{"id":525,"date":"2021-10-21T15:44:51","date_gmt":"2021-10-21T13:44:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.declaration-langues-langage.net\/?page_id=525"},"modified":"2024-06-25T14:24:19","modified_gmt":"2024-06-25T12:24:19","slug":"appel-a-la-traduction-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.declaration-langues-langage.net\/","title":{"rendered":"APPEL \u00c0 LA TRADUCTION"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"525\" class=\"elementor elementor-525\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-261f459d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"261f459d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-147773f4\" data-id=\"147773f4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56cbb437 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"56cbb437\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">APPEL \u00c0 LA TRADUCTION<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9208a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"e9208a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"Haut\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7c4c4f12 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7c4c4f12\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90d71e5\" data-id=\"90d71e5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46585237 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"46585237\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\">T\u00e9l\u00e9charger le texte de\u00a0<br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.declaration-langues-langage.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Texte-de-lappel-pie\u0300ces-comple\u0301mentaires.-janvier-2021.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">L&rsquo;appel \u00e0 la traduction<\/a><br \/>\u00a0(format PDF)\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5170243 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5170243\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5b1a52b\" data-id=\"5b1a52b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6b2319 elementor-tabs-view-vertical elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c6b2319\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2081\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2081\" aria-expanded=\"false\">FRAN\u00c7AIS<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2082\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2082\" aria-expanded=\"false\">GALICIEN<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2083\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2083\" aria-expanded=\"false\">ALBANAIS<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2084\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2084\" aria-expanded=\"false\">ARABE<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2085\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2085\" aria-expanded=\"false\">ANGLAIS<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2086\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2086\" aria-expanded=\"false\">JAPONAIS<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2087\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2087\" aria-expanded=\"false\">BR\u00c9SILIEN<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2088\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2088\" aria-expanded=\"false\">H\u00c9BREU<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2089\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2089\" aria-expanded=\"false\">ITALIEN<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-20810\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"10\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-20810\" aria-expanded=\"false\">CHINOIS TRADITIONNEL<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-20811\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"11\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-20811\" aria-expanded=\"false\">CHINOIS SIMPLIFI\u00c9<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2081\" aria-expanded=\"false\">FRAN\u00c7AIS<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2081\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2081\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">INTRODUCTION <\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">\u00e0 la lecture de la <em>Proposition<\/em> <br \/>d\u2019Henri MESCHONNIC<br \/>P<em>our une<\/em> <em>D\u00e9claration sur les Devoirs envers les Langues et le Langage<\/em> et<strong> APPEL<\/strong> \u00e0 sa traduction en 1000 langues (pour dire beaucoup).<\/span><\/p><p>Cette proposition a \u00e9t\u00e9 command\u00e9e \u00e0 Henri MESCHONNIC par le Carrefour Culturel Arnaud-Bernard (Toulouse, France) qui travaillait depuis plusieurs ann\u00e9es, pour le <em>Forom des Langues du<\/em> <em>Monde<\/em>, \u00e0 l\u2019examen critique de diverses d\u00e9clarations ou propositions internationales dans ce domaine.<\/p><ol><li>MESCHONNIC a pens\u00e9 et r\u00e9dig\u00e9 cette proposition sur la base de sa r\u00e9flexion personnelle sur les langues et le langage ainsi que sur celle de sa d\u00e9couverte, au <em>Forom des Langues du<\/em> <em>Monde<\/em> dont il a \u00e9t\u00e9 le principal intervenant de 1994 \u00e0 2008, du projet lanc\u00e9 par le Carrefour d\u2019une <em>\u00ab D\u00e9claration universelle des droits pour les langues et les cultures\u00a0\u00bb<\/em> (pens\u00e9e comme compl\u00e9ment indispensable de la D\u00e9claration Universelle des Droits de l\u2019Homme), projet repris par de nombreux membres d\u2019 associations impliqu\u00e9es, dans leurs pays d\u2019origine et au <em>Forom<\/em> (plus de cent cinquante langues y ont \u00e9t\u00e9 repr\u00e9sent\u00e9es depuis ses d\u00e9buts) dans la d\u00e9fense et l\u2019illustration de leurs langues et de leurs cultures.<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>C&rsquo;est dans le cadre <\/strong>de notre r\u00e9flexion et de notre action en faveur <strong>de la culture occitane <\/strong>que nous avons invent\u00e9 le <em>Forom<\/em> des Langues du Monde \u00e0 Toulouse il y a 28 ans, et c\u2019est toujours dans ce cadre que nous avons pens\u00e9 la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de cette D\u00e9claration, estimant que la question occitane, de par la situation et l\u2019histoire de la langue\/culture occitane, exigeait des r\u00e9ponses plus larges que celles concernant des droits politiques nationaux ou r\u00e9gionaux, et notamment une prise en compte du r\u00f4le essentiel de la litt\u00e9rature et de la cr\u00e9ation culturelle et artistique sous toutes leurs formes, ce qui nous a rapproch\u00e9s du Pen-Club de Langue d\u2019Oc. On voit ici que H. MESCHONNIC nous a tr\u00e8s bien compris et est all\u00e9 bien plus loin que notre demande.<\/p><p>D\u00e8s 2006, nous avons donn\u00e9 ce texte \u00e0 traduire \u00e0 un certain nombre de personnes repr\u00e9sentant, au <em>Forom<\/em> des Langues, des associations de langues-cultures.<\/p><p>Nous avons relanc\u00e9 cette demande cette ann\u00e9e. Nous vous donnerons quelques traductions sur demande. D\u2019autres arriveront peu \u00e0 peu, et nous vous les enverrons. Celles que nous vous donnons et celles que nous vous donnerons ne sont bien entendu pas, pour nous, des documents d\u00e9finitifs, mais au contraire des documents de travail, vecteurs d\u2019\u00e9changes entre tous ceux qui s\u2019int\u00e9resseront \u00e0 ce texte et voudront le faire connaitre dans la r\u00e9daction qu\u2019ils estimeront la meilleure. Vecteurs d\u2019un travail infini, puisque, outre le fait que cette <em>Proposition de<\/em> <em>D\u00e9claration<\/em> pourra nourrir longtemps des conversations, sur ce qu\u2019il dit et donc sur comment il dit, les changements de situations des langues et des cultures pourront par la suite faire appara\u00eetre d\u2019autres interpr\u00e9tations de certains passages, \u00e0 retraduire donc. De plus, toutes les \u00e9ventuelles propositions d\u2019amendements ou d\u2019enrichissements de ce texte seront les bienvenues, et nous les soumettrons \u00e0 l\u2019examen de <strong>tous<\/strong> nos correspondants. Et feront l\u2019objet de d\u00e9bats publics au <em>Forom <\/em>comme \u00e0 notre <em>Universit\u00e9 Occitane de Lagu\u00e9pie<\/em> (France) ainsi, nous l\u2019esp\u00e9rons, que dans les nombreux <em>Forums <\/em>ou <em>F\u00eates des Langues<\/em> avec lesquelles nous collaborons.<\/p><p>Claude SICRE, Pr\u00e9sident du Carrefour Culturel Arnaud-Bernard,<br \/>concepteur du <em>Forom des Langues du Monde<\/em><em>.<\/em> Printemps 2019.