemem zamiast postulowa\u0107 abstrakcyjn\u0105 \u201er\u00f3wno\u015b\u0107 j\u0119zyk\u00f3w\u201d( jak \u201eabstrakcyjny demokrata\u201d u Sartre\u2019a)<br \/>13. Jest niezaprzeczalnym \u017ce wszystkie j\u0119zyki, tak\u017ce te u\u017cywane przez bardzo nieliczne i zregionalizowane populacje, s\u0105 r\u00f3wne wobec siebie, poniewa\u017c ka\u017cdy z nich spe\u0142nia wszystkie funkcje j\u0119zykowe kt\u00f3re s\u0105 potrzebne by my\u015ble\u0107, czu\u0107, komunikowa\u0107 si\u0119 i \u017cy\u0107 w danym spo\u0142ecze\u0144stwie.<br \/>14. Istniej\u0105 jednak dwa czynniki kt\u00f3re komplikuj\u0105 to pierwotne poj\u0119cie antropologii dotycz\u0105ce r\u00f3wno\u015bci j\u0119zyk\u00f3w. S\u0105 to dwa czynniki ca\u0142kowicie r\u00f3\u017cnej natury, kt\u00f3rych nie nale\u017cy myli\u0107 ani sumowa\u0107 ze sob\u0105.<br \/>15. Jeden z tych czynnik\u00f3w to si\u0142a ekonomiczno-polityczna, lub teologiczno-polityczna danego narodu, kt\u00f3ry narzuca jeden trans-j\u0119zyk jako narz\u0119dzie komunikacji na terenie ca\u0142ego pa\u0144stwa lub nawet kilku pa\u0144stw. I tak na przyk\u0142ad, jako si\u0142a teologiczno-polityczna, j\u0119zyk arabski w Egipcie na przestrzeni wiek\u00f3w zdusi\u0142 lub zabroni\u0142 u\u017cywania j\u0119zyka koptyjskiego jako j\u0119zyka komunikacji, i ograniczy\u0142 go do u\u017cytku liturgicznego. Z kolei si\u0142a ekonomiczno-polityczna jest dzisiaj reprezentowana przez globalizacj\u0119 angielskiego jako j\u0119zyka komunikacji.<br \/>16. Ale inny czynnik dominacji kulturalnej, ekspansjonizmu i przetrwania imperi\u00f3w, to wykszta\u0142cenie si\u0119 w danym j\u0119zyku warto\u015bci artystycznych, etycznych i politycznych. W tym wypadku to w\u0142a\u015bnie te warto\u015bci s\u0105 powodem ekspansji i presti\u017cu j\u0119zyka, ponad wszelkimi kryteriami komunikacji j\u0119zykowej, lokalnej, regionalnej czy globalnej.<br \/>17. To w\u0142a\u015bnie te warto\u015bci tworz\u0105 j\u0119zyk, i tak naprawd\u0119 to dzie\u0142a kultury, a nie j\u0119zyki, powinno si\u0119 nazywa\u0107 \u201eojczystymi\u201d. Jest to fakt kt\u00f3ry potwierdzi\u0142 si\u0119 w historii, ale nie ma on nic wsp\u00f3lnego ani z kategoriami lingwistycznymi j\u0119zyka, ani z si\u0142\u0105 imperi\u00f3w ekonomiczno-politycznych. Dlatego w\u0142a\u015bnie nale\u017cy zaprzesta\u0107 przypisywania j\u0119zykom tego , co dotyczy dzie\u0142, nawet je\u015bli warto\u015bci zawarte w tych dzie\u0142ach wnosz\u0105 co\u015b szczeg\u00f3lnego do j\u0119zyka, do tego stopnia \u017ce s\u0105 z nim uto\u017csamiane.<br \/>18. Te warto\u015bci mog\u0105 si\u0119 upowszechni\u0107 w danym j\u0119zyku. Warto\u015bci polityczne zawarte w Deklaracji Praw Cz\u0142owieka z 1789 roku, lub walka o prawd\u0119 w przeciw tym, kt\u00f3rzy chcieli utrzymania systemu za wszelk\u0105 cen\u0119 podczas afery Dreyfusa sta\u0142y si\u0119 symbolami i upowszechni\u0142y j\u0119zyk francuski, nawet je\u015bli same w sobie nie s\u0105 one wpisane w j\u0119zyk francuski, i mog\u0105 si\u0119 zrealizowa\u0107 i powt\u00f3rzy\u0107 w ka\u017cdym j\u0119zyku i w ka\u017cdym czasie.<br \/>19. To samo dotyczy walor\u00f3w estetycznych i etycznych zawartych w dzie\u0142ach literackich, i dzie\u0142ach umys\u0142u. To w\u0142a\u015bnie one s\u0105 powodem, \u017ce jedne j\u0119zyki s\u0105 bardziej popularne ni\u017c inne, poniewa\u017c s\u0105 no\u015bnikiem tych walor\u00f3w i same s\u0105 przez nie popularyzowane.<br \/>20. Dominacja niekt\u00f3rych j\u0119zyk\u00f3w prowadzi do przekonania o wy\u017cszo\u015bci niekt\u00f3rych j\u0119zyk\u00f3w, kt\u00f3re wynika z braku rozr\u00f3\u017cnienia mi\u0119dzy j\u0119zykiem a dzie\u0142ami umys\u0142u czy walkami my\u015bli kt\u00f3re stworzy\u0142y t\u0105 czy inn\u0105 kultur\u0119. Te warto\u015bci nie wynikaj\u0105 z j\u0119zyka jako takiego. Ale historia kultury kt\u00f3ra przyporz\u0105dkowuje je cz\u0119sto j\u0119zykowi nie jest gotowa przyzna\u0107 \u017ce cz\u0119sto s\u0105 to dzie\u0142a i walki niewielkiej liczby jednostek przeciwko ich w\u0142asnej wsp\u00f3lnocie, co sprawia \u017ce przypisujemy j\u0119zykowi to co wytworzy\u0142o wewn\u0105trz niego, ale tak\u017ce, w sensie przeno\u015bnym, przeciw niemu. W akcie odci\u0119cia si\u0119 od sobie wsp\u00f3\u0142czesnych.<br \/>21. Te spostrze\u017cenia s\u0105 bardzo istotne aby nie przypisywa\u0107 j\u0119zykowi cech naturalnych, co prowadzi do mitu geniuszu j\u0119zyk\u00f3w. Ale tak\u017ce aby nie sprowadza\u0107 mowy do j\u0119zyka, a tym bardziej tyko do komunikacji, co jest jedn\u0105 z popularnych ostatnio tendencji kt\u00f3re nale\u017cy zwalcza\u0107.<br \/>Ta redukcjonistyczna tendencja upraszcza my\u015bli i \u015brodki wyrazu, co jest dodatkowo pot\u0119gowane przez post\u0119p technologiczny w komunikacji, r\u00f3wnocze\u015bnie maskuj\u0105c fakt \u017ce ten post\u0119p jest tak naprawd\u0119 powodem regresji i barbarzy\u0144stwa.<br \/>My\u015blenie o mowie w ramach teorii ca\u0142o\u015bciowej jest jedyn\u0105 szans\u0105 aby unikn\u0105\u0107 z\u0142ych konsekwencji pojmowania j\u0119zyka jako natury \u2013 jako geniuszu, przez nieustanne przywo\u0142ywanie zwi\u0105zk\u00f3w mi\u0119dzy wyj\u0105tkowo\u015bci\u0105 a historyczno\u015bci\u0105, czyli przez historyczno\u015b\u0107 radykaln\u0105.<br \/>22. I tak mo\u017cemy lepiej zrozumie\u0107 fobi\u0119 dotycz\u0105c\u0105 j\u0119zyka angielskiego ze strony francuskiej, kt\u00f3ra potwierdza nieznajomo\u015b\u0107 historii zapo\u017cycze\u0144, a tak\u017ce ich ogranicze\u0144, zar\u00f3wno leksykalnych jak i gramatycznych. Ignorancja tego historycznego charakteru powoduje odrzucanie tych zapo\u017cycze\u0144 i wszelkiej wymiany w imi\u0119 puryzmu, w kt\u00f3ry wpisuje si\u0119 nieznajomo\u015b\u0107 historii samego j\u0119zyka, \u015blepy konserwatyzm, czyli akademizm, i poczucie dekadencji (w r\u00f3\u017cnych epokach: wed\u0142ug Gobineau, schy\u0142ek j\u0119zyka francuskiego rozpocz\u0105\u0142 si\u0119 w XIV wieku; wed\u0142ug innych, w XIX, dla jeszcze innych, francuski dzisiaj jest \u201ezagro\u017conym dzie\u0142em sztuki\u201d, o ko\u0144cu kt\u00f3rego nie przestaj\u0105 nam przypomina\u0107).<br \/>23. Poza t\u0105 fobi\u0105 puryst\u00f3w mamy jeszcze do czynienia z tch\u00f3rzostwem etycznym i politycznym kt\u00f3ry sprawia \u017ce uczeni nie chc\u0105 wypowiada\u0107 si\u0119 w swoim w\u0142asnym j\u0119zyku, przyczyniaj\u0105c si\u0119 w ten spos\u00f3b do umasowienia komunikacji.<br \/>Przyznawanie j\u0119zykowi warto\u015bci zwi\u0105zanych z histori\u0105 b\u0142\u0119dnie przypisuje mu geniusz i pokazuje jednocze\u015bnie \u017ce wszyscy pseudo-obro\u0144cy j\u0119zyka francuskiego s\u0105 pozbawieni zar\u00f3wno geniuszu, jak i zrozumienia tego, czym jest j\u0119zyk.<br \/>24. Z punktu widzenia og\u00f3lnej teorii mowy mo\u017cemy zrobi\u0107 dwa spostrze\u017cenia.<br \/>Po pierwsze, \u017ce najwi\u0119kszym zagro\u017ceniem dla j\u0119zyka nie jest dominacja innego j\u0119zyka, tym bardziej je\u015bli jest to tylko dominacja ekonomiczno-polityczna. Najwi\u0119ksze zagro\u017cenie, kt\u00f3re jest konsekwencj\u0105 sprowadzenia mowy do j\u0119zyka, to zaprzestanie kreowania warto\u015bci (artystycznych, etycznych i politycznych) przez jego u\u017cytkownik\u00f3w. Zaniechani tworzenia mo\u017cna by nazwa\u0107 zdrad\u0105.<br \/>Biblijny hebrajski, kt\u00f3ry nie mia\u0142 nigdy znaczenia politycznego, i klasyczna greka, kt\u00f3ra nie przetrwa\u0142a w Imperium Aleksandryjskim, s\u0105 doskona\u0142ym przyk\u0142adem tego, \u017ce j\u0119zyk mo\u017ce przetrwa\u0107 bieg historii dzi\u0119ki dzie\u0142om, kt\u00f3re zosta\u0142y w nim stworzone. I to w\u0142a\u015bnie te dzie\u0142a, wytwory my\u015bli, ukszta\u0142towa\u0142y ten j\u0119zyk, stworzy\u0142y warto\u015bci kt\u00f3re nosi on ze sob\u0105. W istocie to nie j\u0119zyk sam w sobie kreuje dzie\u0142a. I nawet je\u015bli j\u0119zyk jest starodawny, uwa\u017cany za martwy, jak \u0142acina, to s\u0142owo jest ci\u0105gle \u017cywe.<br \/>I tak na przyk\u0142ad \u0142acina kt\u00f3r\u0105 uznano za j\u0119zyk martwy ju\u017c w XVII wieku, by\u0142a u\u017cywana odt\u0105d tylko przez uczonych ( prace naukowe jeszcze w XIX wieku s\u0105 pisane po \u0142acinie, np. przez Jean Jaures\u2019a), nie mo\u017cemy jednak uzna\u0107 j\u0105 za martw\u0105 (fakt oczywisty kt\u00f3ry podejmuje niedawne dzie\u0142o pt. \u201e\u0141acina lub Imperium Znaku, XVI \u2013 XXw.\u201d, Francoise Waquet, Albin Michel, 1998) je\u017celi Francis Bacon, Hobbes, Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz prowadz\u0105 swoje rozwa\u017cania w tym w\u0142a\u015bnie j\u0119zyku.<br \/>Ale na przyk\u0142ad j\u0119zyk aramejski, kt\u00f3ry by\u0142 j\u0119zykiem komunikacji wielu narod\u00f3w w epoce post-biblijnej, zachowa\u0142 si\u0119 do dzi\u015b tylko w kilku wioskach. Natomiast je\u015bli chodzi o wielkie Imperia z tamtej epoki, zosta\u0142y po nich tylko nieliczne ruiny.<br \/>25. Trzeba przyzna\u0107 \u017ce poczucie zwi\u0105zk\u00f3w mi\u0119dzy j\u0119zykami ma swoje potwierdzenie w historii. I tak w \u015bredniowieczu j\u0119zyki wernakularne wsp\u00f3\u0142istnia\u0142y ze sob\u0105 w pokoju, razem z wielonarodow\u0105 \u0142acin\u0105. Potem mieli\u015bmy do czynienia z wojn\u0105 wypowiedzian\u0105 przez te j\u0119zyki przeciwko \u0142acinie, a p\u00f3\u017aniej, pocz\u0105wszy od XVI wieku, z bojami mi\u0119dzy samymi j\u0119zykami narodowymi. St\u0105d w\u0142a\u015bnie wywodzi si\u0119 dominacja j\u0119zyka francuskiego w Europie w XVIII wieku. St\u0105d te\u017c walka toczona od Rewolucji Francuskiej a\u017c do III Republiki Francuskiej przeciwko gwarom (\u201eles patois\u201d- mieszanka dialekt\u00f3w j\u0119zyka francuskiego i innych j\u0119zyk\u00f3w &#8211; breto\u0144skiego, baskijskiego). Co si\u0119 tyczy dzisiejszej frankofonii, czyli wielu odmian j\u0119zyka francuskiego w \u015bwiecie, sytuacja ta ma niewiele wsp\u00f3lnego z czasami Rivarola. Powinno to nam da\u0107 do my\u015blenia.<br \/>26. Trzeba przyzna\u0107 \u017ce poczucie wewn\u0119trznego i zewn\u0119trznego zr\u00f3\u017cnicowania, w znaczeniu potrzeby wsp\u00f3\u0142egzystowania, jest zjawiskiem niedawnym, zwi\u0105zanym z histori\u0105 dekolonizacji, ale bierze sw\u00f3j pocz\u0105tek tak\u017ce w romantyzmie, gdzie poczucie wyj\u0105tkowo\u015bci odbija\u0142o si\u0119 w polityce pod postaci\u0105 nacjonalizm\u00f3w.<br \/>27. Ale to poczucie zr\u00f3\u017cnicowania mo\u017ce samo w sobie przybra\u0107 dwie formy: albo b\u0119dzie mie\u0107 charakter regionalny lub lokalny, skupiony tylko na sobie, odbijaj\u0105c w ten spos\u00f3b na ma\u0142\u0105 skal\u0119 jednostronne podej\u015bcie do j\u0119zyka, albo pluralistyczny, to znaczy uznaj\u0105cy wewn\u0119trzne zr\u00f3\u017cnicowanie, wielo\u015b\u0107 i to\u017csamo\u015b\u0107. Gotowy przyj\u0105\u0107 teori\u0119 og\u00f3ln\u0105.<br \/>28. Je\u017celi jeste\u015bmy gotowi uzna\u0107 \u017ce znikni\u0119cie j\u0119zyka mo\u017ce by\u0107 albo konsekwencj\u0105 wyniszczenia ca\u0142ej populacji, lub kulturalnego wyparcia, jest jasnym \u017ce obrona j\u0119zyk\u00f3w nie jest problemem lingwistycznym, ale przede wszystkim uznaniem istniej\u0105cych zwi\u0105zk\u00f3w mi\u0119dzy teori\u0105 mowy, teori\u0105 akt\u00f3w my\u015blowych , etyk\u0105 i polityk\u0105.<br \/>29. Dop\u00f3ki tak si\u0119 nie stanie i dominuj\u0105c\u0105 postaw\u0105 jest traktowanie z osobna ka\u017cdej z kategorii rozumu, etyka sama w sobie jest bezsilna, polityka jest wszechmocna, dziedziny sztuki nie s\u0105 postrzegane za najlepszych obro\u0144c\u00f3w j\u0119zyk\u00f3w. J\u0119zyki s\u0105 sprowadzane wy\u0142\u0105cznie do narz\u0119dzi komunikacji, a te kt\u00f3re nios\u0105 ze sob\u0105 si\u0142\u0119 ekonomiczno-polityczn\u0105 rozprzestrzeniaj\u0105 si\u0119 i t\u0142amsz\u0105 inne j\u0119zyki.<br \/>30. Konkluzja kt\u00f3r\u0105 wyprowadzimy z tej serii argument\u00f3w mo\u017ce wda\u0107 si\u0119 paradoksalna \u2013 ale zadaniem rozumu jest przekszta\u0142canie paradoks\u00f3w w prawdy oczywiste w przysz\u0142o\u015bci \u2013 a mianowicie \u017ce aby do obrony j\u0119zyk\u00f3w nie wystarczy refleksja nad j\u0119zykiem samym w sobie, ale potrzeba tej utopijnej jeszcze teorii mowy, podkre\u015blaj\u0105cej wi\u0119zi mi\u0119dzy j\u0119zykiem, sztuk\u0105, kultur\u0105 i polityk\u0105. A zatem nale\u017ca\u0142oby obowi\u0105zkowo naucza\u0107 prawdziwego znaczenia j\u0119zyka.<\/p><p>Tekst napisany przez Henriego Meschonnica, wyg\u0142oszony w Tuluzie podczas Forum J\u0119zyk\u00f3w, 28 maja 2006, na Placu Kapitu\u0142\u00f3w.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"11\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-13111\" aria-expanded=\"false\">ENGLISH<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-13111\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"11\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-13111\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><p><strong>English par Ang\u00e9la Gosmann<\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>Proposal for a Declaration of obligations towards languages and language<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p>Art. 1 One first must recognize one specificity of the issues related to language. Because of this specificity one cannot simply apply a copy of the known declarations of the rights of human beings and communities to these issues.<\/p><p>Addressing rights also implies addressing obligations. Both presuppose reflecting upon what languages are and what they do. But such thinking seems more active and to be considered in terms of obligations.<\/p><p>In itself, the specificity of the issues related to language implies specific thinking. In order to understand all elements that this thinking implies, one must assume that this thinking needs to be a constant criticism of its own history, with the risk of not thinking its object but identifying itself with some preconceived idea on languages and language.<\/p><p>The first thing to admit is that thinking languages implies thinking about what a language is, what the language is, what thinking the language means historically and today.<\/p><p>Thinking language either is limited to conceiving only language, only some language, and consequently language is isolated from the diversity of its social practices, which probably is the worst situation one can imagine when trying to determine what a language is and what it is made of, and to defend it.<\/p><p>Art. 2 One thus must imagine that defending a language and, as a prerequisite, knowing the limits of what the notion of language itself means, requires a global theory of language.<\/p><p>Consequently, one must think outside of the pure institutional framework of the June 1996 Barcelona \u00ab\u00a0Universal declaration of linguistic rights\u00a0\u00bb, which is only about languages and thus illustrates the limits of the thought about language.<\/p><p>Such a global theory implies thinking about the role, activities and strengths of language in all social practices \u2013 a theory of the relationship between language and discourse, between the notion of discourse and a theory of subjects, between a theory of subjects and art, ethics and politics because the notion of subject implies all of these.