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u00a0<span style=\"font-family: 'arial black', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">&#8211; &#8211; &#8211;<\/span><\/strong><br \/><span style=\"font-family: 'arial black', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>\u00a0&#8211; &#8211; &#8211;<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>Introduction d&rsquo;Henri Meschonnic<\/strong><\/span><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><p>Le pr\u00e9ambule de la \u00ab\u00a0<em>D\u00e9claration des Droits de l\u2019Homme et du Citoyen<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb de 1789 tenait \u00e0 rappeler \u00ab\u00a0\u00e0 tous les membres du corps social (\u2026) sans cesse leurs droits et leurs devoirs \u00bb. \u00c0 voir le monde aujourd\u2019hui, il n\u2019y a rien de chang\u00e9, sinon que, comme le disait ce pr\u00e9ambule, \u00ab\u00a0l\u2019ignorance, l\u2019oubli ou le m\u00e9pris des droits de l\u2019homme\u00a0\u00bb se sont beaucoup aggrav\u00e9s. Mauvais \u00e9tat g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s.<br \/>D\u2019o\u00f9 l\u2019urgence d\u2019inventer un rapport entre l\u2019\u00e9thique et la politique qui est encore une utopie. Le paradoxe du langage est que c\u2019est par lui, par lui seul que peut passer ce rapport. Or c\u2019est le lieu d\u2019une m\u00e9connaissance maximale. Et par le langage, j\u2019entends la fonction d\u2019expression de la pens\u00e9e, et une langue est un syst\u00e8me social de signes. Les implications ne sont pas les m\u00eames.<br \/>D\u00e9fendre le langage\u00a0? Mais il n\u2019est pas attaqu\u00e9. C\u2019est pire\u00a0: il est m\u00e9connu sans m\u00eame qu\u2019on le sache. Mais comment\u00a0? Avec tant d\u2019\u00e9tudes et de savoir. Justement, c\u2019est ce qui est paradoxal, tout ce savoir ne sait pas qu\u2019il produit de l\u2019ignorance, une ignorance sp\u00e9cifique, et il emp\u00eache de la savoir. Question de point de vue. Il y a un point aveugle dans le statut du langage, et ce point est vital. En quoi ce n\u2019est pas le langage qui est menac\u00e9, c\u2019est chacun de nous.<\/p><p>Parce que c\u2019est d\u2019abord et toujours avec les mots qu\u2019on agit, qu\u2019on fait mal, et la question de la d\u00e9fense des langues n\u2019est que l\u2019aspect ostensible d\u2019une ignorance, d\u2019un oubli et d\u2019un m\u00e9pris qu\u2019on ne mesure pas, qu\u2019on ne conna\u00eet pas, parce que toute notre culture humaniste n\u2019a pas appris \u00e0 les reconna\u00eetre.<br \/>C\u2019est que le langage n\u2019est pas seulement le lieu et la mati\u00e8re de la communication, il est avant cela m\u00eame, et pour cela, le lieu et la mati\u00e8re de la constitution de chaque \u00eatre humain dans son histoire. Le langage est donc indissociablement mati\u00e8re \u00e9thique et mati\u00e8re politique. Et mati\u00e8re \u00e9pique au sens o\u00f9 s\u2019y constituent les aventures de la voix humaine.<br \/>C\u2019est en tant que mati\u00e8re \u00e9thique qu\u2019il est mati\u00e8re artistique. Parce que c\u2019est en lui que nous inventons, o\u00f9 l\u2019art, tous les arts, jouent un r\u00f4le fondateur. Et m\u00e9connu. Le probl\u00e8me de la d\u00e9fense des langues d\u00e9borde donc infiniment ce qui est mis en avant, et isol\u00e9, comme si c\u2019\u00e9tait isolable, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire la question du droit, et la question des langues.<br \/>Au lieu de mettre en avant de mani\u00e8re simpliste, parce qu\u2019elle semble crever les yeux, l\u2019h\u00e9g\u00e9monie \u00e9conomique et politique d\u2019une langue sur les autres, il devrait s\u2019imposer que le probl\u00e8me majeur, d\u2019autant plus vital qu\u2019il est m\u00e9connu, pour d\u00e9fendre les langues, est l\u2019incommensurable ignorance de la pens\u00e9e du langage, qui n\u2019est enseign\u00e9e nulle part, et qui s\u2019\u00e9tale dans le r\u00e9ductionnisme et la r\u00e9gionalisation qui marquent le traitement du langage dans notre culture. Dans toutes les cultures.<br \/>En ce sens, c\u2019est tout un proc\u00e8s de civilisation, et m\u00eame une sorte de r\u00e9volution culturelle qu\u2019il y aurait \u00e0 penser, \u00e0 r\u00e9aliser, pour penser et pratiquer des rapports entre langue et culture, entre langue et litt\u00e9rature, entre langage, art, \u00e9thique et politique, qui ne sont ni pens\u00e9s ni pratiqu\u00e9s. \u00c9tant donn\u00e9 ce qui est en jeu dans le langage d\u2019histoires individuelles et collectives, on peut dire qu\u2019il n\u2019y a rien de plus profond et de plus vital pour les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s, et pour la civilisation, que le sens du langage.<br \/>Ce sens est \u00e0 lui seul le pr\u00e9ambule d\u2019une d\u00e9claration universelle des droits du langage. C\u2019est-\u00e0-dire des devoirs de l\u2019enseignement des langues, de l\u2019enseignement des rapports entre langage et soci\u00e9t\u00e9, de l\u2019enseignement des litt\u00e9ratures, de l\u2019enseignement de l\u2019\u00e9thique et de l\u2019enseignement de la philosophie politique, tous ces enseignements dans leur interaction.<\/p><p>\u00c0 en juger par l\u2019\u00e9tat actuel des sciences sociales dans le monde, des sciences du langage, et des disciplines universitaires dans leur r\u00e9gionalisation, sans oublier les enseignements primaire et secondaire, il s\u2019agit l\u00e0 d\u2019un programme onirique\u00a0? C\u2019est pourtant la situation actuelle qui est un mauvais r\u00eave. De plus, il y a une urgence. Il va y avoir, au printemps 2004, un Forum international des langues et des cultures \u00e0 Barcelone. Ce sera une rencontre mondiale de la plus grande importance. Elle a toutes chances de reconduire la D\u00e9claration universelle des droits linguistiques issue de la Conf\u00e9rence mondiale des droits linguistiques tenue \u00e0 Barcelone en 1996. Or cette D\u00e9claration est exclusivement juridique. Elle ne conna\u00eet que les notions de langue et de groupe linguistique. Ces notions courantes sont l\u00e9gitimes, mais tout \u00e0 fait insuffisantes, par leur carence de toute conception g\u00e9n\u00e9rale du langage, sans la moindre mention de son enseignement, qu\u2019on devrait rendre partout obligatoire. D\u2019o\u00f9 une grande pauvret\u00e9 de la notion m\u00eame de la langue, r\u00e9duite \u00e0 la communication.<br \/>Le compl\u00e9ment indispensable \u00e0 ce juridisme doit donc \u00eatre une pens\u00e9e d\u2019ensemble des liens entre le langage, l\u2019art, l\u2019\u00e9thique et la pens\u00e9e de la politique. Cela ne pourrait que renforcer l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 et le sens des revendications.<br \/>Il semble alors que le r\u00f4le urgent et sp\u00e9cifique des Forums des langues du monde qui se sont r\u00e9pandus en France \u00e0 partir du Forum des langues de Toulouse depuis 1992, devrait \u00eatre de combler cette carence de la pens\u00e9e, et d\u2019apporter une r\u00e9flexion d\u2019ensemble qui pourrait caract\u00e9riser une contribution fran\u00e7aise, et qui constituerait dans l\u2019id\u00e9e forte qu\u2019on ne d\u00e9fend pas les langues sans une pens\u00e9e d\u2019ensemble du langage et de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">Henri Meschonnic<br \/>Carrefour Culturel Arnaud-Bernard<\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: 'arial black', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">&#8211; &#8211; &#8211;<\/span><\/strong><br \/><span style=\"font-family: 'arial black', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>&#8211; &#8211; &#8211;<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><em>Proposition pour une D\u00e9claration sur les Devoirs <\/em><em>envers les Langues et le Langage<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p>Texte propos\u00e9 au Forom des langues le 28 mai 2006, Place du Capitole \u00e0 Toulouse, par Henri Meschonnic, Professeur \u00e9m\u00e9rite de linguistique \u00e0 l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 Paris-8, po\u00e8te, traducteur de la Bible, essayiste\u00a0:<\/p><p>Art. 1<\/p><p>Il y a d&rsquo;abord une sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 \u00e0 reconna\u00eetre aux choses du langage. Cette sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 fait qu&rsquo;on ne saurait simplement reporter sur ces questions le calque des d\u00e9clarations connues sur les droits des \u00eatres humains et des collectivit\u00e9s.<\/p><p>Se prononcer sur des droits suppose aussi de se prononcer sur des devoirs. L&rsquo;un et l&rsquo;autre pr\u00e9suppose une pens\u00e9e de ce que sont et de ce que font les langues. Mais cette pens\u00e9e semble plus active, envisag\u00e9e en termes de devoirs.