<\/p><p>A language thus is not exclusively the business of linguists, nor exclusively that of politicians. The history of language policy is not merely political history, but includes elements relating to arts, ethics and social history. Thinking language policy thus implies this global theory, this inseparable whole of language, arts, ethics and politics, so one can conceive the relationship between language and society. Otherwise one remains and switches back to thinking about language in itself, and politics in itself, which immediately leads to poor knowledge of the role arts play in society, the role of ethics and politics, and thus poor knowledge of the subjects&rsquo; liberty.<\/p><p>Art. 3 Thinking together about language and subjects thus requires elaborating a critical approach of the opposition between identity and otherness, in order to actually conceive the constant historical interaction between identity and otherness.<\/p><p>Thinking the plurality of languages and the interaction between languages hence implies conceiving identity through otherness.<\/p><p>Art. 4 In order to conceive identity through otherness, one must particularly think the action that the art of language, and art more generally, has on the transformations of ways of thinking, sensitivity and understanding, thus on the thinking of language and of languages.<\/p><p>Art. 5 Where it is important to recognize that translation practices and the thinking associated with translating play a major role, which in turn imposes rethinking translation in conjunction with a recognition of the art of thinking, and no longer only as a passage from one language to another, but from discourse to discourse and maybe from system of discourse to system of discourse. Otherwise it results in the habitual ignorance that is obscured by conscious and well-rounded truisms and that does not realize that translations are erasers.<\/p><p>Which in turn implies that a theory of translation cannot be isolated and supposedly autonomous any more than the theory of language cannot be reduced to the mere notion of the language. This supposed autonomy merely being its traditional situation in hermeneutics, meaning, symbol. Thus the eraser.<\/p><p>Art. 6 Which also means recognizing that one enemy of languages, and perhaps even the biggest enemy of languages, is not the cultural-economic-political hegemony of this or that language, but above all the thinking that reduces language to the language, and that separates the language from art, culture, society, ethics and politics and only sees it in its isolation \u2013 independently from the technical study of how it functions, whose legitimacy, as such, lies in its object itself, provided one recognizes its limits.<\/p><p>Art. 7 Recognizing identity through otherness implies recognizing identity as an internal plurality and as history, instead of as a natural phenomenon.<\/p><p>Art. 8 Taking it from there, one needs to suggest a discipline that does not yet exist (but that one should plan at all levels, as a new form of civic education), teaching the theory of language as a recognition of the relationship between identity and otherness, between uniqueness and internal plurality, in short as poetics, ethics and politics of interindividual, intercultural and international relationships. Where poetics, ethics and politics must be inseparable if they are not to revert to the traditional model. With its pitfalls, which many do not see and which one must take into account.<\/p><p>Art. 9 Teaching the theory of language as a global theory thus needs to thrive to recognize, under the traditional and dominant model of the symbol (with all its linguistic, anthropological, philosophical, theological social and political coherence), the work of the continuum as the work of the body inside the language, of the subject on language, of the inventions of thought on languages, and as radical interaction, inseparability and historicity of language, art, ethics and politics.<\/p><p>Such experimental thinking would allow to better place the problems linked to otherness and plurality, which habitually are conceived as solely external and demonstrate that they are both internal and external.<\/p><p>Art. 10 As an opposition to the ruling coherence of the symbol and the mere thinking of the language, it would be good to think, recognize, teach and cultivate a counter-culture, a counter-coherence, of this solidarity and interaction between the different categories of Reason that the whole history of thought continues to consider heterogeneous and separate, as show both the very history of the composition of what we call humanities and our resulting academic disciplines. A genuine criticism of linguistic Reason.<\/p><p>This might allow, and would allow us to better understand and favor bilingualisms and plurilingualisms, according to each cultural situation, by situating them in our thinking of subjects&rsquo; internal plurality, ethics and politics. Which the mere juxtaposition of languages does not allow us to think.<\/p><p>Art. 11 For if the plurality of languages can only be recognized within the politics of the symbol, instead of within the global theory of language, this plurality can only lie in the opposition between identity and otherness, in the crushing of minorities by mere economic-political forces. This crushing favors particularist terrorisms.<\/p><p>One thus should talk about culture-languages rather than languages, in order to better conceive and preserve the values that invented themselves inside these and which they carry \u2013 anthropological, artistic, ethical and political values.<\/p><p>Art. 12 The issue of values implies untangling what causes confusion in the notion of inequality among languages. And which one needs to confront, instead of assuming the equality of languages among each other in a purely abstract manner (Sartre&rsquo;s \u00ab\u00a0abstract democrat\u00a0\u00bb).<\/p><p>Art. 13 It is undeniable that all languages, including those spoken by a small and very localized population, just as everything relating to what makes a language, are equal in the sense that any language entirely performs the linguistic duties of a language, allowing its speakers to think, feel, communicate, live in a given society.<\/p><p>Art. 14 However, two factors cause confusion in this crucial notion of languages&rsquo; anthropological equality. And these factors are radically distinct, one must not mix them up, nor add them to one another.<\/p><p>Art. 15 One is the economic-political power of a national, or theological-political, whole, and which imposes itself as a trans-language of pan-national or international communication. For example, acting as theological-political power, over the course of centuries, in Egypt Arabic has suffocated or prohibited the Copt language as a vehicular language, and has reduced it to a mere religious use. The globalization of communication English today represents the economic-political.<\/p><p>Art. 16 But another factor of cultural supremacy and expansionism, or that lasts even longer than empires, is the invention of artistic, ethical and political values in a given language. In this case, these values are what causes the expansion and prestige of those languages, beyond all notions of local, regional or global linguistic communication.<\/p><p>Art. 17 Hence these values are what makes these languages; we have mother works and no longer mother tongues. This fact in itself is just as indisputable historically, but it has nothing in common neither with what linguistically is and makes a language and any language, nor with economic-political empires. One must stop attributing to languages what is the deed of the works, even if and precisely if their values make a specific contribution to a given language, to a point where they are identified with that language.<\/p><p>Art. 18 Such values can become universal. The political values of the 1789 Declaration of Human Rights, or the struggle for truth against the maintenance of order during the Dreyfus Affair, indeed have both symbolized and globalized the French language, all while not being a result of the French language: they can be said and redone in any language and anywhere.<\/p><p>Art. 19 The same applies, differently, to the esthetic and ethical values of literary works and works of thinking. Which cause certain languages to be more famous than others and to simultaneously carry and being carried by these values.<\/p><p>Art. 20 These supremacy effects only give rise to thoughts that certain languages are superior in and because of the confusion between the language and the inventions of thought or the struggles of thought that created a given culture. These values are not the result of languages in terms of languages. However, the cultural history that inevitably associates these values and languages does not by itself allow to us to recognize that it is because of the works and the struggles, sometimes of a very small number of individuals against their own community, that one attributes to the language what has been created within it and also sometimes, poetically, against it. Rejecting the contemporaries.<\/p><p>Art. 21 These distinctions are paramount so one does not attributes nature&rsquo;s virtues to a language, which situates the myth of languages&rsquo; genius. But also so one doesn&rsquo;t reduce language to a language, and even less to communication. A recent tendency that must be fought.<\/p><p>Because of the impoverishment of thought, of means, that this reductionism brings, and that the technical progress of communication strengthens. Hiding the fact that this very progress is a factor of regression and barbarism.<\/p><p>Only thinking language as a global theory can allow to counter the perverse effects of thinking language as nature \u2013 as genius, by constantly recalling the links between specificity and historicity. Radical historicity.<\/p><p>Art. 22 Consequently, the phobia the French language has of English rather seems a lack of knowledge of the historic aspect of the languages&rsquo; borrowing from each other, and that borrowing&rsquo;s lexical and syntactic limits. The lack of knowledge of this aspect causes borrowings and contacts to be rejected in the name of a purism which simultaneously implies a lack of knowledge of the very history of languages, a pastism and thus an academicism, a notion of decline (variable: Gobineau considers the decline of the French language started in the 14th century; others consider it started in the 19th century; for yet others, today French is a \u00ab\u00a0an endangered masterpiece\u00a0\u00bb whose death they keep predicting).<\/p><p>Art. 23 In addition to this puristic phobia there is the ethical and political cowardness that leads specialists to refrain from expressing themselves in their own language, thus contributing to communicationalist massification.<\/p><p>Attributing a history&rsquo;s virtues solely to language simultaneously means choosing the wrong genius and shows the little genius, and sense of language, of the pseudo-advocates of French.<\/p><p>Art. 24 On the contrary, from a global historical viewpoint one can notice two things.<\/p><p>First, the biggest danger for a language is not the hegemony of another language, even and even more if this hegemony is merely economic-political, the main danger (result of reducing language to the language) is the lack of (artistic, ethical, political) value creation by those who speak it. Lack of creation equals betrayal.<\/p><p>Ancient Greek and biblical Hebrew are the perfect illustration that the transhistorical importance of languages of which one \u2013 Hebrew \u2013 never has had any political importance and the other whose importance did not survive Alexander&rsquo;s empire, lied and still lies in the works of thought that were produced in these languages. And it is these works, these inventions of thought, that made these languages what they have become and of what they have become the medium. Because it is not the languages, as languages, that produced those works. And even when the state of the language is old, or the language considered dead, as is Latin, speech is alive.<\/p><p>Thus Latin, which is said to have died in the 17th century, and which only scholars use among themselves (and in the 19th century, doctoral dissertations still were written in Latin, such as Jaur\u00e8s&rsquo;), one cannot say it is a dead language (a seeming banality nevertheless claimed by a recent work Le latin ou l&rsquo;impire d&rsquo;un signe, XVI-XXe si\u00e8cle, by Fran\u00e7oise Waquet, Albin Michel, 1998), given Francis Bacon, Hobbes, Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz invented some thinking, invented their thinking, in Latin.<\/p><p>Aramaic, however, whose communication importance was transnational in the post-biblical period, today only exists in a few villages. As to the past&rsquo;s great empires, they merely left archeological ruins.<\/p><p>Art. 25 One must recognize some historicity in the feeling that languages are interrelated. For example, Latin&rsquo;s transnationality allowed vernacular languages to be at peace in the Middle Ages, in Europe. Then, starting in the 16th century, came a war of languages against Latin, and then between each other in Europe. The result being the universality of the French language in Europe in the 18th century, as well as the French Revolution&rsquo;s fight against the patois (indistinctively mixing up French dialects and other languages \u2013 Breton, Basque) until during the Third Republic. As to today&rsquo;s Francophonie, or the multiple French languages around the world, it is no longer compatible with Rivarol. One also must think about that.<\/p><p>Art. 26 It is certain that the sense of internal (and also external) plurality \u2013 the sense of the sense of feeling a necessity and a co-presence \u2013 is recent, and certainly linked to the history of decolonizations, but it also goes back to the relationship between the romanticism of specificities and the nationalisms that are its polarization.<\/p><p>Art. 27 However, this sense of plurality itself can be either regionalistic and nationalistic, cut off from the outside world (and reproducing, at a lower scale, the closed aspect of the thinking of language), or pluralistic, i.e. it can be created as the recognition of the internal pluralities and of the plurality of identity. Hence capable of a global theory.<\/p><p>Art. 28 Once one recognizes that the death of a language can be due either to the destruction of a population, or to cultural crushing, it is clear that defending languages is not a problem of language, but necessarily implies recognizing the interaction between the theory of language, the theory of acts of thinking, ethics and politics.<\/p><p>Art. 29 Otherwise, because the heterogeneity of the categories of reason is ruling, mere ethics is helpless, mere politics is almighty, issues of art are not understood as being the best defense of languages, and languages being reduced to means of communication, only those languages conveying the economic-political power spread and suffocate the other languages.<\/p><p>Art. 30 Paradoxical conclusion \u2013 but the job of thought is to transform paradoxes into tomorrow&rsquo;s truisms \u2013 the result of this string of reasoning is that the defense of languages does not lie in the thinking of the language, but in the link that still makes it the utopia of the thinking of language, the link between language, art, ethics and politics as a global theory. In other words, the mandatory teaching of the sense of language.<\/p><p>Text proposed at the Forom des langues on 28 May 2006, Place du Capitole in Toulouse, by Henri Meschonnic,<br \/>emeritus professor of linguistics at Universit\u00e9 Paris-8, poet, translator of the Bible, essayist.<\/p><p>Latest publications:<br \/>\u00ab\u00a0Hugo la po\u00e9sie contre le maintien de l&rsquo;ordre\u00a0\u00bb (Maisonneuve et Larose),<br \/>\u00ab\u00a0Au commencement, traduction de la Gen\u00e8se\u00a0\u00bb (Descl\u00e9e de Brouwer),<br \/>\u00ab\u00a0Spinoza po\u00e8me de la pens\u00e9e\u00a0\u00bb (Maisonneuve et Larose).<\/p><p>On languages:<br \/>\u00ab\u00a0De la langue fran\u00e7aise, essai sur une clart\u00e9 obscure\u00a0\u00bb (Hachette, coll. Pluriel, 2001).<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"12\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-13112\" aria-expanded=\"false\">HE\u0301BREU<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-13112\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"12\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-13112\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><p><strong>He\u0301breu par Rina Viers<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>D\u00e9claration des Devoirs envers les langues et le langage traduite par Rina Viers (Association Alphabet) pour le<\/strong><br \/><strong>Forom des Langues du Monde de Toulouse 2019<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\">\u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3 3. \u00a0\u05e2\u05dc \u05de\u05e0\u05ea \u05dc\u05d7\u05e9\u05d5\u05d1 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05dc\u05e9\u05d5\u05df \u05d5\u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05e4\u05e8\u05d8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05ea\u05e9\u05ea\u05de\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05d2\u05dd \u05d9\u05d7\u05d3 \u05e6\u05e8\u05d9\u05da \u00a0\u05dc\u05d4\u05e2\u05d1\u05d9\u05e8 \u00a0\u05d1\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05e8\u05ea \u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05e0\u05d9\u05d2\u05d5\u05d3 \u05e9\u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d4\u05d6\u05d4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d4\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9 \u05e2\u05dc \u05de\u05e0\u05ea, \u05dc\u05d4\u05e4\u05da, \u05dc\u05d7\u05e9\u05d5\u05d1 \u00a0\u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05e4\u05e2\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d4\u05d3\u05d3\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05d4\u05d9\u05e1\u05d8\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05ea\u05de\u05d3\u05ea \u05e9\u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d4\u05d6\u05d4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05d4\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u05db\u05e9\u05d7\u05d5\u05e9\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05dc \u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05d4\u05e4\u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d3\u05d3\u05d9\u05ea \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea, \u05d4\u05d5\u05d5\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05e8 \u05e9\u05d7\u05d5\u05e9\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05d6\u05d4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05d0\u05de\u05e6\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3 4. \u05e2\u05dc \u05de\u05e0\u05ea \u05dc\u05d7\u05e9\u05d5\u05d1 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05d6\u05d4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05d3\u05e8\u05da \u05d4\u05d4\u05e9\u05d5\u05d5\u05d0\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4, \u05de\u05d5\u05db\u05e8\u05d7\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d7\u05e9\u05d5\u05d1 \u05d1\u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05d7\u05d3 \u05e2\u05dc \u05e4\u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u05ea \u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05e0\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05dc\u05e9\u05d5\u05df \u05d5\u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05e9\u05e0\u05d5\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d4\u05ea\u05e4\u05ea\u05d7\u05d5\u05ea \u05d3\u05e8\u05db\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d7\u05e9\u05d9\u05d1\u05d4, \u05d4\u05e8\u05d2\u05e9, \u05d4\u05d4\u05d1\u05e0\u05d4, \u05db\u05dc\u05d5\u05de\u05e8 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05d7\u05e9\u05d9\u05d1\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d2\u05d1\u05d9 \u05d4\u05dc\u05e9\u05d5\u05df \u05d5\u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3 16<br \/>\u05d0\u05d1\u05dc \u05d9\u05e9 \u05d2\u05d5\u05e8\u05dd \u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05e3 \u05e9\u05dc \u05e2\u05dc\u05d9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05ea\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea \u05d5\u05d4\u05ea\u05e4\u05e9\u05d8\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05e8\u05da \u05d4\u05d0\u05d9\u05de\u05e4\u05e8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05d4\u05d4\u05de\u05e6\u05d0\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05d6\u05d5 \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05e2\u05e8\u05db\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd, \u05de\u05d5\u05e1\u05e8\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05d5 \u05e4\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05d8\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd. \u05d5\u05d1\u05de\u05e7\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d6\u05d4 \u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d4\u05dd \u05d4\u05e2\u05e8\u05db\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d2\u05d5\u05e8\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d4\u05ea\u05e4\u05e9\u05d8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05d5\u05e7\u05e8\u05ea \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05de\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8 \u05dc\u05db\u05dc \u05de\u05d5\u05e9\u05d2 \u05e9\u05dc \u05ea\u05e7\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8\u05ea \u05dc\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea, \u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05ea, \u05d0\u05d6\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea \u05d0\u05d5 \u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u05de\u05d9\u05ea.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3 17<br \/>\u05d4\u05e2\u05e8\u05db\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d4\u05dd \u05d4\u05dd \u05e9\u05d2\u05d5\u05e8\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05db\u05da \u05e9\u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d4\u05df \u05db\u05d0\u05dc\u05d4. \u05d4\u05d9\u05e6\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05d9\u05de\u05d4\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d5\u05dc\u05d0 \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea.<br \/>\u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05e2\u05d5\u05d1\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d6\u05d0\u05ea \u05db\u05e9\u05dc\u05e2\u05e6\u05de\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d9 \u05d0\u05e4\u05e9\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d4\u05e2\u05de\u05d9\u05d3 \u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e1\u05e4\u05e7 \u05de\u05d1\u05d7\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e1\u05d8\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea \u05d0\u05d1\u05dc \u05d0\u05d9\u05df \u05e9\u05d5\u05dd \u05d3\u05d1\u05e8 \u05d1\u05de\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e3 \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05de\u05d4 \u05e9\u05de\u05d2\u05d3\u05d9\u05e8 \u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05d5\u05de\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05e2\u05d5\u05e9\u05d4 \u05de\u05d1\u05d7\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea, \u05d5\u05db\u05da \u05db\u05dc \u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05d5\u05d2\u05dd \u05dc\u05d0 \u05d1\u05e2\u05d6\u05e8\u05ea \u05d0\u05d9\u05de\u05e4\u05e8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea=\u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea. \u05d7\u05e9\u05d5\u05d1 \u05dc\u05d4\u05e4\u05e1\u05d9\u05e7 \u05dc\u05d9\u05d9\u05d7\u05e1 \u05dc\u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05ea \u05de\u05d4 \u05e9\u05e2\u05d5\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d9\u05e6\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d2\u05dd \u05d0\u05dd \u05d5\u05d3\u05d5\u05d5\u05e7\u05d0 \u05d0\u05dd \u05d4\u05e2\u05e8\u05db\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc\u05d4\u05df \u05de\u05d1\u05d9\u05d0\u05d9\u05dd \u05ea\u05e8\u05d5\u05de\u05d4 \u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05d7\u05d3\u05ea \u05dc\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05d6\u05d5 \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05ea \u05e2\u05d3 \u05db\u05d3\u05d9 \u05db\u05da \u05e9\u05de\u05d6\u05d4\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05df \u05e2\u05dd \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05dc\u05d4.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3 18<br \/>\u05e2\u05e8\u05db\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d4\u05e4\u05d5\u05da \u05dc\u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u05de\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd. \u05d4\u05e2\u05e8\u05db\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05db\u05e8\u05d6\u05ea \u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05d3\u05dd \u05de\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea 1789 \u05d0\u05d5 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05de\u05d0\u05d1\u05e7 \u05dc\u05de\u05e2\u05df \u05d4\u05d0\u05de\u05ea \u00a0\u05d5\u05e0\u05d2\u05d3 \u05e9\u05de\u05d9\u05e8\u05ea \u05d4\u05e1\u05d3\u05e8 \u05d1\u05d9\u05de\u05d9 \u05e4\u05e8\u05e9\u05ea \u05d3\u05e8\u05d9\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05e1, \u05e1\u05d9\u05de\u05dc\u05d5 \u05d5\u05d2\u05dd \u05d4\u05e4\u05db\u05d5 \u05dc\u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u05de\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e6\u05e8\u05e4\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea. \u05d0\u05d1\u05dc \u05d1\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05d5 \u05d4\u05d6\u05de\u05df \u05d4\u05e2\u05e8\u05db\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05e0\u05d1\u05e2\u05d5 \u05de\u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e6\u05e8\u05e4\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea \u05d5\u05d4\u05dd \u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d4\u05d0\u05de\u05e8 \u05d5\u05dc\u05d4\u05d9\u05d5\u05d5\u05e6\u05e8 \u05de\u05d7\u05d3\u05e9 \u05d1\u05db\u05dc \u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05d5\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05d5\u05d1\u05db\u05dc \u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05dd.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3 19<br \/>\u05db\u05da \u05d2\u05dd \u05d1\u05e6\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05ea , \u05d1\u05e0\u05d5\u05d2\u05e2 \u05dc\u05e2\u05e8\u05db\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd, \u05de\u05d5\u05e1\u05e8\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05d1\u05d9\u05e6\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05d1\u05d9\u05e6\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05d7\u05e9\u05d1\u05d4 \u05d4\u05dd \u05d4\u05dd \u05e9\u05d2\u05d5\u05e8\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05db\u05da \u05e9\u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05e1\u05d5\u05d9\u05de\u05d5\u05ea ,\u05de\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05e1\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05de\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05db\u05d9\u05d5\u05d5\u05df \u05e9\u05d4\u05df \u05d2\u05dd \u05d7\u05d5\u05e9\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05d2\u05dd \u05e0\u05d9\u05e9\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e2\u05e8\u05db\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d0\u05dc\u05d4.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3 20<br \/>\u05d4\u05d2\u05d5\u05e8\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05dd \u05d4\u05d5\u05e4\u05db\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d4\u05d6\u05d3\u05de\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05d7\u05e9\u05d5\u05d1 \u05e2\u05dc \u05e2\u05dc\u05d9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05e1\u05d5\u05d9\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05dc\u05d0 \u05e8\u05e7 \u05db\u05e9\u05de\u05d7\u05dc\u05d9\u05e4\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05d5\u05d4\u05de\u05e6\u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05d7\u05e9\u05d1\u05d4 \u00a0\u05d0\u05d5 \u05e7\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05d7\u05e9\u05d1\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d4\u05d1\u05d9\u05d0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05ea\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05d6\u05d5 \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05ea. \u05d4\u05e2\u05e8\u05db\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05dd \u05ea\u05dc\u05d5\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05ea\u05d5\u05e8 \u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea. \u05d0\u05d1\u05dc \u05d4\u05d4\u05e1\u05d8\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d4\u05ea\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea \u05d0\u05e9\u05e8 \u05de\u05e7\u05e9\u05e8\u05ea \u05d1\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd \u05d1\u05d0\u05d5\u05e4\u05df \u05d0\u05d5\u05d8\u05d5\u05de\u05d8\u05d9 \u05dc\u05d0 \u05de\u05d0\u05e4\u05e9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d4\u05db\u05d9\u05e8 \u05d1\u05d6\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d0\u05dc\u05d5 \u05d4\u05df \u05d4\u05d9\u05e6\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05d4\u05de\u05d0\u05d1\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd \u05e0\u05d2\u05d3 \u05d4\u05db\u05dc\u05dc , \u05d4\u05dd \u05e9\u05d2\u05d5\u05e8\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05db\u05da \u05e9\u05de\u05d9\u05d9\u05d7\u05e1\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05de\u05d4 \u05e9\u05e0\u05d5\u05e6\u05e8 \u05d1\u05e7\u05d9\u05e8\u05d1\u05d4 \u05d5\u05dc\u05e4\u05e2\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05d2\u05dd \u05de\u05d1\u05d7\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4 \u05e4\u05d9\u05d5\u05d8\u05d9\u05ea \u05e0\u05d2\u05d3\u05d4, \u05d1\u05d4\u05e8\u05d7\u05e7\u05ea \u05d1\u05e0\u05d9 \u05ea\u05e7\u05d5\u05e4\u05ea\u05dd.