<\/p><p>La sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 des choses du langage suppose elle-m\u00eame une pens\u00e9e sp\u00e9cifique. Pour tenir tous les \u00e9l\u00e9ments que cette pens\u00e9e suppose il est n\u00e9cessaire de postuler que cette pens\u00e9e doit \u00eatre une critique perp\u00e9tuelle de sa propre histoire, sous peine de ne pas penser son objet, mais de s&rsquo;identifier \u00e0 telle ou telle id\u00e9e re\u00e7ue concernant les langues et la langue.<\/p><p>La premi\u00e8re chose \u00e0 reconna\u00eetre est que penser les langues suppose de penser ce qu&rsquo;est une langue, ce qu&rsquo;est la langue, et en quoi consiste historiquement et dans son \u00e9tat pr\u00e9sent la pens\u00e9e de la langue.<\/p><p>Penser la langue soit se borne \u00e0 ne concevoir que la langue, que de la langue, et la cons\u00e9quence en est l&rsquo;isolement de la langue hors des pratiques sociales du langage dans toute leur diversit\u00e9, ce qui est certainement la plus mauvaise situation qu&rsquo;on puisse concevoir pour savoir ce qu&rsquo;est et ce que fait une langue, et pour la d\u00e9fendre.<\/p><p>Art. 2<\/p><p>Il s&rsquo;impose donc de se repr\u00e9senter que pour d\u00e9fendre une langue, et savoir pr\u00e9alablement les limites de ce que signifie la notion de langue elle-m\u00eame, il faut une th\u00e9orie d&rsquo;ensemble du langage.<\/p><p>En quoi il y a \u00e0 r\u00e9fl\u00e9chir autrement que selon le pur mod\u00e8le institutionnel que propose la \u00abD\u00e9claration universelle des droits linguistiques\u00bb de Barcelone, de juin 1996, qui ne porte que sur les langues, et montre par l\u00e0 les limites de sa pens\u00e9e du langage.<\/p><p>Une telle th\u00e9orie d&rsquo;ensemble implique une r\u00e9flexion sur les r\u00f4les, les activit\u00e9s et les forces du langage dans toutes les pratiques sociales \u2013 une th\u00e9orie des rapports entre la langue et le discours, entre la notion de discours et une th\u00e9orie des sujets, entre une th\u00e9orie des sujets et l&rsquo;art, l&rsquo;\u00e9thique, le politique, car c&rsquo;est tout cela qu&rsquo;implique la notion de sujet.<\/p><p>La langue n&rsquo;est donc pas l&rsquo;affaire des linguistes seuls, ni des politiques seuls. L&rsquo;histoire de la politique des langues n&rsquo;est pas seulement une histoire politique. Elle inclut des \u00e9l\u00e9ments qui tiennent aussi \u00e0 l&rsquo;art, \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9thique, \u00e0 l&rsquo;histoire sociale. Penser la politique des langues suppose donc cette th\u00e9orie d&rsquo;ensemble, cette tenue ins\u00e9parable du langage, de l&rsquo;art, de l&rsquo;\u00e9thique et du politique pour penser les rapports entre langage et soci\u00e9t\u00e9. Sinon on reste ou on retombe dans une pens\u00e9e de la langue seule, et de la politique seule, ce qui imm\u00e9diatement m\u00e8ne \u00e0 m\u00e9conna\u00eetre le r\u00f4le de l&rsquo;art dans la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, le r\u00f4le de l&rsquo;\u00e9thique dans la politique, donc \u00e0 m\u00e9conna\u00eetre la libert\u00e9 des sujets.<\/p><p>Art. 3<\/p><p>Tenir ensemble une pens\u00e9e du langage et des sujets doit pour cela travailler \u00e0 une critique de l&rsquo;opposition entre identit\u00e9 et alt\u00e9rit\u00e9, pour penser au contraire l&rsquo;interaction historique constante entre identit\u00e9 et alt\u00e9rit\u00e9.<\/p><p>Penser la pluralit\u00e9 des langues et l&rsquo;interaction entre les langues suppose donc de penser l&rsquo;identit\u00e9 par l&rsquo;alt\u00e9rit\u00e9.<\/p><p>Art. 4<\/p><p>Pour penser l&rsquo;identit\u00e9 par l&rsquo;alt\u00e9rit\u00e9, il est indispensable de penser l&rsquo;action des arts du langage particuli\u00e8rement, et de l&rsquo;art plus g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement, sur les transformations des modes de pens\u00e9e, de sensibilit\u00e9 et de compr\u00e9hension, donc sur la pens\u00e9e du langage et des langues.<\/p><p>Art. 5<\/p><p>O\u00f9 il importe de reconna\u00eetre un r\u00f4le privil\u00e9gi\u00e9 aux pratiques et \u00e0 la pens\u00e9e du traduire, ce qui impose \u00e0 son tour de repenser le traduire en fonction d&rsquo;une reconnaissance des arts de la pens\u00e9e, et non plus seulement comme un passage de langue \u00e0 langue, mais de discours \u00e0 discours, et \u00e9ventuellement de syst\u00e8me de discours \u00e0 syst\u00e8me de discours. Sinon, c&rsquo;est la m\u00e9connaissance habituelle, masqu\u00e9e par la bonne conscience des truismes accomplis, et qui ne voit pas que les traductions sont des effa\u00e7antes. Effa\u00e7antes des cultures, effa\u00e7antes des sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9s, effa\u00e7antes des diff\u00e9rences.<\/p><p>Ce qui suppose \u00e0 son tour qu&rsquo;une th\u00e9orie du traduire ne peut pas plus \u00eatre isol\u00e9e et pr\u00e9tendument autonome que la th\u00e9orie du langage n&rsquo;est r\u00e9ductible \u00e0 la seule notion de langue. Cette pr\u00e9tendue autonomie n&rsquo;\u00e9tant rien d&rsquo;autre que sa situation traditionnelle dans l&rsquo;herm\u00e9neutique, le sens, le signe. D&rsquo;o\u00f9 l&rsquo;effa\u00e7ante.<\/p><p>Art. 6<\/p><p>En quoi il y a lieu de reconna\u00eetre aussi qu&rsquo;un ennemi des langues, et peut-\u00eatre le premier ennemi des langues, n&rsquo;est pas l&rsquo;h\u00e9g\u00e9monie culturelle-\u00e9conomique-politique de telle ou telle langue, mais d&rsquo;abord la pens\u00e9e qui r\u00e9duit le langage \u00e0 la langue, et qui s\u00e9pare la langue de l&rsquo;art, de la culture, de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, de l&rsquo;\u00e9thique et du politique pour ne l&rsquo;envisager que dans son isolement \u2013 ind\u00e9pendamment de l&rsquo;\u00e9tude technique de ses fonctionnements qui, en tant que telle, a sa l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 dans son objet m\u00eame, \u00e0 condition d&rsquo;en reconna\u00eetre les limites.<\/p><p>Art. 7<\/p><p>La reconnaissance de l&rsquo;identit\u00e9 par l&rsquo;alt\u00e9rit\u00e9 suppose celle de l&rsquo;identit\u00e9 comme pluralit\u00e9 interne et comme histoire, non comme nature.<\/p><p>Art. 8<\/p><p>A partir de l\u00e0, il y a \u00e0 proposer un enseignement qui n&rsquo;existe pas (et \u00e0 le pr\u00e9voir \u00e0 tous les niveaux, comme un nouvelle forme d&rsquo;\u00e9ducation civique), de la th\u00e9orie du langage comme reconnaissance des rapports entre identit\u00e9 et alt\u00e9rit\u00e9, entre unicit\u00e9 et pluralit\u00e9 interne, c&rsquo;est-\u00e0-dire comme une po\u00e9tique, une \u00e9thique et une politique des rapports interindividuels, interculturels et internationaux. O\u00f9 po\u00e9tique, \u00e9thique et politique doivent \u00eatre ins\u00e9parables, sous peine de retomber dans le mod\u00e8le traditionnel. Avec son insuffisance, que beaucoup ne voient pas, et dont il faut faire prendre conscience.<\/p><p>Art. 9<\/p><p>Cet enseignement de la th\u00e9orie du langage comme th\u00e9orie d&rsquo;ensemble doit donc travailler \u00e0 reconna\u00eetre, sous le mod\u00e8le traditionnel et dominant du signe (avec toute sa coh\u00e9rence linguistique, anthropologique, philosophique, th\u00e9ologique, sociale et politique) le travail du continu comme travail du corps dans le langage, du sujet sur la langue, des inventions de la pens\u00e9e sur les langues, et comme interaction, ins\u00e9parabilit\u00e9 et historicit\u00e9 radicale du langage, de l&rsquo;art, de l&rsquo;\u00e9thique et du politique.<\/p><p>Cette exp\u00e9rience de pens\u00e9e permettrait de mieux situer les probl\u00e8mes li\u00e9s \u00e0 l&rsquo;alt\u00e9rit\u00e9 et \u00e0 la pluralit\u00e9, commun\u00e9ment con\u00e7ues comme uniquement externes, et de les montrer autant internes qu&rsquo;externes.<\/p><p>Art. 10<\/p><p>Contre la coh\u00e9rence r\u00e9gnante du signe et de la seule pens\u00e9e de la langue, il y aurait \u00e0 penser, reconna\u00eetre, enseigner et cultiver une contre-culture, une contre-coh\u00e9rence, celle de cette solidarit\u00e9 et interaction entre les cat\u00e9gories de la Raison que toute une histoire de la pens\u00e9e continue de tenir pour h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e8nes et s\u00e9par\u00e9es, ce dont t\u00e9moignent \u00e0 la fois l&rsquo;histoire m\u00eame de la constitution de ce que nous appelons les sciences humaines, et nos disciplines universitaires, qui en sont issues. Une v\u00e9ritable critique de la Raison linguistique.<\/p><p>On pourrait, et on devrait, alors, mieux comprendre et favoriser les bilinguismes et les plurilinguismes, selon chaque situation culturelle, en les situant dans une pens\u00e9e de la pluralit\u00e9 interne, de l&rsquo;\u00e9thique et de la politique des sujets. Ce que la seule juxtaposition des langues ne permet pas de penser.