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3 21<br \/>\u05d4\u05d4\u05d1\u05d7\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d4\u05df \u05d7\u05e9\u05d5\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05e2\u05dc \u05de\u05e0\u05ea \u05dc\u05d0 \u05dc\u05d9\u05d9\u05d7\u05e1 \u05dc\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05ea\u05db\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d8\u05d1\u05e2\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea, \u05de\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d9\u05d5\u05e6\u05e8 \u05d0\u05ea \u05e8\u05d5\u05d7 \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea. \u05d0\u05d1\u05dc \u05d2\u05dd \u05d1\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05d4 \u05d4\u05de\u05d9\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d9\u05df \u05dc\u05e6\u05de\u05e6\u05dd \u05d0\u05ea \u05ea\u05db\u05d5\u05e0\u05ea \u05d4\u05d3\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05e8 \u05dc\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05e4\u05d7\u05d5\u05ea \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05dc\u05ea\u05e7\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8\u05ea, \u05e0\u05d8\u05d9\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d4\u05d5\u05e4\u05d9\u05e2\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d6\u05de\u05df \u05d4\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d5\u05df \u05d5\u05e9\u05d7\u05e9\u05d5\u05d1 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d7\u05dd \u05e0\u05d2\u05d3\u05d4.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3 22<br \/>\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d0\u05e0\u05d2\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea \u05d5\u05d4\u05d2\u05d1\u05dc\u05ea\u05df \u05db\u05da \u05e9\u05d9\u05e0\u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05e0\u05d2\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea \u05d1\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e6\u05e8\u05e4\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea \u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05db\u05d7\u05d5\u05e1\u05e8 \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05e2\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d2\u05d1\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d4\u05e1\u05d8\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05e9\u05d0\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d0\u05e0\u05d2\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea \u05d5\u05d4\u05d2\u05d1\u05dc\u05ea\u05df \u05de\u05d1\u05d7\u05d9\u05e0\u05ea \u05d0\u05d5\u05e6\u05e8 \u05d4\u05de\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05d4\u05ea\u05d7\u05d1\u05d9\u05e8. \u05d7\u05d5\u05e1\u05e8 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05e2\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d0\u05d5\u05e4\u05d9 \u05d6\u05d4 \u05d2\u05d5\u05e8\u05de\u05ea \u05dc\u05d4\u05d3\u05d7\u05ea \u05d4\u05d4\u05e9\u05d0\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05d4\u05de\u05d2\u05e2\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05e9\u05dd \u00a0\u05d8\u05d5\u05d4\u05e8 \u05d4\u05dc\u05e9\u05d5\u05df \u05e9\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05dc \u05d0\u05ea \u05d0\u05d9 \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05e2\u05ea \u05d4\u05d4\u05e1\u05d8\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05d4\u05e7\u05e9\u05e8 \u05dc\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8 \u05db\u05dc\u05d5\u05de\u05e8 \u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d4 \u05d0\u05e7\u05d3\u05de\u05d9\u05ea, \u05de\u05d5\u05e9\u05d2 \u05e9\u05dc \u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05d5\u05df. \u05de\u05d5\u05e9\u05d2 \u05d6\u05d4 \u05de\u05e9\u05ea\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e1\u05d5\u05e4\u05e8 \u05d4\u05e6\u05e8\u05e4\u05ea\u05d9 \u05d2\u05d5\u05d1\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5. \u05d4\u05d4\u05ea\u05e0\u05d5\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e6\u05e8\u05e4\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05d7\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d1\u05de\u05d0\u05d4 \u05d4=16, \u05d1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d1\u05de\u05d0\u05d4 \u05d4=19, \u05d5\u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d4\u05e6\u05e8\u05e4\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d9\u05d5\u05dd \u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05d9\u05e6\u05d9\u05e8\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d4\u05d5\u05dc\u05db\u05ea \u05dc\u05d0\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3, \u05e9\u05e2\u05d5\u05de\u05d3\u05ea \u05d1\u05e1\u05db\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d5\u05d4\u05dd \u05dc\u05d0 \u05de\u05e4\u05e1\u05d9\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9\u05e2 \u05e2\u05dc \u05de\u05d5\u05ea\u05d4.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3 23<br \/>\u05d3\u05d1\u05e8 \u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4 \u05de\u05d4\u05e9\u05d9\u05e0\u05d0\u05d4 \u05dc\u05de\u05e2\u05df \u05d8\u05d5\u05d4\u05e8 \u05d4\u05dc\u05e9\u05d5\u05df \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05d7\u05d5\u05e1\u05e8 \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05e5 \u05de\u05d1\u05d7\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d0\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea \u05d5\u05e4\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05d8\u05d9\u05ea \u05db\u05da \u05e9\u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05de\u05d7\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05d5\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05dc \u05e9\u05e4\u05ea\u05dd \u05d5\u05de\u05e9\u05ea\u05e4\u05d9\u05dd \u05e4\u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05db\u05da \u05dc\u05d9\u05e6\u05d9\u05e8\u05ea \u05e9\u05e4\u05ea \u05d0\u05e1\u05e4\u05e1\u05d5\u05e3 \u05d1\u05ea\u05e7\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8\u05ea.<br \/>\u05db\u05e9\u05de\u05d9\u05d9\u05d7\u05e1\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05d1\u05dc\u05d1\u05d3 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05ea\u05db\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e7\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05d4\u05e1\u05d8\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d4 \u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05d7\u05d3\u05ea \u05d8\u05d5\u05e2\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05d4 \u05d4\u05de\u05d9\u05d3\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d2\u05d1\u05d9 \u05e8\u05d5\u05d7 \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05d5\u05de\u05e8\u05d0\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05d5 \u05d4\u05d6\u05de\u05df \u05e2\u05d3 \u05db\u05de\u05d4 \u05d9\u05e9 \u05dc\u05d4\u05dd \u05de\u05e2\u05d8 \u05e8\u05d5\u05d7 \u05d5\u05d4\u05d1\u05e0\u05ea \u05ea\u05db\u05d5\u05e0\u05ea \u05d4\u05d3\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05e8, \u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05e9\u05de\u05d2\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05db\u05d1\u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05dc \u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e6\u05e8\u05e4\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3 24<br \/>\u05de\u05e0\u05e7\u05d5\u05d3\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05ea\u05d0\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d4\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05dc\u05ea, \u05d0\u05e4\u05e9\u05e8, \u05dc\u05d4\u05e4\u05da, \u05dc\u05e2\u05de\u05d5\u05d3 \u05e2\u05dc \u05e9\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d3\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd.<br \/>\u05d4\u05d3\u05d1\u05e8 \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05df \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05e9\u05d4\u05e1\u05db\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d2\u05d3\u05d5\u05dc\u05d4\u00a0\u05d1\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d2\u05d1\u05d9 \u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05de\u05e1\u05d5\u05d9\u05d9\u05de\u05ea \u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05e9\u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05e0\u05d4 \u05ea\u05dc\u05d5\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d7\u05e1\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05ea, \u05d5\u05e2\u05d5\u05d3 \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05d0\u05dd \u05d4\u05d7\u05e1\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d6\u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea-\u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea \u05d1\u05dc\u05d1\u05d3. \u05d4\u05e1\u05db\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e2\u05d9\u05e7\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea &#8211; \u05db\u05ea\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0\u05d4 \u05de\u05e6\u05de\u05e6\u05d5\u05dd \u05ea\u05db\u05d5\u05e0\u05ea \u05d4\u05d3\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05e8 \u05dc\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 &#8211; \u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05d4\u05e2\u05d3\u05e8 \u05d9\u05e6\u05d9\u05e8\u05ea \u05e2\u05e8\u05db\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd, \u05de\u05d5\u05e1\u05e8\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd, \u05e4\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05d8\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd &#8211; \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d3\u05d5\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05d4. \u05d7\u05d5\u05e1\u05e8 \u05d9\u05e6\u05d9\u05e8\u05d4, \u05d6\u05d0\u05ea \u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05e8\u05ea \u05d1\u05d2\u05d9\u05d3\u05d4.<br \/>\u05d4\u05d9\u05d5\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05e7\u05dc\u05d0\u05e1\u05d9\u05ea \u05d5\u05d4\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05ea\u05e0\u05f3\u05f3\u05db\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05df \u05d3\u05d5\u05d2\u05de\u05d0 \u05de\u05de\u05e9 \u05dc\u05db\u05da \u05e9\u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea, \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea , \u05dc\u05d0 \u05d4\u05d9\u05ea\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d4 \u05d7\u05e9\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea, \u05d5\u05d4\u05e9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d4, \u00a0\u05d4\u05d9\u05d5\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea, \u05d7\u05e9\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d0 \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05d9\u05db\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d4\u05ea\u05e7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d0\u05d9\u05de\u05e4\u05e8\u05d9\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d0\u05dc\u05db\u05e1\u05e0\u05d3\u05e8 \u05d5\u05e9\u05ea\u05d9\u05d4\u05df \u05d4\u05d9\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d4\u05df, \u05d5\u05d9\u05e9 \u05dc\u05d4\u05df \u05e2\u05d3\u05d9\u05d9\u05df, \u05d7\u05e9\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d4\u05e1\u05d8\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d0\u05dc\u05d0 \u05e8\u05e7 \u05d1\u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05ea \u05d9\u05e6\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05d7\u05e9\u05d1\u05d4 \u05e9\u05e0\u05db\u05ea\u05d1\u05d5 \u05d1\u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05dc\u05d4. \u05d0\u05dc\u05d5 \u05d4\u05df \u05d9\u05e6\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea, \u05d4\u05de\u05e6\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05d7\u05e9\u05d1\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d2\u05e8\u05de\u05d5 \u05dc\u05db\u05da \u05e9\u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e4\u05db\u05d5 \u05dc\u05dc\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05e0\u05d5\u05e9\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05d9\u05e6\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05db\u05d9\u05d5\u05d5\u05df \u05e9\u05d4\u05dc\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05df \u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d9\u05e6\u05e8\u05d5 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05d9\u05e6\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05dc\u05d0 \u05d3\u05d5\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9 \u05d4\u05dc\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05dc\u05d4. \u05d0\u05e4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5 \u05db\u05e9\u05de\u05e6\u05d1 \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05e7\u05d3\u05d5\u05dd \u05d0\u05d5 \u05e9\u05e0\u05d3\u05de\u05d4 \u05d5\u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05db\u05d1\u05e8 \u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05de\u05ea\u05d4 \u05db\u05de\u05d5 \u05d4\u05dc\u05d8\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea, \u05d4\u05d3\u05d1\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05d7\u05d9.<br \/>\u05db\u05da \u05e9\u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05d4\u05dc\u05d8\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea \u05e9\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05dc\u05d9\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05de\u05ea\u05d4 \u05d1\u05de\u05d0\u05d4 \u05d4-17, \u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d4\u05e9\u05ea\u05de\u05e9\u05d5 \u05d1\u05d4 \u05d0\u05da \u05d5\u05e8\u05e7 \u05d4\u05de\u05d3\u05e2\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd<br \/>\u05d1\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd &#8211; \u05d5\u05d4\u05d7\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d3\u05d5\u05e7\u05d8\u05d5\u05e8\u05d8 \u05e2\u05d3\u05d9\u05d9\u05df \u05e0\u05db\u05ea\u05d1\u05d5 \u05d1\u05dc\u05d8\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea \u05d1\u05de\u05d0\u05d4 \u05d4-19, \u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05ea \u05d4\u05d2\u05de\u05e8 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d2\u05f3\u05d5\u05e8\u05e1 \u05dc\u05de\u05e9\u05dc, \u05d0\u05d9 \u05d0\u05e4\u05e9\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d5\u05de\u05e8 \u05e2\u05dc\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d0\u05dd \u05db\u05df \u00a0\u05e9\u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05de\u05ea\u05d4 &#8211; \u05d3\u05d1\u05e8 \u05d1\u05d0\u05e0\u05d0\u05dc\u05d9 \u05dc\u05db\u05d0\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d7\u05d5\u05d6\u05e8 \u05e2\u05dc\u05d9\u05d4 \u05e1\u05e4\u05e8 \u05e9\u05e0\u05db\u05ea\u05d1 \u05dc\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05e4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e0\u05e1\u05d5\u05d0\u05d6 \u05d5\u05d5\u05d0\u05e7\u05d8 \u05f3\u05f3\u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05d4\u05dc\u05d8\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea \u05d0\u05d5 \u05db\u05d5\u05d7 \u05d4\u05e1\u05d9\u05de\u05df\u05f3\u05f3\u00a0\u05d1\u05d4\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0\u05ea \u05d0\u05dc\u05d1\u05df \u05de\u05d9\u05e9\u05dc, 1998. \u05d0\u05dd \u05e4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e0\u05e1\u05d9\u05e1 \u05d1\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05df, \u05d4\u05d5\u05d1\u05e1, \u05d3\u05d4-\u05e7\u05d0\u05e8\u05d8, \u05e9\u05e4\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05d6\u05d4, \u05dc\u05d9\u05d9\u05d1\u05e0\u05d9\u05e5 \u05de\u05de\u05e6\u05d9\u05d0\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05d7\u05e9\u05d1\u05d4, \u05d4\u05dd \u05de\u05de\u05e6\u05d9\u05d0\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d6 \u05d1\u05dc\u05d8\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea.<br \/>\u05d0\u05d1\u05dc \u05d4\u05d0\u05e8\u05de\u05d9\u05ea \u05e9\u05d4\u05d9\u05ea\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d4 \u05d7\u05e9\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05ea\u05e7\u05d5\u05e4\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8 \u05d4\u05ea\u05e0\u05f3\u05f3\u05da \u05d1\u05ea\u05d7\u05d5\u05dd \u05d4\u05ea\u05e7\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8\u05ea \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d4\u05e2\u05de\u05d9\u05dd, \u00a0\u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05e0\u05d4 \u05e7\u05d9\u05d9\u05de\u05ea \u05d4\u05d9\u05d5\u05dd \u00a0\u05e2\u05d5\u05d3 \u05d0\u05dc\u05d0 \u05d1\u05db\u05de\u05d4 \u05db\u05e4\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd. \u05d1\u05d0\u05e9\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d0\u05d9\u05e4\u05e8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d2\u05d3\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05d0\u05d6 \u05d4\u05df \u05dc\u05d0 \u05d4\u05e9\u05d0\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5 \u05d0\u05dc\u05d0 \u05e9\u05e8\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05e8\u05db\u05d9\u05d0\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05d2\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3 7<br \/>\u05d4\u05d4\u05db\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d6\u05d4\u05d5\u05ea\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e9\u05d5\u05d5\u05d0\u05ea\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05ea \u05dc\u05d5\u05e7\u05d7\u05ea \u05d1\u05d7\u05e9\u05d1\u05d5\u05df \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05d6\u05d4\u05d5\u05ea \u05db\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05d9 \u05e4\u05e0\u05d9\u05de\u05d9, \u05db\u05d4\u05e1\u05d8\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d5\u05e8\u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05ea\u05d0\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05db\u05ea\u05d0\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d4 \u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05dc\u05ea \u05e6\u05e8\u05d5\u05db\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e9\u05d0\u05d5\u05e3 \u05dc\u05d4\u05db\u05d9\u05e8 \u05ea\u05d7\u05ea \u05d4\u05d3\u05d2\u05dd \u05d4\u05e8\u05d2\u05d9\u05dc , \u05d4\u05de\u05e1\u05d5\u05e8\u05ea\u05d9 \u05d5\u05d4\u05e9\u05d5\u05dc\u05d8 \u05d1\u05e1\u05d9\u05de\u05df \u00a0= \u05d5\u05dc\u05d0 \u05db\u05d8\u05d1\u05e2.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3 8<br \/>\u05d4\u05d7\u05dc \u05de\u05e0\u05e7\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d6\u05d0\u05ea \u05d9\u05e9 \u05dc\u05d4\u05e6\u05d9\u05e2 \u05d4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d0\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05e0\u05d4 \u05e7\u05d9\u05d9\u05de\u05ea &#8211; \u05d5\u05dc\u05d4\u05e6\u05d9\u05e2 \u05d4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d0\u05d4 \u05d6\u05d0\u05ea \u05d1\u05db\u05dc \u05d4\u05e9\u05dc\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd \u05db\u05e6\u05d5\u05e8\u05ea \u05d7\u05e0\u05d5\u05da \u05d0\u05d6\u05e8\u05d7\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d3\u05e9. \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05ea\u05d0\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d4\u05dc\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea \u05d1\u05ea\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d4\u05db\u05e8\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d9\u05d7\u05e1\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05e7\u05d9\u05d9\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d4\u05d6\u05d4\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05ea\u05db\u05d5\u05e0\u05ea\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05ea , \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d9\u05d7\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d5\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e4\u05e0\u05d9\u05de\u05d9 \u05db\u05dc\u05d5\u05de\u05e8 \u05e4\u05d5\u05d0\u05ea\u05d9\u05e7\u05d4, \u05d0\u05ea\u05d9\u05e7\u05d4 \u05d5\u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d9\u05d7\u05e1\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d4\u05e4\u05e8\u05d8\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d4\u05d9\u05d7\u05e1\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d1\u05d9\u05df=\u05ea\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05d4\u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd. \u05d4\u05e6\u05d3 \u05d4\u05e4\u05d5\u05d0\u05d8\u05d9 , \u05d4\u05e6\u05d3 \u05d4\u05d0\u05ea\u05d9 \u05d5\u05d4\u05e6\u05d3 \u05d4\u05e4\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05d8\u05d9 \u05e6\u05e8\u05d9\u05db\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d4\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05dc\u05ea\u05d9 \u05e0\u05e4\u05e8\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05e4\u05df \u05e0\u05d7\u05d6\u05d5\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d3\u05d2\u05dd \u05d4\u05e7\u05d5\u05d3\u05dd, \u05d4\u05e8\u05d2\u05d9\u05dc. \u05e6\u05e8\u05d9\u05da \u05dc\u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05e2 \u05dc\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d4\u05db\u05e8\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d4\u05d3\u05d2\u05dd \u05d4\u05e7\u05d5\u05d3\u05dd \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05e0\u05d5 \u05de\u05e1\u05e4\u05e7 \u05e8\u05e6\u05d5\u05df, \u05d3\u05d1\u05e8 \u05e9\u05e8\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05dd \u05e0\u05d5\u05db\u05d7\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d3\u05e2\u05ea.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3 9<br \/>\u05d4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05ea\u05d0\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05db\u05ea\u05d0\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d4 \u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05dc\u05ea \u05e6\u05e8\u05d9\u05db\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e9\u05d0\u05d5\u05e3 \u05dc\u05d4\u05db\u05e8\u05d4 \u05ea\u05d7\u05ea \u05d4\u05d3\u05d2\u05dd \u05d4\u05e8\u05d2\u05d9\u05dc , \u05d4\u05de\u05e1\u05d5\u05e8\u05ea\u05d9 \u05df\u05d4\u05e9\u05d5\u05dc\u05d8 \u05d1\u05e1\u05d9\u05de\u05df \u00a0= \u05d5\u05d4\u05d4\u05ea\u05d7\u05e9\u05d1 \u05d1\u05db\u05dc \u05d4\u05e6\u05d3 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9 \u05de\u05d1\u05d7\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d1\u05dc\u05e9\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea , \u05d0\u05e0\u05d8\u05e8\u05d5\u05e4\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05d2\u05d9\u05ea , \u05e4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05e1\u05d5\u05e4\u05d9\u05ea, \u05ea\u05d9\u05d0\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05d2\u05d9\u05ea, \u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea \u05d5\u05e4\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05d8\u05d9\u05ea.<br \/>\u05d4\u05e0\u05e1\u05d9\u05d5\u05df \u05d4\u05de\u05d7\u05e9\u05d1\u05ea\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d6\u05d4 \u05d9\u05d0\u05e4\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d0\u05ea\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05d8\u05d5\u05d1 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d1\u05e2\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e7\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05d9\u05d7\u05d9\u05d3 \u05d5\u05dc\u05e8\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05d1\u05d3\u05e8\u05da \u05db\u05dc\u05dc \u05de\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05d7\u05e1\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05dc\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd \u05d0\u05da \u05d5\u05e8\u05e7 \u05db\u05d0\u05dc \u05d1\u05e2\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d7\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea, \u05d3\u05d1\u05e8 \u05e9\u05d9\u05d0\u05e4\u05e9\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d4\u05e6\u05d9\u05d2 \u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05df \u05db\u05d1\u05e2\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e4\u05e0\u05d9\u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05d7\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea \u05d2\u05dd \u05d9\u05d7\u05d3.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3 10<br \/>\u05db\u05e0\u05d2\u05d3 \u05d4\u05de\u05d7\u05e9\u05d1\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d1\u05e8\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 \u00a0\u05d5\u05d4\u05d0\u05d7\u05d9\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e9\u05d5\u05dc\u05d8\u05ea \u05dc\u05d2\u05d1\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e1\u05d9\u05de\u05df\u05d4\u05e7\u05d8\u05d2\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05de\u05d7\u05e9\u05d1\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d4\u05d9\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d0\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d1\u05db\u05dc \u05ea\u05d5\u05dc\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05d7\u05e9\u05d1\u05d4 \u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05d9\u05db\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d7\u05d6\u05d9\u05e7 \u05d1\u05d8\u05e2\u05e0\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d4\u05df \u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e4\u05ea \u05d5\u05d1\u05e4\u05e2\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d3\u05d3\u05d9\u05ea \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u00a0\u05d5\u05d4\u05de\u05d7\u05e9\u05d1\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d0\u05d7\u05d9\u05d3\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05d9\u05e9 \u05dc\u05d7\u05e9\u05d5\u05d1, \u05dc\u05d4\u05db\u05d9\u05e8 , \u05dc\u05dc\u05de\u05d5\u05d3 \u05d5\u05dc\u05e4\u05ea\u05d7 \u05ea\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05db\u05e0\u05d2\u05d3. \u00a0\u05e2\u05e7\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05db\u05e0\u05d2\u05d3 \u05e1\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05d3\u05e8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u00a0\u05d1\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e4\u05ea \u05d5\u05d1\u05e4\u05e2\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d3\u05d3\u05d9\u05ea \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d4\u05e7\u05d8\u05d2\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05de\u05d7\u05e9\u05d1\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d4\u05d9\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d0\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d1\u05db\u05dc \u05ea\u05d5\u05dc\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05d7\u05e9\u05d1\u05d4 \u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05d9\u05db\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d7\u05d6\u05d9\u05e7 \u05d1\u05d8\u05e2\u05e0\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d4\u05df \u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05e0\u05e4\u05e8\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea. \u05d8\u05e2\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d6\u05d0\u05ea \u05de\u05d5\u05e4\u05d9\u05e2\u05d4 \u05d2\u05dd \u05d1\u05d4\u05e1\u05d8\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05ea\u05d4\u05d5\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05d3\u05e2\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e8\u05d5\u05d7 \u05d5\u05d4\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d5\u05de\u05d3\u05e2\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05d1\u05e8\u05e1\u05d9\u05d8\u05d0\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05e0\u05d5\u05d1\u05e2\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05d4\u05dd. \u05d1\u05e7\u05d5\u05e8\u05ea \u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05d9\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc\u00a0\u05d4\u05de\u05d7\u05e9\u05d1\u05d4 \u05d4\u05dc\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea.<br \/>\u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05d2\u05dd \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05d6 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d8\u05d5\u05d1 \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05d5\u05dc\u05e2\u05d5\u05d3\u05d3 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05d3\u05d5=\u05dc\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05d2\u05dd \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d1=\u05dc\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05dc \u05e4\u05d9 \u05db\u05dc \u05de\u05e6\u05d1 \u05ea\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9 \u05d1\u05ea\u05e0\u05d0\u05d9 \u05e9\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05dd \u05d1\u05de\u05d7\u05e9\u05d1\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05d9 \u05e4\u05e0\u05d9\u05de\u05d9, \u05e9\u05dc \u05d0\u05ea\u05d9\u05e7\u05d4 \u05d5\u05e9\u05dc \u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e4\u05e8\u05d8\u05d9\u05dd. \u05d3\u05d1\u05e8 \u05e9\u05d4\u05e2\u05de\u05d3\u05ea \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea, \u05d0\u05d7\u05ea \u05dc\u05d9\u05d3 \u05d4\u05e9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d4, \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05e0\u05d4 \u05de\u05d0\u05e4\u05e9\u05e8\u05ea.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3 11<br \/>\u05db\u05d9\u05d5\u05d5\u05df \u05e9\u05d4\u05db\u05e8\u05ea\u00a0\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d4\u05e2\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05da \u05d5\u05e8\u05e7 \u05d1\u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e1\u05d9\u05de\u05df \u05d1\u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05dd \u05d1\u05ea\u05d0\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d4\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05dc\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05d4, \u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d4\u05e9\u05d0\u05e8 \u05d1\u05d0\u05d5\u05e4\u05d5\u05d6\u05d9\u05e6\u05d9\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d4\u05d6\u05d4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05d4\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d1\u05d3\u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05d9 \u05d4\u05de\u05d9\u05e2\u05d5\u05d8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05da \u05d5\u05e8\u05e7 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d4\u05db\u05d5\u05d7 \u05d4\u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d9=\u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9, \u05d3\u05db\u05d5\u05d9 \u05d0\u05e9\u05e8 \u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05d3\u05d3 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05d8\u05e8\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d4\u05dc\u05d5\u05d7\u05dd \u05dc\u05de\u05e2\u05df \u05d4\u05d9\u05d7\u05d5\u05d3.