<\/p><p>Art. 11<\/p><p>Car si la reconnaissance de la pluralit\u00e9 des langues ne se fait que dans la politique du signe, au lieu de se faire dans la th\u00e9orie d&rsquo;ensemble du langage, elle ne peut que demeurer dans l&rsquo;opposition entre identit\u00e9 et alt\u00e9rit\u00e9, dans l&rsquo;\u00e9crasement des minorit\u00e9s par la seule force de l&rsquo;\u00e9conomico-politique. \u00c9crasement qui favorise les terrorismes particularistes.<\/p><p>Il vaudrait donc mieux parler de langues-cultures que de langues, pour mieux concevoir et pr\u00e9server les valeurs qui se sont invent\u00e9es en elles et dont elles sont porteuses \u2013 valeurs anthropologiques, artistiques, \u00e9thiques et politiques.<\/p><p>Art. 12<\/p><p>La question des valeurs implique de d\u00e9m\u00ealer ce que brouille la notion d&rsquo;in\u00e9galit\u00e9 des langues. Et qu&rsquo;il importe d&rsquo;affronter, plut\u00f4t que de postuler dans l&rsquo;abstrait seulement (le \u00abd\u00e9mocrate abstrait\u00bb de Sartre) l&rsquo;\u00e9galit\u00e9 des langues entre elles.<\/p><p>Art. 13<\/p><p>Il est incontestable que toutes les langues, y compris celles qui sont parl\u00e9es par une population peu nombreuse et tr\u00e8s localis\u00e9e, comme tout ce qui a trait \u00e0 ce qui fait une langue, sont \u00e9gales entre elles au sens o\u00f9 toute langue remplit int\u00e9gralement les fonctions linguistiques d&rsquo;une langue, pour penser, sentir, communiquer, vivre dans une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 donn\u00e9e.<\/p><p>Art. 14<\/p><p>Mais deux facteurs viennent brouiller cette notion primordiale de l&rsquo;\u00e9galit\u00e9 anthropologique des langues. Et ces deux facteurs sont d&rsquo;ordres radicalement distincts, qu&rsquo;il importe de ne pas confondre, et qui ne s&rsquo;additionnent pas.<\/p><p>Art. 15<\/p><p>L&rsquo;un est la puissance \u00e9conomico-politique d&rsquo;un ensemble national, ou th\u00e9ologico-politique, et qui s&rsquo;impose comme une trans-langue de communication pan-nationale ou internationale. Ainsi, comme puissance th\u00e9ologico-politique, l&rsquo;arabe en \u00c9gypte a au cours des si\u00e8cles \u00e9touff\u00e9 ou interdit la langue copte comme langue v\u00e9hiculaire, en la r\u00e9duisant \u00e0 un usage purement liturgique. L&rsquo;\u00e9conomico-politique est aujourd&rsquo;hui repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par la mondialisation de l&rsquo;anglais de communication.<\/p><p>Art. 16<\/p><p>Mais un autre facteur de supr\u00e9matie culturelle et d&rsquo;expansionnisme, ou de dur\u00e9e au-del\u00e0 m\u00eame de la dur\u00e9e des empires, est l&rsquo;invention dans telle ou telle langue de valeurs artistiques, \u00e9thiques et politiques. Auquel cas ce sont ces valeurs qui font l&rsquo;expansion et le prestige de ces langues, au-del\u00e0 de toute notion de communication linguistique, locale, r\u00e9gionale ou plan\u00e9taire.<\/p><p>Art. 17<\/p><p>Ce sont alors ces valeurs qui font ce que sont ces langues, ce sont les \u0153uvres qui sont maternelles et non plus les langues. Ce fait en lui-m\u00eame est tout aussi incontestable historiquement, mais il n&rsquo;a rien de commun ni avec ce qu&rsquo;est et ce que fait linguistiquement une langue et toute langue, ni avec la puissance des empires \u00e9conomico-politiques. Il importe de cesser d&rsquo;attribuer aux langues ce qui est le fait des \u0153uvres, m\u00eame et justement si leurs valeurs constituent un apport sp\u00e9cifique \u00e0 telle ou telle langue, au point d&rsquo;y \u00eatre identifi\u00e9es.<\/p><p>Art. 18<\/p><p>De telles valeurs peuvent s&rsquo;universaliser. Les valeurs politiques de la D\u00e9claration des Droits de l&rsquo;Homme de 1789, ou de la lutte pour la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 contre le maintien de l&rsquo;ordre lors de l&rsquo;Affaire Dreyfus ont bien \u00e0 la fois symbolis\u00e9 et universalis\u00e9 la langue fran\u00e7aise, mais en m\u00eame temps elles ne sont pas le fait de la langue fran\u00e7aise, et peuvent se dire et refaire en toute langue et en tout lieu.<\/p><p>19<\/p><p>Il en est de m\u00eame, autrement, des valeurs esth\u00e9tiques et \u00e9thiques des \u0153uvres litt\u00e9raires et des \u0153uvres de pens\u00e9e. Qui ont pour effet que certaines langues sont plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres que d&rsquo;autres, \u00e0 la fois porteuses et port\u00e9es par ces valeurs.<\/p><p>Art. 20<\/p><p>Ces effets de supr\u00e9matie ne deviennent l&rsquo;occasion d&rsquo;une id\u00e9e de la sup\u00e9riorit\u00e9 de certaines langues que dans et par la confusion entre la langue et les inventions de pens\u00e9e ou les combats de la pens\u00e9e qui ont fait telle ou telle culture. Ces valeurs ne d\u00e9pendent pas des langues comme langues. Mais l&rsquo;histoire culturelle qui les y associe in\u00e9vitablement ne permet pas \u00e0 elle seule de reconna\u00eetre que ce sont les \u0153uvres et les luttes, parfois d&rsquo;un tr\u00e8s petit nombre d&rsquo;individus contre leur propre collectivit\u00e9, qui font qu&rsquo;on attribue \u00e0 la langue ce qui s&rsquo;est fait en elle et parfois aussi, po\u00e9tiquement, contre elle. Dans le rejet des contemporains.<\/p><p>Art. 21<\/p><p>Ces distinctions sont capitales pour ne pas attribuer \u00e0 une langue des vertus de nature, ce qui situe le mythe du g\u00e9nie des langues. Mais tout autant pour ne pas r\u00e9duire le langage \u00e0 de la langue, et encore moins \u00e0 de la communication. Tendance r\u00e9cente contre laquelle il importe de lutter.<\/p><p>A cause de l&rsquo;appauvrissement de pens\u00e9e, de moyens, que ce r\u00e9ductionnisme apporte, et que renforcent les progr\u00e8s techniques de la communication. En masquant que ces progr\u00e8s m\u00eames sont un facteur de r\u00e9gression et de barbarie.<\/p><p>La pens\u00e9e du langage comme th\u00e9orie d&rsquo;ensemble est ce qui peut seul permettre de contrer les effets pervers de la pens\u00e9e des langues comme nature \u2013 comme g\u00e9nie, par le rappel constant des liens entre sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 et historicit\u00e9. Historicit\u00e9 radicale.<\/p><p>Art. 22<\/p><p>Ainsi la phobie de l&rsquo;anglais en fran\u00e7ais peut mieux apparaitre comme une m\u00e9connaissance du caract\u00e8re historique des emprunts, et de leurs limites, lexicales et syntaxiques. La m\u00e9connaissance de ce caract\u00e8re fait le rejet des emprunts et des contacts au nom d&rsquo;un purisme qui implique \u00e0 la fois une m\u00e9connaissance de l&rsquo;histoire m\u00eame des langues, un pass\u00e9isme, donc un acad\u00e9misme, une notion du d\u00e9clin (variable : pour Gobineau, le d\u00e9clin du fran\u00e7ais commen\u00e7ait au XIVe si\u00e8cle ; pour d&rsquo;autres, au XIXe si\u00e8cle ; pour d&rsquo;autres, le fran\u00e7ais d&rsquo;aujourd&rsquo;hui est un \u00abchef d&rsquo;\u0153uvre en p\u00e9ril\u00bb dont ils ne cessent d&rsquo;annoncer la mort).<\/p><p>Art. 23<\/p><p>Autre chose que cette phobie puriste est la l\u00e2chet\u00e9 \u00e9thique et politique qui fait que des sp\u00e9cialistes renoncent \u00e0 s&rsquo;exprimer dans leur propre langue, et contribuent par l\u00e0 \u00e0 la massification communicationnaliste.<\/p><p>L&rsquo;attribution \u00e0 la langue seule des vertus li\u00e9es \u00e0 une histoire \u00e0 la fois se trompe de g\u00e9nie et montre du m\u00eame coup combien ont peu de g\u00e9nie, et de sens du langage, les pseudo-d\u00e9fenseurs du fran\u00e7ais.<\/p><p>Art. 24<\/p><p>Du point de vue d&rsquo;une th\u00e9orie d&rsquo;ensemble, on peut au contraire remarquer deux choses.<\/p><p>L&rsquo;une est que le plus grand danger pour une langue n&rsquo;est pas l&rsquo;h\u00e9g\u00e9monie d&rsquo;une autre, m\u00eame et encore davantage si cette h\u00e9g\u00e9monie est seulement \u00e9conomico-politique, le danger majeur (cons\u00e9quence de la r\u00e9duction du langage \u00e0 la langue) est l&rsquo;absence de cr\u00e9ation de valeurs (artistiques, \u00e9thiques, politiques) par ceux qui la parlent. Absence de cr\u00e9ation \u00e9gale trahison.<\/p><p>Le grec classique et l&rsquo;h\u00e9breu biblique sont l&rsquo;exemple m\u00eame que des langues dont l&rsquo;une, l&rsquo;h\u00e9breu, n&rsquo;a jamais eu d&rsquo;importance politique, et l&rsquo;autre dont l&rsquo;importance n&rsquo;a pas surv\u00e9cu \u00e0 l&#8217;empire d&rsquo;Alexandre, n&rsquo;ont eu et n&rsquo;ont encore leur importance transhistorique que par les \u0153uvres de pens\u00e9e qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 produites dans ces langues. Et ce sont les \u0153uvres, les inventions de pens\u00e9e, qui ont fait ce que ces langues sont devenues, ce dont elles sont devenues porteuses. Car ce n&rsquo;est pas les langues, en tant que langues, qui ont produit les \u0153uvres. Et m\u00eame quand l&rsquo;\u00e9tat de langue est ancien, ou que la langue passe pour morte, comme le latin, la parole, elle, est vivante.<\/p><p>Ainsi le latin qu&rsquo;on dit mort au XVIIe si\u00e8cle, et langue seulement des \u00e9rudits entre eux (et les th\u00e8ses au XIXe si\u00e8cle s&rsquo;\u00e9crivaient encore en latin, celle de Jaur\u00e8s, par exemple), on ne peut pas dire que c&rsquo;est une langue morte (banalit\u00e9 apparente que reprend pourtant un ouvrage r\u00e9cent, Le latin ou l&#8217;empire d&rsquo;un signe, XVI-XXe si\u00e8cle, de Fran\u00e7oise Waquet, Albin Michel, 1998), si Francis Bacon, Hobbes, Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz inventent de la pens\u00e9e, inventent leur pens\u00e9e, alors, en latin.<\/p><p>Mais l&rsquo;aram\u00e9en, qui avait \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9poque post-biblique une importance communicationnelle transnationale, n&rsquo;existe plus que dans quelques villages. Quant aux grands empires d&rsquo;alors, ils n&rsquo;ont laiss\u00e9 que des vestiges arch\u00e9ologiques.<\/p><p>Art. 25<\/p><p>Il faut reconna\u00eetre une historicit\u00e9 du sentiment des rapports entre les langues. Ainsi il y a une paix des langues vernaculaires au moyen \u00e2ge, en Europe, dans la transnationalit\u00e9 du latin. Puis une guerre des langues contre le latin, ensuite entre elles en Europe \u00e0 partir du XVIe si\u00e8cle. D&rsquo;o\u00f9 est sortie l&rsquo;universalit\u00e9 du fran\u00e7ais en Europe au XVIIIe si\u00e8cle. D&rsquo;o\u00f9 la lutte de la R\u00e9volution fran\u00e7aise contre les \u00ab patois \u00bb (m\u00ealant indistinctement les dialectes du fran\u00e7ais et les autres langues \u2013 le breton, le basque) jusque dans la III<sup>e<\/sup> R\u00e9publique. Quant \u00e0 la francophonie actuelle, ou multiplicit\u00e9 des fran\u00e7ais dans le monde, elle n&rsquo;est plus compatible avec Rivarol. Cela aussi demande \u00e0 \u00eatre pens\u00e9.<\/p><p>Art. 26<\/p><p>Il est certain que le sens de la pluralit\u00e9 interne (et aussi externe) \u2013 le sens au sens du sentiment d&rsquo;une n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 et d&rsquo;une co-pr\u00e9sence \u2013 est r\u00e9cent, et certainement li\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;histoire des d\u00e9colonisations, mais aussi il remonte aux rapports entre le romantisme des sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9s et les nationalismes qui en sont la politisation.<\/p><p>Art. 27<\/p><p>Cependant ce sens de la pluralit\u00e9 peut lui-m\u00eame \u00eatre soit r\u00e9gionaliste et nationaliste, referm\u00e9 sur lui-m\u00eame (et reproduisant \u00e0 plus petite \u00e9chelle la fermeture de la pens\u00e9e de la langue), soit pluraliste, c&rsquo;est-\u00e0-dire se r\u00e9aliser comme la reconnaissance des pluralit\u00e9s internes, et de la pluralit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;identit\u00e9. Capable alors d&rsquo;une th\u00e9orie d&rsquo;ensemble.<\/p><p>Art. 28<\/p><p>Du moment qu&rsquo;on reconnait que la disparition d&rsquo;une langue peut \u00eatre due soit \u00e0 la destruction d&rsquo;une population, soit \u00e0 un \u00e9crasement culturel, il est clair que la d\u00e9fense des langues n&rsquo;est pas un probl\u00e8me de langue, mais n\u00e9cessairement la reconnaissance de l&rsquo;interaction entre la th\u00e9orie du langage, la th\u00e9orie des actes de la pens\u00e9e, l&rsquo;\u00e9thique et la politique.<\/p><p>Art. 29<\/p><p>Faute de quoi, ce qui r\u00e8gne \u00e9tant l&rsquo;h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 des cat\u00e9gories de la raison, l&rsquo;\u00e9thique seule est impuissante, la politique seule est toute puissante, les choses de l&rsquo;art ne sont pas comprises comme la meilleure d\u00e9fense des langues, et les langues \u00e9tant r\u00e9duites \u00e0 des moyens de communication, seules se r\u00e9pandent et \u00e9touffent les autres les langues qui communiquent le pouvoir \u00e9conomico-politique.<\/p><p>Art. 30<\/p><p>Conclusion paradoxale \u2013 mais le travail de la pens\u00e9e est de transformer les paradoxes en truismes du futur \u2013 ce qui ressort de cet enchainement des raisons est que la d\u00e9fense des langues n&rsquo;est pas dans la pens\u00e9e de la langue, mais dans le lien qui en fait encore l&rsquo;utopie de la pens\u00e9e du langage, le lien entre langage, art, \u00e9thique et politique comme th\u00e9orie d&rsquo;ensemble. C&rsquo;est-\u00e0-dire un enseignement obligatoire du sens du langage.<\/p><p>Texte lu au Forom des Langues du Monde et publi\u00e9 dans le N\u00b0 66 (Juin 2006) de la Linha Imaginot (revue trimestrielle de la GRQM)<\/p><p>Le Forom des langues est organis\u00e9 par le Carrefour culturel Arnaud Bernard : <a href=\"http:\/\/www.arnaud-bernard.net\/\">www.arnaud-bernard.net<\/a><\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u00a9 CARREFOUR CULTUREL ARNAUD-BERNARD<br \/><a href=\"mailto:carrefourculturel@arnaud-bernard.net\">carrefourculturel@arnaud-bernard.net<\/a><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: 'arial black', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">&#8211; &#8211; &#8211;<\/span><\/strong><br \/><span style=\"font-family: 'arial black', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>&#8211; &#8211; &#8211;<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>PI\u00c8CES COMPL\u00c9MENTAIRES\u00a0:<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><ul class=\"lcp_catlist\" id=\"lcp_instance_0\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.declaration-langues-langage.net\/index.php\/2021\/10\/20\/adresse-aux-aventuriers-daujourdhui-2\/\" class=\"lcp_title\">Adresse aux aventuriers d\u2019aujourd\u2019hui<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.declaration-langues-langage.net\/index.php\/2021\/10\/20\/un-forum-de-la-pensee-du-langage-henri-meschonnic-la-depeche-du-midi-18-mai-2001\/\" class=\"lcp_title\">\u00ab Un forum de la pens\u00e9e du langage \u00bb, Henri Meschonnic,  La D\u00e9p\u00eache du Midi, 18 mai 2001<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.declaration-langues-langage.net\/index.php\/2021\/10\/20\/a-propos-de-la-proposition-de-nationalisation-des-langues-et-cultures-de-france-par-le-forom-des-langues-du-monde-de-toulouse\/\" class=\"lcp_title\">\u00c0 propos de la proposition de nationalisation des langues et cultures de France par le Forom des Langues du Monde de Toulouse<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2082\" aria-expanded=\"false\">GALICIEN<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2082\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2082\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><strong>Galicien par Rexina Vega<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>Chamada \u00e1 \u00a0traduci\u00f3n<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><b>INTRODUCI\u00d3N<\/b> \u00e1 lectura da proposta de Declaraci\u00f3n de Henri MESCHONNIC sobre as obrigas cara \u00e1s linguas e a linguaxe e <b>CHAMADA<\/b> para a s\u00faa traduci\u00f3n a 1000 idiomas.<\/p><p>Esta proposta foi encargada a Henri MESCHONNIC polo Carrefour Culturel Arnaud-Bernard (Toulouse, Francia) que levaba varios anos traballando, para o Forom des Langes du monde, co obxectivo dun exame cr\u00edtico de diversas declaraci\u00f3ns ou propostas internacionais neste campo.<\/p><ol><li>MESCHONNIC pensou e escribiu esta proposta base\u00e1ndose na s\u00faa reflexi\u00f3n persoal sobre as linguas e a linguaxe, as\u00ed como na do seu descubrimento, no Forom des Langues du Monde, onde foi o principal intervinte de 1994 a 2008, do proxecto lanzado polo Carrefour dunha \u00ab\u00a0Declaraci\u00f3n Universal de Dereitos para as Linguas e as Culturas\u00a0\u00bb (concibida como un complemento esencial da Declaraci\u00f3n Universal dos Dereitos Humanos), un proxecto asumido por moitos membros de asociaci\u00f3ns implicadas nos seus pa\u00edses de orixe e en Forom (m\u00e1is de cento cincuenta idiomas estiveron representados al\u00ed dende os seus inicios) na defensa e exposici\u00f3n das s\u00faas linguas e culturas.