<br \/>\u05de\u05d5\u05d8\u05d1 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d3\u05d1\u05e8 \u05e2\u05dc \u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea=\u05ea\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05d0\u05e9\u05e8 \u05e2\u05dc \u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05dc\u05d1\u05d3, \u05e2\u05dc \u05de\u05e0\u05ea \u05dc\u05d4\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05d7\u05e1 \u05d5\u05dc\u05e9\u05de\u05d5\u05e8 \u05e2\u05e8\u05db\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05d4\u05d5\u05de\u05e6\u05d0\u05d5 \u05d1\u05e7\u05d9\u05e8\u05d1\u05df \u05d5\u05d0\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d4\u05df \u05e0\u05d5\u05e9\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea = \u05e2\u05e8\u05db\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05e0\u05d8\u05e8\u05d5\u05e4\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05d2\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d0\u05de\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd, \u05de\u05d5\u05e1\u05e8\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05e4\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05d8\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3 12<br \/>\u05db\u05e9\u05de\u05d8\u05e4\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05e9\u05d0\u05dc\u05ea \u05d4\u05e2\u05e8\u05db\u05d9\u05dd \u05e6\u05e8\u05d9\u05da \u05dc\u05d1\u05d4\u05e8 \u05d0\u05ea \u05de\u05d4 \u05e9\u05de\u05e1\u05ea\u05d9\u05e8 \u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05e9\u05d2 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d0\u05d9 \u05e9\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05df \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea. \u05d3\u05d1\u05e8 \u05e9\u05d7\u05e9\u05d5\u05d1 \u05dc\u05d4\u05ea\u05de\u05d5\u05d3\u05d3 \u05d0\u05d9\u05ea\u05d5 \u05d1\u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05dd \u05dc\u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05d9\u05da \u05dc\u05d4\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05d7\u05e1 \u05d0\u05da \u05d5\u05e8\u05e7 \u05dc\u05e6\u05d3 \u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05e4\u05e9\u05d8 \u05f3\u05f3\u05d4\u05d3\u05de\u05d5\u05e7\u05e8\u05d8 \u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05e4\u05e9\u05d8 \u05f3\u05f3 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d6\u05e7\u05d0\u05df \u05e4\u05d5\u05dc \u05e1\u05e8\u05d8\u05e8 \u05d1\u05d9\u05d7\u05e1 \u05dc\u05e9\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05df \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d4\u05df.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3 \u00a013<br \/>\u05d0\u05d9\u05df \u05dc\u05e2\u05e8\u05e2\u05e8 \u05d1\u05db\u05da \u05e9\u05db\u05dc \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea, \u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05dc \u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05e9\u05de\u05d3\u05d5\u05d1\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05de\u05e2\u05d8 \u05d0\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05d1\u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05dd \u05de\u05e6\u05d5\u05de\u05e6\u05dd, \u05db\u05de\u05d5 \u05e9\u05db\u05dc \u05de\u05d4 \u05e9\u05e7\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8 \u05dc\u05de\u05d4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4, \u05d4\u05df \u05e9\u05d5\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d4\u05df \u05d1\u05de\u05d5\u05d1\u05df \u00a0\u05d6\u05d4 \u05e9\u05db\u05dc \u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05de\u05de\u05dc\u05d0\u05ea \u05dc\u05d2\u05de\u05e8\u05d9 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05ea\u05e4\u05e7\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05dc\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4, \u05e2\u05dc \u05de\u05e0\u05ea \u05dc\u05d7\u05e9\u05d5\u05d1 , \u05dc\u05d4\u05e8\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9, \u05dc\u05d4\u05ea\u05e7\u05e9\u05e8,\u05dc\u05d7\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea,\u05d1\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d4 \u05de\u05e1\u05d5\u05d9\u05d9\u05de\u05ea.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3 14<br \/>\u05d0\u05d1\u05dc \u05e9\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d2\u05d5\u05e8\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d0\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d8\u05e9\u05d8\u05e9 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05e9\u05d2 \u05d4\u05d1\u05e1\u05d9\u05e1 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05e9\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05df \u05d4\u05d0\u05e0\u05d8\u05e8\u05d5\u05e4\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05d2\u05d9 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea. \u05d5\u05e9\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d2\u05d5\u05e8\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d2\u05de\u05e8\u05d9 \u05d6\u05d4 \u05de\u05d6\u05d4, \u05d5\u05d0\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d0\u05d9\u05df \u05dc\u05d4\u05d7\u05dc\u05d9\u05e3 \u05d1\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd \u05d5\u05d2\u05dd \u05d0\u05d9\u05df \u05dc\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8 \u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05dd.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3 15<br \/>\u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05df \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05d4\u05db\u05d5\u05d7 \u05d4\u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d9=\u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9 \u05e9\u05dc \u05db\u05dc\u05dc \u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d9 \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d3\u05ea\u05d9=\u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9, \u05d5\u05d0\u05e9\u05e8 \u05de\u05e9\u05ea\u05dc\u05d8 \u05db\u05e9\u05e4\u05ea \u05de\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8 \u05e9\u05dc \u05e7\u05e9\u05e8 \u05db\u05dc\u05dc \u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d9 \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d1\u05d9\u05df=\u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d9. \u05dc\u05de\u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e2\u05e8\u05d1\u05d9\u05ea \u05db\u05db\u05d5\u05d7 \u05d3\u05ea\u05d9=\u05e4\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05d8\u05d9 \u05d1\u05de\u05e6\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05de\u05e9\u05da \u05de\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05d7\u05e0\u05e7\u05d4 \u05d5\u05d0\u05e1\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e7\u05d5\u05e4\u05d8\u05d9\u05ea \u05db\u05e9\u05e4\u05ea \u05e7\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d5\u05e6\u05de\u05e6\u05de\u05d4 \u05d0\u05ea \u05e9\u05d9\u05de\u05d5\u05e9\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e9\u05d9\u05de\u05d5\u05e9 \u05d3\u05ea\u05d9 \u05d1\u05dc\u05d1\u05d3. \u05d4\u05db\u05d5\u05d7 \u05d1\u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d9=\u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d5\u05dd \u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05e6\u05d2 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d0\u05e0\u05d2\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea \u05db\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u05de\u05d9\u05ea.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3 25<br \/>\u05e6\u05e8\u05d9\u05da \u05dc\u05d4\u05db\u05d9\u05e8 \u05d1\u05ea\u05d5\u05dc\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d2\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05d2\u05d1\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d7\u05e1\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea. \u05db\u05da \u05d4\u05d9\u05d4 \u05e7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc\u05d5\u05dd \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05d9\u05de\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d1\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d0\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05e4\u05d4, \u05d1\u05de\u05e1\u05d2\u05e8\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05d3\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05e6\u05e8\u05e4\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea \u05d1\u05d9\u05de\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d5\u05d4\u05e6\u05e8\u05e4\u05ea\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05e8\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05e4\u05d6\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u05dd. \u05dc\u05d8\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea \u05e9\u05e9\u05de\u05e9\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e9\u05e4\u05ea \u05e7\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d4\u05d0\u05e8\u05e6\u05d5\u05ea. \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8 \u05db\u05da \u05e4\u05e8\u05e6\u05d4 \u05de\u05dc\u05d7\u05de\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d4\u05dc\u05d8\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea. \u05d4\u05df \u05e0\u05dc\u05d7\u05de\u05d5 \u05d1\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d4\u05df \u05d1\u05d0\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05e4\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d7\u05dc \u05de\u05d4\u05de\u05d0\u05d4 \u05d4-16. \u05de\u05db\u05d0\u05df \u05d4\u05e6\u05e8\u05e4\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05e4\u05db\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05d1\u05e8\u05e1\u05d0\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea \u05d1\u05d0\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05e4\u05d4 \u05d1\u05de\u05d0\u05d4 \u05d4-18.<br \/>\u05e0\u05d5\u05d1\u05e2 \u05de\u05db\u05da \u05d4\u05de\u05d0\u05d1\u05e7 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05de\u05d4\u05e4\u05db\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e6\u05e8\u05e4\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea \u05e0\u05d2\u05d3 \u05d4\u05f3\u05f3\u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05f3\u05f3 &#8211; \u05e9\u05e2\u05e8\u05d1\u05d1\u05d5 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e0\u05d5\u05d1\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05e6\u05e8\u05e4\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea \u05e2\u05dd \u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea &#8211; \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05f3\u05f3\u05d1\u05e8\u05d8\u05d5\u05df\u05f3\u05f3 breton \u05d5\u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d1\u05d0\u05e1\u05e7\u05d9\u05ea \u00a0basque. \u05e2\u05d3 \u05d4\u05e8\u05e4\u05d5\u05d1\u05dc\u05d9\u05e7\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e9\u05dc\u05d9\u05e9\u05d9\u05ea \u05d1\u05d0\u05e9\u05e8 \u05dc\u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u05dd \u05d4\u05d3\u05d5\u05d1\u05e8 \u05e6\u05e8\u05e4\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea \u05d1\u05d9\u05de\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5, \u05d5\u05d4\u05e6\u05e8\u05e4\u05ea\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05e8\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05e4\u05d6\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u05dd, \u05d0\u05d9\u05df \u05dc\u05d4 \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05e7\u05e9\u05e8 \u05e2\u05dd \u05e8\u05d9\u05d1\u05d0\u05e8\u05d5\u05dc Rivarol.<br \/>\u05d2\u05dd \u05e2\u05dc \u05db\u05da \u05d9\u05e9 \u05e6\u05d5\u05e8\u05da \u05dc\u05d7\u05e9\u05d5\u05d1.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3 26<br \/>\u05de\u05e9\u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e4\u05e0\u05d9\u05de\u05d9 \u05d5\u05d2\u05dd \u05d4\u05d7\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9 &#8211; \u05de\u05e9\u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05de\u05d5\u05d1\u05df \u05d4\u05e8\u05d2\u05e9\u05ea \u05d4\u05e6\u05d5\u05e8\u05da \u05d5\u05d4\u05e0\u05d5\u05db\u05d7\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05db\u05e4\u05d5\u05dc\u05d4 &#8211; \u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05d1\u05d5\u05d5\u05d3\u05d0\u05d9 \u05e8\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d5\u05e4\u05d9\u05e2\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d5\u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05e7\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 \u05dc\u05ea\u05d5\u05dc\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05d7\u05e8\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d4\u05d0\u05e8\u05e6\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05d4\u05d9\u05d5 \u05ea\u05d7\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc\u05d8\u05d5\u05df \u05d6\u05e8 \u05d0\u05d1\u05dc \u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05d2\u05dd \u05e0\u05d5\u05d1\u05e2\u05ea \u05de\u05d4\u05d9\u05d7\u05e1\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d4\u05e8\u05d5\u05de\u05d0\u05e0\u05d8\u05d9\u05d6\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d9\u05d7\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05d4\u05ea\u05e0\u05d5\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05d4\u05df \u05ea\u05e0\u05d5\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05e4\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05d8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3 27<br \/>\u05d0\u05d1\u05dc \u05de\u05e9\u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05d9 \u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05db\u05e9\u05dc\u05e2\u05e6\u05de\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d6\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea \u05d5\u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea. \u05e1\u05d2\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 &#8211; \u05db\u05e9\u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05de\u05e2\u05ea\u05d9\u05e7\u05d4 \u05d1\u05de\u05e1\u05d2\u05e8\u05ea \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05e7\u05d8\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05e1\u05d2\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05de\u05d7\u05e9\u05d1\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 &#8211; \u05d0\u05d5 \u05e9\u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05d1\u05e2\u05d3 \u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05d9, \u05d6\u05d0\u05ea \u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05e8\u05ea \u05e9\u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05de\u05ea\u05e7\u05d9\u05d9\u05de\u05ea \u05db\u05d4\u05db\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e4\u05e0\u05d9\u05de\u05d9 \u05d5\u05d1\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d6\u05d4\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea. \u05d5\u05d0\u05d6 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05de\u05e1\u05d5\u05d2\u05dc\u05ea \u05dc\u05d2\u05d1\u05e9 \u05ea\u05d0\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d4 \u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05dc\u05ea.