<\/li><\/ol><p>Foi no marco da nosa reflexi\u00f3n e da nosa acci\u00f3n en favor <b>da cultura occitana<\/b> no que inventamos o Foro das linguas do mundo en Toulouse hai 28 anos, e ,sempre neste marco, pensamos na necesidade desta Declaraci\u00f3n, considerando que a cuesti\u00f3n occitana, en virtude da situaci\u00f3n e historia da lingua \/ cultura occitana, requir\u00eda respostas m\u00e1is amplas que as relativas aos dereitos pol\u00edticos nacionais ou rexionais. As\u00ed mesmo consideramos preciso ter\u00a0 en conta o papel esencial da literatura e da creaci\u00f3n cultural e art\u00edstica en todas as s\u00faas formas, o que nos achegou ao Pen-Club de Langue d&rsquo;Oc. Algo que, como podemos comprobar aqu\u00ed, H. MESCHONNIC entend\u00eda,\u00a0 \u00edndo moito m\u00e1is al\u00e1 da nosa petici\u00f3n inicial.<\/p><p>A partir do 2006 comezamos a enviar este texto, co obxecto de que fose traducido, \u00e1s persoas que representaban asociaci\u00f3ns de linguas-culturas no Foro das linguas.<\/p><p>Relanzamos a solicitude este ano. Dar\u00e9mosvos algunhas das traduci\u00f3ns solicitadas. Outras ir\u00e1n chegando paseni\u00f1o e, en canto as te\u00f1amos, reenviar\u00e9molas. O que damos e daremos non son, por suposto, documentos definitivos para n\u00f3s, sen\u00f3n documentos de traballo, vectores de intercambio entre todos aqueles que estean interesados neste texto e que o queiran divulgar na forma que m\u00e1is axeitado lle pareza. Vectores de traballo infinito, xa que, ademais do feito de que esta proposta de declaraci\u00f3n \u00e9 susceptible de nutrir as conversas durante moito tempo, tanto sobre o que di como sobre como di, os cambios nas situaci\u00f3ns das linguas e das culturas poder\u00e1n dar lugar \u00e1 aparici\u00f3n de interpretaci\u00f3ns de certas pasaxes que necesitar\u00e1n ser traducidas de novo. Ademais, todas as propostas posibles de emendas ou melloras deste texto ser\u00e1n benvidas e someter\u00e9molas para a consideraci\u00f3n de todos os nosos correspondentes. Este proceso ser\u00e1 obxecto de debates p\u00fablicos tanto en Forom como na nosa Universidade occitana en Lagu\u00e9pie (Francia).<\/p><p>Claude SICRE, presidente do Carrefour Culturel Arnaud-Bernard, ideador do Forom des Langues du Monde. Primavera de 2019.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u2013 \u2013 \u2013<\/strong><br \/><strong>\u2013 \u2013 \u2013<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><b>Introduci\u00f3n de Henri Meschonnic<\/b><\/span><\/p><p>O pre\u00e1mbulo da \u00ab\u00a0Declaraci\u00f3n dos dereitos do home e do cidad\u00e1n\u00a0\u00bb de 1789 quer\u00eda lembrar a \u00ab\u00a0todos os membros do corpo social (&#8230;) os seus dereitos e deberes\u00a0\u00bb. Mirando o mundo de hoxe, nada cambiou, excepto que, como dic\u00eda este pre\u00e1mbulo, \u00ab\u00a0a ignorancia, o esquecemento ou o desprezo dos dereitos humanos\u00a0\u00bb empeoraron moito. P\u00e9simo estado xeral das sociedades.<\/p><p>De a\u00ed a urxencia de inventar unha relaci\u00f3n entre a \u00e9tica e a pol\u00edtica, algo que a\u00ednda \u00e9 unha utop\u00eda. O paradoxo da linguaxe \u00e9 que \u00e9 a trav\u00e9s dela, e s\u00f3 a trav\u00e9s dela, pola que pode pasar esta relaci\u00f3n. Pero este \u00e9 un lugar tremendamente desco\u00f1ecido. Por linguaxe ref\u00edrome \u00e1 funci\u00f3n de expresi\u00f3n do pensamento, unha lingua \u00e9 un sistema social de signos. As implicaci\u00f3ns non son as mesmas.<\/p><p>Defender a linguaxe? Pero se non est\u00e1 atacada. En realidade \u00e9 algo peor\u00a0: non se sabe sequera o que acontece a\u00ed. Pero como ? Con tanta educaci\u00f3n e co\u00f1ecemento. Precisamente, e isto \u00e9 o que \u00e9 paradoxal, todo este co\u00f1ecemento non sabe que produce ignorancia, unha ignorancia espec\u00edfica que impide saber. Cuesti\u00f3n de perspectiva. Hai un punto cego no estado da lingua, e este punto \u00e9 vital. Deste xeito, non \u00e9 a linguaxe a que est\u00e1 ameazada, \u00e9 cada un de n\u00f3s.<\/p><p>Porque \u00e9 coas palabras coas que actuamos coas que facemos dano, \u00a0e a cuesti\u00f3n da defensa das linguas \u00e9 s\u00f3 o aspecto ostensible dunha ignorancia, un esquecemento e un desprezo que non medimos, porque toda a nosa cultura humanista a\u00ednda non aprendeu a reco\u00f1ecer o problema.<\/p><p>A linguaxe non \u00e9 s\u00f3 o lugar e o material da comunicaci\u00f3n, sen\u00f3n, primordialmente, o lugar e o material da constituci\u00f3n de cada ser humano na s\u00faa historia. Polo tanto, a linguaxe est\u00e1 indisolublemente ligada \u00e1 \u00e9tica e \u00e1 pol\u00edtica. Consiste nun material \u00e9pico no sentido en que por ela se constit\u00faen as aventuras da voz humana.<\/p><p>E en tanto materia \u00e9tica que a linguaxe se converte en materia art\u00edstica. Porque \u00e9 \u00a0a partir de a\u00ed onde inventamos, onde a arte, todas as artes, xogan un papel fundador. E non reco\u00f1ecido. O problema da defensa das linguas vai, por tanto, infinitamente m\u00e1is al\u00e1 do xa proposto, e illado, coma se fose illable, \u00e9 dicir, m\u00e1s al\u00e1 da cuesti\u00f3n do dereito e a cuesti\u00f3n das linguas.<\/p><p>En vez de po\u00f1er de relevo de xeito simplista, porque semella evidente, a hexemon\u00eda econ\u00f3mica e pol\u00edtica dunha lingua sobre as outras, deber\u00eda ser obvio que o principal problema, tanto m\u00e1is vital por canto non se reco\u00f1ece, para defender as linguas \u00e9 a incomensurable ignorancia do pensamento da linguaxe, que non se ensina en ningures e que se encista no reducionismo e rexionalizaci\u00f3n que marca o tratamento da lingua na nosa cultura. En todas as culturas.<\/p><p>Neste sentido, \u00e9 todo un proceso de civilizaci\u00f3n, e incluso unha especie de revoluci\u00f3n cultural \u00a0aque haber\u00eda que pensar. C\u00f3mpre decatarse, pensar e practicar relaci\u00f3ns entre lingua e cultura, entre lingua e literatura, entre lingua, arte, \u00e9tica e pol\u00edtica, que nin se pensan nin se practican. Tendo en conta as historias individuais e colectivas que est\u00e1n en xogo na linguaxe, p\u00f3dese dicir que non hai nada m\u00e1is profundo e vital para as sociedades e para a civilizaci\u00f3n que o significado da linguaxe.<\/p><p>Este sentido constit\u00fae en si mesmo o pre\u00e1mbulo dunha declaraci\u00f3n universal de dereitos ling\u00fc\u00edsticos. \u00c9 dicir, dos deberes de ensinar idiomas, ensinar a relaci\u00f3n entre lingua e sociedade, ensinar literatura, ensinar \u00e9tica e ensinar pol\u00edticas de filosof\u00eda, todas estas ensinanzas na s\u00faa interacci\u00f3n.<\/p><p>A xulgar polo estado actual das ciencias sociais no mundo, as ciencias da linguaxe e as disciplinas acad\u00e9micas na s\u00faa rexionalizaci\u00f3n, sen esquecer a educaci\u00f3n primaria e secundaria, \u00a0tr\u00e1tase aqu\u00ed dunha proposta fantasiosa\u00a0? Ou non ser\u00e1 a situaci\u00f3n actual a que \u00e9 un verdadeiro pesadelo\u00a0?\u00a0 Ademais, hai unha emerxencia. Na primavera de 2004 celebrarase en Barcelona un Foro Internacional de Linguas e Culturas. Ser\u00e1 un encontro mundial da maior importancia e ten \u00a0moitas posibilidades de renovar a Declaraci\u00f3n Universal de Dereitos Ling\u00fc\u00edsticos resultante da Conferencia Mundial de Dereitos Ling\u00fc\u00edsticos celebrada en Barcelona en 1996. Non obstante, esta Declaraci\u00f3n \u00e9 exclusivamente legal. S\u00f3 co\u00f1ece as noci\u00f3ns de lingua e grupo ling\u00fc\u00edstico. Estas noci\u00f3ns actuais son lex\u00edtimas, pero completamente insuficientes, pola s\u00faa falta de calquera concepci\u00f3n xeral da lingua, sen a m\u00e1is m\u00ednima menci\u00f3n ao seu ensino, que deber\u00eda facerse obrigatorio en todas partes. De a\u00ed a gran pobreza da propia noci\u00f3n de lingua, reducida \u00e1 comunicaci\u00f3n.<\/p><p>O complemento indispensable deste legalismo debe ser, polo tanto, unha comprensi\u00f3n completa dos v\u00ednculos entre linguaxe, arte, \u00e9tica e pensamento pol\u00edtico. S\u00ed isto poder\u00eda mellorar a eficacia e o significado das demandas.<\/p><p>Semella xa que logo que o papel urxente e espec\u00edfico dos foros das linguas do mundo, que se estenderon en Francia desde o Foro das linguas de Toulouse dende 1992, deber\u00eda ser cubrir esta deficiencia do pensamento e traer un reflexo do todo que poder\u00eda caracterizar unha contribuci\u00f3n francesa baseada na idea crucial de que non se poden defender as linguas sen un pensamento global da lingua e da sociedade.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">Henri Meschonnic<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">Carrefour Culturel Arnaud-Bernard<\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong> \u2013 \u2013 \u2013<br \/>\u2013 \u2013 \u2013<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>PROPOSTA PARA UNHA DECLARACI\u00d3N SOBRE AS OBRIGAS CARA \u00c1S LINGUAS E A LINGUAXE<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Traduci\u00f3n ao GALEGO de Rexina Vega<\/strong><\/p><p>Texto proposto\u00a0 no Foro das linguas de maio de 2006, Place du Capitole en Toulouse por Henri Meschonnic, Catedr\u00e1tico em\u00e9rito de ling\u00fc\u00edstica na Universit\u00e9 Paris-8, poeta, tradutor da Biblia e ensa\u00edsta.<\/p><p>Art. 1<\/p><p>En primeiro lugar, c\u00f3mpre reco\u00f1ecer unha especificidade aos asuntos da linguaxe. Esta especificidade significa que non podemos simplemente trasladar a eses asuntos os modelos das declaraci\u00f3ns existentes respecto dos dereitos dos seres humanos e os colectivos.\u00a0<\/p><p>Pronunciarse sobre dereitos implica tam\u00e9n pronunciarse sobre deberes. Ambas os dous presupo\u00f1en un pensamento sobre o que son e o que fan as linguas. Pero este pensamento semella m\u00e1is activo cando se considera en termos de obrigas.<\/p><p>A especificidade dos asuntos da linguaxe sup\u00f3n en si mesma un pensamento espec\u00edfico. Para captar todos os elementos que implica este pensamento, \u00e9 preciso postular que este pensamento debe ser unha cr\u00edtica permanente da s\u00faa propia historia, baixo a pena de non pensar o seu propio obxecto e identificarse, en troques, con este ou aqueloutro lugar com\u00fan sobre as linguas e a lingua.<\/p><p>O primeiro que hai que reco\u00f1ecer \u00e9 que pensar sobre as linguas presup\u00f3n pensar sobre que \u00e9 unha lingua, que \u00e9 a lingua e en que consiste, historicamente e no seu estado actual, o pensamento da lingua.<\/p><p>Pensar na lingua pensando s\u00f3 a lingua ten como consecuencia o illamento da linguaxe das pr\u00e1cticas sociais da lingua en toda a s\u00faa diversidade. Esta \u00e9, sen d\u00fabida, \u00a0a peor situaci\u00f3n posible se se quere descubrir que \u00e9 e que fai unha lingua, e tam\u00e9n se se quere defender.<\/p><p>Art. 2<\/p><p>Polo tanto, \u00e9 preciso darse de conta de que para defender unha lingua e saber de antem\u00e1n o que significa a propia noci\u00f3n de linguaxe, \u00e9 precisa unha teor\u00eda global da lingua.<\/p><p>Neste sentido, c\u00f3mpre pensar de xeito diferente ao modelo puramente institucional proposto pola \u00ab\u00a0Declaraci\u00f3n Universal de Dereitos Ling\u00fc\u00edsticos\u00a0\u00bb de Barcelona de xu\u00f1o de 1996, que s\u00f3 se ocupa das linguas, \u00a0amosando as\u00ed os l\u00edmites do seu pensamento sobre a lingua.<\/p><p>Esta teor\u00eda global implica unha reflexi\u00f3n sobre os papeis, as actividades e as forzas da linguaxe en todas as pr\u00e1cticas sociais: unha teor\u00eda da relaci\u00f3n entre linguaxe e discurso, entre a noci\u00f3n de discurso e unha teor\u00eda de suxeitos, entre unha teor\u00eda de suxeitos e a arte, a \u00e9tica, a pol\u00edtica, xa que todo isto est\u00e1 inclu\u00eddo na noci\u00f3n de suxeito.<\/p><p>Polo tanto, a lingua non \u00e9 s\u00f3 un asunto de ling\u00fcistas nin de pol\u00edticos. A historia da pol\u00edtica ling\u00fc\u00edstica non \u00e9 s\u00f3 unha historia pol\u00edtica. Incl\u00fae elementos relacionados coa arte, a \u00e9tica e a historia social. Xa que logo, pensar na pol\u00edtica das linguas presup\u00f3n esta teor\u00eda global, esta uni\u00f3n inseparable da linguaxe, a arte, a \u00e9tica e a pol\u00edtica para pensar a relaci\u00f3n entre lingua e sociedade. Se non, quedamos ou volvemos caer nun pensamento s\u00f3 da linguaxe e s\u00f3 da pol\u00edtica, o que leva inmediatamente a ignorar o papel da arte na sociedade, o papel da \u00e9tica na pol\u00edtica e, polo tanto, a ignorar a liberdade dos suxeitos.<\/p><p>Art. 3<\/p><p>En consecuencia, un pensamento da linguaxe e dos temas que van da man debe constru\u00edr unha cr\u00edtica da oposici\u00f3n entre identidade e alteridade, para pensar na interacci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica constante entre identidade e alteridade.<\/p><p>Pensar na pluralidade das linguas e na interacci\u00f3n entre elas implica, polo tanto, pensar na identidade a trav\u00e9s da alteridade.<\/p><p>Art. 4<\/p><p>Para pensar sobre a identidade a trav\u00e9s da alteridade, \u00e9 esencial pensar na acci\u00f3n das artes da linguaxe en particular e da arte en xeral, sobre as transformaci\u00f3ns das formas de pensamento, sensibilidade e comprensi\u00f3n e, polo tanto, sobre o pensamento da linguaxe e das linguas.<\/p><p>Art. 5<\/p><p>\u00c9 importante reco\u00f1ecer un papel privilexiado para as pr\u00e1cticas e o pensamento da traduci\u00f3n, que \u00e1 s\u00faa vez require repensar a traduci\u00f3n en termos de reco\u00f1ecemento das artes do pensamento, non s\u00f3 como paso de lingua a lingua, sen\u00f3n tam\u00e9n de discurso a discurso, e posiblemente de sistema discursivo a sistema discursivo. Se non, estaremos ante a ignorancia habitual, enmascarada pola boa conciencia de consumados tru\u00edsmos, que non ve que as traduci\u00f3ns son cabezas borradoras. Borradoras das culturas, borradores das particularidades, borradoras das diferenzas.<\/p><p>Isto \u00e1 s\u00faa vez implica que unha teor\u00eda da traduci\u00f3n non pode vivir illada e ser\u00a0 supostamente aut\u00f3noma do mesmo xeito que unha teor\u00eda da linguaxe non pode limitarse \u00e1 \u00fanica noci\u00f3n de linguaxe. Esta suposta autonom\u00eda non \u00e9 m\u00e1is que a s\u00faa situaci\u00f3n tradicional na hermen\u00e9utica, \u00e9 dicir, o signo. De a\u00ed a cabeza borradora.<\/p><p>Art. 6<\/p><p>As\u00ed, tam\u00e9n hai que reco\u00f1ecer que un dos inimigos das linguas, e quizais o principal inimigo das linguas non \u00e9 a hexemon\u00eda cultural-econ\u00f3mica-pol\u00edtica de tal ou cal lingua, sen\u00f3n, sobre todo, o pensamento que reduce a lingua a lingua e que separa a lingua da arte, a cultura, a sociedade, a \u00e9tica e a pol\u00edtica para considerala s\u00f3 no seu illamento, independentemente do estudo t\u00e9cnico do seu funcionamento, que, como tal, ten a s\u00faa lexitimidade no seu propio obxecto, a condici\u00f3n de reco\u00f1ecer os seus l\u00edmites.<\/p><p>Art. 7<\/p><p>O reco\u00f1ecemento da identidade a trav\u00e9s da alteridade implica o reco\u00f1ecemento da identidade como pluralidade interna \u00a0e como historia, non como natureza.<\/p><p>Art. 8<\/p><p>Dende este punto de vista, \u00e9 necesario ofrecer unha ensinanza que non existe (e proporcionala a todos os niveis, como nova forma de educaci\u00f3n c\u00edvica), da teor\u00eda da linguaxe como reco\u00f1ecemento da relaci\u00f3n entre identidade e alteridade, entre singularidade e pluralidade interna, \u00e9 dicir, como po\u00e9tica, \u00e9tica e pol\u00edtica de relaci\u00f3ns interindividuais, interculturais e internacionais. Unha teor\u00eda onde a po\u00e9tica, a \u00e9tica e a pol\u00edtica deben ser inseparables. Se non, caeremos de novo no modelo tradicional e as s\u00faas deficiencias, que moita xente non ve, e das que \u00e9 conveniente ser conscientes.<\/p><p>Art. 9<\/p><p>Este ensino da teor\u00eda da linguaxe como teor\u00eda global debe, polo tanto, traballar para identificar, baixo o modelo tradicional e dominante do signo (con toda a s\u00faa coherencia ling\u00fc\u00edstica, antropol\u00f3xica, filos\u00f3fica, teol\u00f3xica, social e pol\u00edtica) o traballo do continuo como traballo do corpo na linguaxe, do suxeito sobre a linguaxe, das invenci\u00f3ns do pensamento sobre as linguas e como interacci\u00f3n, inseparabilidade e historicidade radical da linguaxe, a arte, a \u00e9tica e a pol\u00edtica.<\/p><p>Esta experiencia de pensamento permitir\u00edanos situar mellor os problemas relacionados coa alteridade e pluralidade, normalmente concibidos s\u00f3 como externos, e amosalos tanto internos como externos.<\/p><p>Art. 10<\/p><p>Fronte \u00e1 coherencia reinante do signo e o pensamento \u00fanico da lingua, ser\u00eda necesario pensar, reco\u00f1ecer, ensinar e cultivar unha contracultura, unha contracoherencia, a daquela solidariedade e daquela interacci\u00f3n entre as categor\u00edas da Raz\u00f3n que unha rama enteira da historia do pensamento segue consider\u00e1ndose heterox\u00e9nea e separada; boa proba diso at\u00f3pase tanto na propia historia da constituci\u00f3n do que chamamos humanidades como nas disciplinas universitarias que xurdiron dela. Unha aut\u00e9ntica cr\u00edtica \u00e1 Raz\u00f3n Ling\u00fc\u00edstica.<\/p><p>As\u00ed, o biling\u00fcismo e o pluriling\u00fcismo poder\u00edan e deber\u00edan entenderse e fomentarse mellor, segundo cada situaci\u00f3n cultural, situ\u00e1ndoos nun pensamento da pluralidade interna, \u00e9tica e pol\u00edtica dos suxeitos. Algo que a mera xustaposici\u00f3n de linguas non nos permite pensar.