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3 28<br \/>\u05de\u05d4\u05e8\u05d2\u05e2 \u05e9\u05e2\u05d5\u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05dc \u05db\u05da \u05e9\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05e0\u05e2\u05dc\u05de\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d1\u05e2\u05e7\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05d7\u05d9\u05e1\u05d5\u05dc \u05d3\u05de\u05d5\u05d2\u05e8\u05d0\u05e4\u05d9 \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d3\u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05d9 \u05ea\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9, \u05d1\u05e8\u05d5\u05e8 \u05e9\u05d4\u05d2\u05e0\u05ea \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e2\u05d9\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea \u05d0\u05dc\u05d0 \u05d4\u05d4\u05db\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e4\u05e2\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d4\u05d3\u05d3\u05d9\u05ea \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d4\u05ea\u05d0\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05e9\u05e4\u05ea \u05d4\u05d3\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d5\u05d4\u05ea\u05d0\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05e4\u05e2\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05d7\u05e9\u05d1\u05d4, \u05d4\u05d0\u05ea\u05d9\u05e7\u05d4 \u05d5\u05d4\u05e4\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05d8\u05d9\u05e7\u05d4.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3 29<br \/>\u05d0\u05dd \u05dc\u05d0, \u05de\u05d4 \u05e9\u05e9\u05d5\u05dc\u05d8 \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05d4\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d1\u05e7\u05d8\u05d2\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05d5\u05df, \u05d4\u05d0\u05ea\u05d9\u05e7\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d1\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d7\u05e1\u05e8\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05dc\u05d0 \u05de\u05d1\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05d3\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05dd \u05d4\u05de\u05d2\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d8\u05d5\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05d5\u05d2\u05d1\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05d0\u05de\u05e6\u05e2\u05d9 \u05ea\u05e7\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8\u05ea, \u05db\u05da \u05e9\u05e8\u05e7 \u05d4\u05df \u05de\u05ea\u05e4\u05e9\u05d8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05d7\u05d5\u05e0\u05e7\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea, \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05d3\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05e9\u05d9\u05dc\u05d8\u05d5\u05df \u05d4\u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d9-\u05e4\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05d8\u05d9.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3 30<br \/>\u05de\u05e1\u05e7\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d1\u05dc\u05ea\u05d9 \u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05d1\u05dc\u05ea &#8211; \u05d0\u05d1\u05dc \u05ea\u05e4\u05e7\u05d9\u05d3\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc\u00a0\u05d4\u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05de\u05d7\u05e9\u05d1\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05dc\u05d4\u05e4\u05d5\u05da \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05d3\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d1\u05dc\u05ea\u05d9 \u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05d1\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u00a0\u05dc\u05d3\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05e8\u05d2\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05de\u05e2\u05df \u05d4\u05e2\u05ea\u05d9\u05d3 \u05e9\u05e0\u05d5\u05d1\u05e2 \u05de\u05d4\u05e9\u05ea\u05dc\u05e9\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d2\u05d5\u05e8\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u00a0\u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05e9\u05d4\u05d2\u05e0\u05ea \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05e0\u05d4 \u05e9\u05e7\u05d5\u05e2\u05d4 \u00a0\u05d1\u05de\u05d7\u05e9\u05d1\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05d0\u05dc\u05d0 \u05d1\u05e7\u05e9\u05e8 \u05e9\u05e2\u05d3\u05d9\u05d9\u05df \u05d4\u05d5\u05e4\u05da \u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05d8\u05d5\u05e4\u05d9\u05d4 \u00a0\u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05de\u05d7\u05e9\u05d1\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4, \u05d4\u05e7\u05e9\u05e8 \u05e9\u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d4\u05d3\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05e8, \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea, \u05d4\u05d0\u05d8\u05d9\u05e7\u05d4 \u05d5\u05d4\u05e4\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05d8\u05d9\u05e7\u05d4 \u05db\u05dc\u05d5\u05de\u05e8 \u05d4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d0\u05ea \u05d7\u05d5\u05d1\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d9\u05e9 \u05dc\u05e7\u05d1\u05d5\u05e2 \u05db\u05dc\u05d5\u05de\u05e8 \u05e9\u05d7\u05d5\u05d1\u05d4 \u05dc\u05dc\u05de\u05d3 \u05d0\u05ea \u05de\u05e9\u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u05d8\u05db\u05e1\u05d8 \u05d6\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d5\u05e6\u05e2 \u05dc\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05dd \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1-28 \u05d1\u05de\u05d0\u05d9 2006, \u05db\u05d9\u05db\u05e8 \u05d4\u05e7\u05e4\u05d9\u05d8\u05d5\u05dc \u05d1\u05d8\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05d6, \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e0\u05e8\u05d9 \u05de\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05e7 Henri Meschonnic .<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"13\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-13113\" aria-expanded=\"false\">PORTUGAIS<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-13113\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"13\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-13113\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><p><strong>Portugais par L\u00e9ticia Miranda<\/strong><\/p><p>Propostas para uma Declara\u00e7\u00e3o sobre os Deveres voltados \u00e0s L\u00ednguas e \u00e0 Linguagem<br \/>Henri MESCHONNIC, Forom de L\u00ednguas do Mundo, cidade de Toulouse \u2013 Fran\u00e7a<\/p><p>Art. 1 Primeiro, deve-se reconhecer as quest\u00f5es relacionadas \u00e0 linguaguem. Em raz\u00e3o dessa especificidade, n\u00e3o se pode simplesmente trasladar sobre essas quest\u00f5es a c\u00f3pia das conhecidas declara\u00e7\u00f5es de direitos dos seres humanos e das coletividades.<\/p><p>Pronunciar-se sobre os direitos pressup\u00f5e tamb\u00e9m pronunciar-se sobre os deveres. Tanto um quanto outro pressup\u00f5em pensar o que \u00e9 e o que fazem as l\u00ednguas. Mas esse pensamento parece mais ativo se concebido em termos de deveres.<\/p><p>A especificidade das coisas da linguagem pressup\u00f5e, ela mesma, um pensamento espec\u00edfico. Para compreender todos os elementos que esse pensamento abrange, \u00e9 necess\u00e1rio estabelecer o postulado de que esse pensamento deve ser uma cr\u00edtica perp\u00e9tua de sua pr\u00f3pria hist\u00f3ria, sob pena de n\u00e3o pensar o seu objeto, mas de identificar-se com alguma ideia preconcebida sobre as l\u00ednguas e a l\u00edngua.<\/p><p>A primeira coisa a ser reconhecida \u00e9 que pensar as l\u00ednguas pressup\u00f5e pensar o que \u00e9 uma l\u00edngua, o que \u00e9 a l\u00edngua e em que consiste, tanto historicamente quanto no presente, o pensamento sobre a l\u00edngua.<\/p><p>Pensar a l\u00edngua normalmente limita-se a conceber somente a l\u00edngua, e somente l\u00edngua, e a consequ\u00eancia \u00e9 o isolamento da l\u00edngua fora das pr\u00e1ticas sociais da linguagem em todas as suas formas de diversidade, o que certamente \u00e9 a pior situa\u00e7\u00e3o que se pode conceber para saber-se o que \u00e9 e o que faz uma l\u00edngua, bem como para defende-la.<\/p><p>Art. 2 Imp\u00f5e-se, portanto, adotar a ideia de que, para defender uma l\u00edngua e saber de antem\u00e3o os limites daquilo que significa a pr\u00f3pria no\u00e7\u00e3o de l\u00edngua, faz-se necess\u00e1ria uma teoria da integralidade da linguagem.<\/p><p>Para isso, \u00e9 necessario pensar fora dos moldes do puro modelo institucional proposto pela \u201cDeclara\u00e7\u00e3o universal dos direitos lingu\u00edsticos\u201d de Barcelona, de junho de 1996, a qual trata apenas das l\u00ednguas e demonstra dessa forma os limites do seu pensamento sobre a linguagem.<\/p><p>Tal teoria da integralidade implica uma reflex\u00e3o sobre os pap\u00e9is, as atividades e as for\u00e7as da linguagem dentro de todas as pr\u00e1ticas sociais &#8211; uma teoria de rela\u00e7\u00f5es entre a l\u00edngua e o discurso, entre a no\u00e7\u00e3o de discurso e uma teoria do sujeito, entre uma teoria dos sujeitos e a arte, a \u00e9tica, a pol\u00edtica, porque a no\u00e7\u00e3o de sujeito implica tudo isso.<\/p><p>Assim, a l\u00edngua n\u00e3o \u00e9 o oficio exclusivo dos linguistas, nem o of\u00edcio exclusivo dos pol\u00edticos. A hist\u00f3ria da pol\u00edtica das l\u00ednguas nao \u00e9 apenas uma hist\u00f3ria politica. Ela inclui elementos relacionados tamb\u00e9m \u00e0 arte, \u00e0 etica, \u00e0 hist\u00f3ria social. Pensar a pol\u00edtica das l\u00ednguas pressup\u00f5e, consequentemente, a exist\u00eancia dessa teoria da integralidade, essa liga\u00e7\u00e3o insepar\u00e1vel entre a linguagem, a arte, a \u00e9tica e a pol\u00edtica para pensar as rela\u00e7\u00f5es entre a linguagem e a sociedade. Caso contr\u00e1rio, permanecemos ou reca\u00edmos em um pensamento somente da l\u00edngua e somente da pol\u00edtica, o qual nos leva a subestimar o papel da arte na sociedade, o papel da \u00e9tica na pol\u00edtica, portanto a subestimar a liberdade dos sujeitos.<\/p><p>Art. 3 Para um pensamento conjunto sobre a linguagem e os sujeitos \u00e9 necess\u00e1rio elaborar uma cr\u00edtica contra a oposi\u00e7\u00e3o que se faz entre identidade e alteridade, para pensar, ao contr\u00e1rio, a constante intera\u00e7\u00e3o hist\u00f3rica entre identidade e alteridade.<\/p><p>Pensar a pluralidade das l\u00ednguas e a intera\u00e7\u00e3o entre as l\u00ednguas pressup\u00f5e, assim, pensar a identidade por meio da alteridade.<\/p><p>Art. 4 Para pensar a identidade por meio da alteridade, \u00e9 indispens\u00e1vel pensar a a\u00e7\u00e3o das artes da linguaguem em sua particularidade, e da arte de maneira mais geral, sobre as transforma\u00e7\u00f5es dos modos de pensamento, de sensibilidade e de compreens\u00e3o, portanto, sobre o pensamento da linguagem e das l\u00ednguas.<\/p><p>Art. 5 A partir da\u00ed \u00e9 importante reconhecer o papel privilegiado das pr\u00e1ticas e dos pensamentos de tradu\u00e7\u00e3o, o que imp\u00f5e por sua vez repensar a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o em fun\u00e7\u00e3o de um reconhecimento das artes do pensamento e n\u00e3o mais como apenas uma passagem de l\u00edngua a l\u00edngua, mas de discurso a discurso e, possivelmente, de sistema de discurso a sistema de discurso. Caso contr\u00e1rio, ser\u00e1 a ignor\u00e2ncia habitual, mascarada pela boa consci\u00eancia de tru\u00edsmos cumpridos e que n\u00e3o v\u00ea que as tradu\u00e7\u00f5es s\u00e3o apagadores. Apagadores de culturas, apagadores de especificidades, apagadores de diferen\u00e7as.<\/p><p>Isso sup\u00f5e por sua vez, que uma teoria da tradu\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o pode mais estar isolada e alegadamente auton\u00f4ma assim como a teoria da linguagem n\u00e3o \u00e9 redut\u00edvel \u00e0 no\u00e7\u00e3o exclusivamente de l\u00edngua. Essa alegada autonomia \u00e9 meramente sua situa\u00e7\u00e3o tradicional na hermen\u00eautica, no sentido, no s\u00edmbolo. \u00c9 a partir desse lugar que se faz de apagador.<\/p><p>Art. 6 E nisso tamb\u00e9m se reconhece que um inimigo das l\u00ednguas, e talvez o maior inimigo das l\u00ednguas, n\u00e3o \u00e9 a hegemonia cultural-econ\u00f4mica-pol\u00edtica desta ou daquela l\u00edngua, mas acima de tudo, o pensamento que reduz a linguagem \u00e0 linguagem e que separa a l\u00edngua da arte, da cultura, da sociedade, da \u00e9tica e da pol\u00edtica, pelo fato de considera-la t\u00e3o somente dentro de seu isolamento, independentemente do estudo t\u00e9cnico de seus funcionamentos, que como tal, tem sua legitimidade identificada com seu pr\u00f3prio objeto, reconhecidos seus limites.<\/p><p>Art. 7 O reconhecimento da identidade pela alteridade pressup\u00f5e o reconhecimento da identidade como pluralidade interna e como hist\u00f3ria, n\u00e3o como fen\u00f4meno natural.<\/p><p>Art. 8 A partir deste ponto, h\u00e1 de se propor uma disciplina que n\u00e3o existe (prevendo-a em todos os n\u00edveis como uma nova forma de educa\u00e7\u00e3o c\u00edvica) da teoria da linguagem como reconhecimento das rela\u00e7\u00f5es entre identidade e alteridade, entre unicidade e pluralidade interna, quer dizer, como uma po\u00e9tica, uma \u00e9tica e uma pol\u00edtica das rela\u00e7\u00f5es interindividuais, interculturais e internacionais. Na qual po\u00e9tica, \u00e9tica e pol\u00edtica devem ser insepar\u00e1veis, sob pena de recair no modelo tradicional. Com sua insufici\u00eancia, que muitos n\u00e3o v\u00eaem, e da qual deve-se tomar consci\u00eancia.<\/p><p>Art. 9 Este ensino da teoria da linguagem como teoria da integralidade deve portanto trabalhar para reconhecer, sob o modelo tradicional e dominante do s\u00edmbolo (com toda sua coer\u00eancia lingu\u00edstica, antropol\u00f3gica, filos\u00f3fica, teol\u00f3gica, social e pol\u00edtica), o trabalho de continuidade como o trabalho do corpo dentro da linguagem, do sujeito sobre a l\u00edngua, das inven\u00e7\u00f5es do pensamento sobre as l\u00ednguas, e como intera\u00e7\u00e3o, inseparabilidade e historicidade radical da linguagem, da arte, da \u00e9tica e da pol\u00edtica.<\/p><p>Essa experi\u00eancia do pensamento permitiria melhor situar os problemas ligados \u00e0 alteridade e \u00e0 pluralidade, comumente concebidos como sendo unicamente externos e demonstrar que eles s\u00e3o tanto internos quanto externos.<\/p><p>Art. 10 Contra a coer\u00eancia imperante do s\u00edmbolo e contra o pensamento \u00fanico da l\u00edngua, ter-se-ia que pensar, reconhecer, ensinar e cultivar uma contra-cultura, uma contra-coer\u00eancia, aquela da solidariedade e intera\u00e7\u00e3o entre as categorias da Raz\u00e3o que toda uma hist\u00f3ria do pensamento segue mantendo como heterog\u00eaneas e separadas, como testemunham tanto a pr\u00f3pria hist\u00f3ria da constitui\u00e7\u00e3o disso que chamamos as ci\u00eancias humanas, quanto nossas disciplinas universit\u00e1rias, que s\u00e3o resultado daquelas. Uma verdadeira cr\u00edtica da Raz\u00e3o lingu\u00edstica.<\/p><p>Poder\u00edamos e dever\u00edamos, portanto, melhor compreender e favorecer os bilinguismos e plurilinguismos, de acordo com cada situa\u00e7\u00e3o cultural, integrando-os a um pensamento da pluralidade interna, da \u00e9tica e da pol\u00edtica dos sujeitos. Algo que a mera justaposi\u00e7\u00e3o de l\u00ednguas n\u00e3o permite pensar.<\/p><p>Art. 11 Porque se o reconhecimento da pluralidade de l\u00ednguas se faz apenas dentro da pol\u00edtica do s\u00edmbolo, em vez de se fazer dentro da teoria integrativa da linguagem, ele s\u00f3 pode permanecer na oposi\u00e7\u00e3o entre identidade e alteridade, no esmagamento das minorias t\u00e3o somente pela for\u00e7a do econ\u00f4mico-pol\u00edtico. Esmagamento que favorece os terrorismos particularistas.<\/p><p>Vale mais, pois, falar de l\u00ednguas-culturas do que de l\u00ednguas para melhor conceber e preservar os valores que s\u00e3o inventados nelas e dos quais elas s\u00e3o portadoras &#8211; valores antropol\u00f3gicos, art\u00edsticos, \u00e9ticos e pol\u00edticos.<\/p><p>Art. 12 A quest\u00e3o dos valores implica esclarecer o que turva a no\u00e7\u00e3o de desigualdade das l\u00ednguas. E precisa enfrentar essa no\u00e7\u00e3o, em vez de enunciar abstratamente a igualdade entre as l\u00ednguas (o \u201cdemocrata abstrato\u201d de Sartre).<br \/>Art. 13 \u00c9 incontest\u00e1vel que todas as l\u00ednguas, incluindo aquelas faladas por uma popula\u00e7\u00e3o pouco numerosa e muito localizada, e todos os aspectos que caracterizam uma l\u00edngua s\u00e3o iguais entre elas, no sentido de que qualquer l\u00edngua preenche integralmente as fun\u00e7\u00f5es lingu\u00edsticas de uma l\u00edngua, para pensar, sentir, comunicar, viver em uma dada sociedade.<\/p><p>Art. 14 Contudo dois fatores obscurecem essa no\u00e7\u00e3o primordial de igualdade antropol\u00f3gica das l\u00ednguas. E esses dois fatores s\u00e3o de ordens radicalmente distintas, o que importa n\u00e3o confundi-las nem som\u00e1-las uma \u00e0 outra.<\/p><p>Art. 15 Um \u00e9 a pot\u00eancia econ\u00f4mica e pol\u00edtica de um conjunto nacional, ou teol\u00f3gico-pol\u00edtico, e que se imp\u00f5e como uma transl\u00edngua de comunica\u00e7\u00e3o pan-nacional ou internacional. Assim, como pot\u00eancia teol\u00f3gico-pol\u00edtica, ao longo de s\u00e9culos, o \u00e1rabe no Egito asfixiou ou proibiu a l\u00edngua copta como l\u00edngua franca, reduzindo-a a um uso puramente lit\u00fargico. O econ\u00f4mico-pol\u00edtico \u00e9 representado hoje pela mundializa\u00e7\u00e3o do ingl\u00eas de comunica\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p>Art. 16 Mas outro fator de supremacia cultural e de expansionismo, ou de dura\u00e7\u00e3o superior \u00e0 dos pr\u00f3prios imp\u00e9rios, \u00e9 a inven\u00e7\u00e3o em uma dada l\u00edngua de valores art\u00edsticos, \u00e9ticos e pol\u00edticos. Nesse caso, s\u00e3o os valores que fazem a expans\u00e3o e o prest\u00edgio dessas l\u00ednguas, para al\u00e9m de qualquer no\u00e7\u00e3o de comunica\u00e7\u00e3o lingu\u00edstica, local, regional ou planet\u00e1ria.<\/p><p>Art. 17 S\u00e3o esses valores que fazem o que s\u00e3o essas l\u00ednguas, s\u00e3o essas obras que s\u00e3o maternas e n\u00e3o as l\u00ednguas. Este fato em si \u00e9 tamb\u00e9m incontest\u00e1vel historicamente, mas ele n\u00e3o tem nada em comum nem com o que \u00e9 e com o que faz linguisticamente uma l\u00edngua ou qualquer l\u00edngua, nem com a pot\u00eancia dos imp\u00e9rios econ\u00f4mico-pol\u00edticos. Deve-se cessar de atribuir \u00e0s l\u00ednguas o que \u00e9 o feito das obras, mesmo e justamente se seus valores constituem um aporte espec\u00edfico a determinada l\u00edngua, ao ponto de serem identificados com elas.<\/p><p>Art. 18 Tais valores podem se universalizar. Os valores pol\u00edticos da Declara\u00e7\u00e3o dos Direitos do Homem de 1789, a luta pela verdade contra a manuten\u00e7\u00e3o da ordem durante o caso Dreyfus tanto simbolizaram quanto universalizaram a l\u00edngua francesa, ao passo em que n\u00e3o s\u00e3o o feito da l\u00edngua francesa e podem ser ditos e refeitos em qualquer outra l\u00edngua e em qualquer lugar.<\/p><p>Art. 19 O mesmo se aplica, de forma diferente, aos valores est\u00e9ticos e \u00e9ticos das obras liter\u00e1rias e das obras de reflex\u00e3o. Que t\u00eam por efeito algumas l\u00ednguas serem mais c\u00e9lebres que outras, simultaneamente portando e sendo portadas por esses valores.<\/p><p>Art. 20 Esses efeitos de supremacia apenas geram uma ideia de superioridade de certas l\u00ednguas, no \u00e2mbito e por meio da confus\u00e3o entre a l\u00edngua e as inven\u00e7\u00f5es do pensamento ou os combates do pensamento que criaram uma determinada cultura. Esses valores n\u00e3o dependem das l\u00ednguas como l\u00ednguas. Contudo, a hist\u00f3ria cultural que associa esses valores e l\u00ednguas inevitavelmente n\u00e3o a permite sozinha reconhecer que s\u00e3o as obras e as lutas, por vezes de um n\u00famero bem pequeno de indiv\u00edduos contra a sua pr\u00f3pria coletividade, que fazem com que atribuamos \u00e0 l\u00edngua o que \u00e9 feito nela e por vezes tamb\u00e9m, poeticamente, contra ela. Ao recha\u00e7o dos contempor\u00e2neos.<\/p><p>Art. 21 Essas distin\u00e7\u00f5es s\u00e3o essenciais para n\u00e3o se atribuir a uma l\u00edngua virtudes naturais, o que forma o mito da genialidade das l\u00ednguas. Mas tamb\u00e9m para n\u00e3o reduzir a linguagem \u00e0 l\u00edngua, menos ainda \u00e0 comunica\u00e7\u00e3o. Tend\u00eancia recente contra a qual se deve lutar.<\/p><p>Por causa do empobrecimento de pensamento, de recursos, que este reducionismo traz e que os avan\u00e7os t\u00e9cnicos da comunica\u00e7\u00e3o refor\u00e7am. Mascarando que esses progressos s\u00e3o eles mesmos um fator de regress\u00e3o e de barb\u00e1rie.<\/p><p>Somente o pensamento da linguagem como teoria da integralidade pode fazer frente aos efeitos perversos do pensamento das l\u00ednguas como possuindo uma natureza &#8211; como genialidade, pela evoca\u00e7\u00e3o constante dos v\u00ednculos entre especificidade e historicidade. Historicidade radical.<\/p><p>Art. 22 Desta feita, a fobia da presen\u00e7a do ingl\u00eas na l\u00edngua francesa parece mais um desconhecimento do aspecto hist\u00f3rico das tomadas de empr\u00e9stimo entre as l\u00ednguas, e dos limites desses empr\u00e9stimos, lexicais e sint\u00e1ticos. O desconhecimento desse aspecto provoca a rejei\u00e7\u00e3o dos empr\u00e9stimos e dos contatos em nome de um purismo que implica ao mesmo tempo um desconhecimento da pr\u00f3pria hist\u00f3ria das l\u00ednguas, um apego ao passado, logo, um academicismo, uma no\u00e7\u00e3o do decl\u00ednio (vari\u00e1vel: para Gobineau, o decl\u00ednio do franc\u00eas come\u00e7ou no s\u00e9culo XIV; para outros, no s\u00e9culo XIX; para outros, o franc\u00eas hoje \u00e9 uma \u201cobra-prima em perigo\u201d, cuja morte n\u00e3o cessam de anunciar).<\/p><p>Art. 23 Al\u00e9m dessa fobia purista h\u00e1 a covardia \u00e9tica e pol\u00edtica que faz com que especialistas renunciem a expressar-se em sua pr\u00f3pria l\u00edngua, contribuindo assim com a massifica\u00e7\u00e3o comunicacional.<\/p><p>Atribuir as virtudes vinculadas a uma hist\u00f3ria apenas \u00e0 l\u00edngua significa simultaneamente se equivocar de genialidade ao mesmo tempo em que mostra qu\u00e3o pouca genialidade e senso de linguagem t\u00eam os pseudo-defensores do franc\u00eas.<\/p><p>Art. 24 Ao contr\u00e1rio, do ponto de vista de uma teoria da integralidade, pode-se destacar duas coisas.<\/p><p>A primeira \u00e9 que o maior perigo para uma l\u00edngua n\u00e3o \u00e9 a hegemonia de outra, inclusive e ainda mais se esta hegemonia \u00e9 t\u00e3o somente econ\u00f4mico-pol\u00edtica, o perigo maior (consequ\u00eancia da redu\u00e7\u00e3o da linguagem \u00e0 l\u00edngua) \u00e9 a aus\u00eancia de cria\u00e7\u00e3o de valores (art\u00edsticos, \u00e9ticos, pol\u00edticos) por aqueles que a falam. Aus\u00eancia de cria\u00e7\u00e3o iguala trai\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p>O grego cl\u00e1ssico e o hebreu b\u00edblico, em que um, o hebreu, jamais teve import\u00e2ncia pol\u00edtica e o outro, cuja import\u00e2ncia n\u00e3o sobreviveu ao imp\u00e9rio de Alexandre, s\u00e3o o pr\u00f3prio exemplo de que a import\u00e2ncia transhist\u00f3rica das l\u00ednguas se deu e se d\u00e1 por meio das obras de pensamento que foram produzidas nessas l\u00ednguas. E s\u00e3o as obras, cria\u00e7\u00f5es do pensamento, que forjaram o que as l\u00ednguas vieram a ser, o que carregam as l\u00ednguas. J\u00e1 que n\u00e3o s\u00e3o as l\u00ednguas, como l\u00ednguas em si, que produziram as obras. E at\u00e9 mesmo quando o estado da l\u00edngua \u00e9 antigo, ou que a l\u00edngua \u00e9 considerada morta, como o latim, a palavra, ela, \u00e9 viva.<\/p><p>Assim, quanto ao latim, dito morto no s\u00e9culo XVII, e l\u00edngua somente de eruditos entre eles (e as teses do s\u00e9culo XIX ainda eram escritas em latim, como a de Jaur\u00e8s, por exemplo), n\u00e3o se pode dizer que seja uma l\u00edngua morta (uma aparente banalidade retomada, contudo, por uma obra recente Le latin ou l&#8217;empire d&rsquo;un signe, XVI-XXe si\u00e8cle, de Fran\u00e7oise Waquet, Albin Michel, 1998), se Francis Bacon, Hobbes, Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz produziram pensamento, produziram seus pensamentos, ent\u00e3o, em latim.<\/p><p>Mas o aramaico, que tinha na \u00e9poca p\u00f3s-b\u00edblica uma import\u00e2ncia comunicacional transnacional, hoje subsiste apenas em alguns vilarejos. Quanto aos grandes imp\u00e9rios de ent\u00e3o, eles nos deixaram apenas vest\u00edgios arqueol\u00f3gicos.<\/p><p>Art. 25 \u00c9 necess\u00e1rio reconhecer uma historicidade do sentimento das rela\u00e7\u00f5es entre as l\u00ednguas. Deste modo, h\u00e1 uma paz das l\u00ednguas vernaculares na idade m\u00e9dia, na Europa, em raz\u00e3o da transnacionalidade do latim. Depois, uma guerra das l\u00ednguas contra o latim, em seguida entre elas na Europa a partir do s\u00e9culo XVI. Da\u00ed surgiu a universalidade do franc\u00eas na Europa no s\u00e9culo XVIII. Da\u00ed a luta da Revolu\u00e7\u00e3o francesa contra os \u201cpatois\u201d (misturando indistintamente os dialetos do franc\u00eas com outras l\u00ednguas &#8211; o bret\u00e3o, o basco) at\u00e9 a III Rep\u00fablica. Quanto \u00e0 francofonia atual, ou \u00e0 multiplicidade de l\u00ednguas francesas no mundo, ela n\u00e3o \u00e9 mais compat\u00edvel com o Rivarol. Isso tamb\u00e9m precisa ser pensado.<\/p><p>Art. 26 \u00c9 certo que o sentido da pluralidade interna (e tamb\u00e9m externa) &#8211; o sentido no sentido do sentimento de uma necessidade e de uma copresen\u00e7a &#8211; \u00e9 recente e certamente vinculada com a hist\u00f3ria das descoloniza\u00e7\u00f5es, mas tamb\u00e9m remonta \u00e0s rela\u00e7\u00f5es entre o romantismo das especificidades e os nacionalismos que s\u00e3o o resultado da politiza\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p>Art. 27 Entretanto, esse sentido da pluralidade pode ele mesmo ser regionalista e nacionalista, encapsulado em si mesmo (e reproduzindo em pequena escala o encapsulamento do pensamento da l\u00edngua), ou pluralista, isto \u00e9, se realizar como reconhecimento das pluralidades internas, e da pluralidade da identidade. Capaz ent\u00e3o de uma teoria integrativa.<\/p><p>Art. 28 A partir do momento em que reconhecemos o desaparecimento de uma l\u00edngua, seja devido \u00e0 destrui\u00e7\u00e3o de uma popula\u00e7\u00e3o, seja por um esmagamento cultural, claro est\u00e1 que a defesa das l\u00ednguas n\u00e3o \u00e9 um problema de l\u00edngua, mas necessariamente o reconhecimento da intera\u00e7\u00e3o entre a teoria da linguagem, a teoria dos atos do pensamento, a \u00e9tica e a pol\u00edtica.<\/p><p>Art. 29 Caso contr\u00e1rio, em prevalecendo a heterogeneidade das categorias da raz\u00e3o, a \u00e9tica sozinha \u00e9 impotente, a pol\u00edtica sozinha \u00e9 onipotente, as coisas da arte n\u00e3o s\u00e3o entendidas como a melhor defesa das l\u00ednguas, e as l\u00ednguas estando reduzidas a meios de comunica\u00e7\u00e3o, apenas aquelas l\u00ednguas que transmitem o poder econ\u00f4mico-pol\u00edtico se difundem e asfixiam as outras l\u00ednguas.<\/p><p>Art. 30 Conclus\u00e3o paradoxal &#8211; mas o trabalho do pensamento \u00e9 transformar os paradoxos em tru\u00edsmos do futuro &#8211; o que se destacada desta concatena\u00e7\u00e3o de arrazoados \u00e9 que a defesa das l\u00ednguas n\u00e3o est\u00e1 no pensamento da l\u00edngua, mas no v\u00ednculo que ainda faz a utopia do pensamento da linguagem, o v\u00ednculo entre linguagem, arte, \u00e9tica e pol\u00edtica como teoria integrativa. Isto \u00e9, o ensino imperativo do sentido da linguagem.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-204767d4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"204767d4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-10749ae7\" data-id=\"10749ae7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20e3a9e elementor-align-right elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"20e3a9e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-xs\" href=\"#Haut\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-arrow-up\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>APPEL \u00c0 LA TRADUCTION T\u00e9l\u00e9charger le texte de&nbsp;L&rsquo;appel \u00e0 la traduction&nbsp;(format PDF)&nbsp; FRAN\u00c7AIS GALICIEN ALBANAIS ARABE OCCITAN JAPONAIS CASTILLAN ITALIEN ASSYRIEN POLONAIS ENGLISH HE\u0301BREU PORTUGAIS FRAN\u00c7AIS INTRODUCTION \u00e0 la lecture de la Proposition d\u2019Henri MESCHONNICPour une D\u00e9claration sur les Devoirs envers les Langues et le Langage et APPEL \u00e0 sa traduction en 1000 langues (pour [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-685","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.declaration-langues-langage.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/685","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.declaration-langues-langage.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.declaration-langues-langage.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.declaration-langues-langage.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.declaration-langues-langage.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=685"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.declaration-langues-langage.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/685\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.declaration-langues-langage.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=685"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}