<\/p><p>Art. 11<\/p><p>Porque se o reco\u00f1ecemento da pluralidade de linguas s\u00f3 se fai na pol\u00edtica do signo, en vez de na teor\u00eda global da linguaxe, inevitablemente permaneceremos atrapados na oposici\u00f3n entre identidade e alteridade e no esmagamento das minor\u00edas s\u00f3 pola forza do econ\u00f3mico-pol\u00edtico. Ese esmagamento favorece o terrorismo particularista.<\/p><p>Polo tanto, ser\u00eda preferible falar de linguas-culturas antes que de linguas, para comprender e preservar os valores que nelas se inventaron e que levan consigo: valores antropol\u00f3xicos, art\u00edsticos, \u00e9ticos e pol\u00edticos.<\/p><p>Art. 12<\/p><p>A cuesti\u00f3n dos valores implica desentra\u00f1ar o que enreda a noci\u00f3n de desigualdade das linguas e ao que \u00e9 importante enfrontarse, en lugar de postular s\u00f3 en abstracto (o \u00ab\u00a0dem\u00f3crata abstracto\u00a0\u00bb de Sartre) a igualdade das linguas entre si.<\/p><p>Art. 13<\/p><p>Non hai d\u00fabida de que todas as linguas, inclu\u00eddas as faladas por unha poboaci\u00f3n pequena e moi localizada, as\u00ed como todo o relacionado co que constit\u00fae unha lingua, son iguais entre si, no sentido de que cada lingua cumpre plenamente as s\u00faas funci\u00f3ns ling\u00fc\u00edsticas. Unha lingua, para pensar, sentir, comunicarse e vivir nunha determinada sociedade.<\/p><p>Art. 14<\/p><p>Pero hai dous factores que empa\u00f1an esta noci\u00f3n primordial da igualdade antropol\u00f3xica das linguas. E estes dous factores son de ordes radicalmente diferentes, que \u00e9 importante non confundir e que non se adicionan.<\/p><p>Art. 15<\/p><p>Un deles \u00e9 o poder econ\u00f3mico-pol\u00edtico dunha entidade nacional, ou teol\u00f3xico-pol\u00edtica, que se imp\u00f3n como unha trans- lingua da comunicaci\u00f3n pan-nacional ou internacional. As\u00ed, como poder teol\u00f3xico-pol\u00edtico, o \u00e1rabe en Exipto sufocou ou prohibiu ao longo dos s\u00e9culos a lingua copta como lingua vern\u00e1cula, reduc\u00edndoa a un uso puramente lit\u00farxico. O econ\u00f3mico-pol\u00edtico est\u00e1 representado hoxe pola globalizaci\u00f3n do ingl\u00e9s para a comunicaci\u00f3n.<\/p><p>Art. 16<\/p><p>Pero outro factor de supremac\u00eda cultural e expansionismo, ou de duraci\u00f3n incluso m\u00e1is al\u00e1 da duraci\u00f3n dos imperios, \u00e9 a invenci\u00f3n en tal ou cal lingua de valores art\u00edsticos, \u00e9ticos e pol\u00edticos. Nese caso son estes valores os que provocan a expansi\u00f3n e o prestixio destas linguas, m\u00e1is al\u00e1 de calquera noci\u00f3n de comunicaci\u00f3n ling\u00fc\u00edstica, local, rexional ou planetaria.<\/p><p>Art. 17<\/p><p>Son ent\u00f3n eses valores os que fan que estas linguas sexan as que son, son as obras as que son maternas e xa non as linguas. Este feito en si \u00e9 igualmente innegable historicamente, pero non ten nada que ver co que \u00e9 e fai ling\u00fcisticamente unha lingua e calquera lingua, nin co poder dos imperios econ\u00f3mico-pol\u00edticos. \u00c9 importante deixar de atribu\u00edr \u00e1s linguas o que fan as obras de arte, incluso e precisamente se os seus valores constit\u00faen unha contribuci\u00f3n espec\u00edfica a tal ou cal lingua, ata o punto de identificarse con ela.<\/p><p>Art. 18<\/p><p>Estes valores p\u00f3dense universalizar. Os valores pol\u00edticos da Declaraci\u00f3n de Dereitos Humanos de 1789 ou da loita pola verdade contra o mantemento da orde durante o asunto Dreyfus simbolizaron e universalizaron a lingua francesa, pero ao mesmo tempo non son produto do franc\u00e9s. P\u00f3dense dicir e refacer en calquera idioma e en calquera lugar.<\/p><p>Art. 19<\/p><p>O mesmo ocorre cos valores est\u00e9ticos e \u00e9ticos das obras literarias e de pensamento. O efecto disto \u00e9 que algunhas linguas son m\u00e1is famosas ca outras, portadoras deste valores e asemade impulsadas por eles.<\/p><p>Art. 20<\/p><p>Estes efectos da supremac\u00eda s\u00f3 se converten nunha oportunidade para unha idea da superioridade de certas linguas se se confunden a lingua e as invenci\u00f3ns do pensamento ou as loitas de pensamento que constru\u00edron tal ou cal cultura. Estes valores non dependen das linguas como linguas. Pero a historia cultural que inevitablemente os asocia con elas non permite reco\u00f1ecer que son as obras e as loitas, \u00e1s veces dun n\u00famero moi reducido de individuos contra a s\u00faa propia colectividade, as que permiten atribu\u00edr \u00e1 lingua o que se\u00a0 ten feito nela &#8211; e \u00e1s veces tam\u00e9n, poeticamente, contra ela. Fronte ao rexeitamento dos contempor\u00e1neos.<\/p><p>Art. 21<\/p><p>Estas distinci\u00f3ns son cruciais para non atribu\u00edr virtudes de natureza inmanente a unha lingua. Pero \u00e9 igual de importante non reducir a linguaxe \u00e1 lingua e menos a\u00ednda \u00e1 comunicaci\u00f3n. Esta \u00e9 unha tendencia recente contra a que hai que loitar.<\/p><p>Polo empobrecemento do pensamento, dos medios, que implica este reducionismo e que se ve reforzado polos avances t\u00e9cnicos na comunicaci\u00f3n. Ocultando o feito de que estes mesmos avances son un factor de regresi\u00f3n e de barbarie.<\/p><p>Pensar a linguaxe como unha teor\u00eda global \u00e9 o \u00fanico xeito de contrarrestar os efectos perversos de pensar as linguas como natureza, como xenio, record\u00e1ndonos constantemente os v\u00ednculos entre especificidade e historicidade. A historicidade radical.<\/p><p>Art. 22<\/p><p>As\u00ed, a fobia cara ao ingl\u00e9s en franc\u00e9s p\u00f3dese entender como desco\u00f1ecemento do car\u00e1cter hist\u00f3rico dos pr\u00e9stamos e dos seus l\u00edmites l\u00e9xicos e sint\u00e1cticos. O desco\u00f1ecemento deste car\u00e1cter leva a rexeitar os pr\u00e9stamos e os contactos en nome dun purismo que implica ao mesmo tempo un desco\u00f1ecemento da propia historia das linguas, un pasotismo e, polo tanto, un academicismo, unha noci\u00f3n de decadencia ( variable: para Gobineau, o declive do franc\u00e9s comezou no s\u00e9culo XIV, para outros, no s\u00e9culo XIX; para outros, o franc\u00e9s actual \u00e9 unha \u00ab\u00a0obra mestra en perigo\u00a0\u00bb cuxa morte anuncian constantemente).<\/p><p>Art. 23<\/p><p>Ademais desta fobia purista, existe a covard\u00eda \u00e9tica e pol\u00edtica que fai que os especialistas renuncien a expresarse na s\u00faa propia lingua, contribu\u00edndo as\u00ed \u00e1 masificaci\u00f3n da comunicaci\u00f3n.<\/p><p>A atribuci\u00f3n exclusiva \u00e1 lingua das virtudes ligadas \u00e1 historia, equiv\u00f3case de xenio e asemade amosa\u00a0 o pouco xenio e o escaso sentido do idioma que te\u00f1en os pseudodefensores do franc\u00e9s.<\/p><p>Art. 24<\/p><p>Desde o punto de vista dunha teor\u00eda global, p\u00f3dense sinalar d\u00faas cousas.<\/p><p>Unha delas \u00e9 que o maior perigo para unha lingua non \u00e9 a hexemon\u00eda doutra, m\u00e1is a\u00ednda se esta hexemon\u00eda s\u00f3 \u00e9 econ\u00f3mico-pol\u00edtica. O maior perigo (como consecuencia da reduci\u00f3n da linguaxe \u00e1 lingua) \u00e9 a ausencia de creaci\u00f3n de valores (art\u00edsticos, \u00e9ticos, pol\u00edticos) por parte de quen a fala. A falta de creaci\u00f3n \u00e9 igual a traiz\u00f3n.<\/p><p>O grego antigo e o hebreo b\u00edblico son o exemplo de que as linguas, unha das cales, o hebreo, nunca tivo importancia pol\u00edtica, e\u00a0 outra cuxa importancia non sobreviviu ao imperio de Alexandre, s\u00f3 tiveron e te\u00f1en a s\u00faa importancia transhist\u00f3rica a trav\u00e9s das obras de pensamento que se produciron nestas linguas. E son as obras, as invenci\u00f3ns do pensamento, as que fixeron destas linguas o que chegaron a ser e aquilo do que foron portadoras. Porque non son as linguas, como linguas, as que produciron as obras. E mesmo cando o estado da lingua \u00e9 antigo, ou cando a lingua pasa por morta, como o lat\u00edn, a palabra est\u00e1 viva.<\/p><p>As\u00ed, non se pode afirmar que o lat\u00edn, do que se dic\u00eda que estaba morto no s\u00e9culo XVII, e que era un idioma s\u00f3 apto para eruditos (pensemos que as teses do s\u00e9culo XIX a\u00ednda estaban escritas en lat\u00edn, como, por exemplo, a de Jaur\u00e8s), sexa unha lingua morta (unha aparente banalidade que, a\u00ednda recolle un traballo recente como <em>Le Latin ou l&#8217;empire d&rsquo;un signe, XVI-XXe si\u00e8cle<\/em>, de Fran\u00e7oise Waquet, Albin Michel, 1998). Se Francis Bacon , Hobbes, Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz inventaron o pensamento, inventaron o seu pensamento en lat\u00edn.<\/p><p>Pero o arameo, que tivo importancia comunicativa transnacional nos tempos post-b\u00edblicos, agora s\u00f3 sobrevive nunha presadi\u00f1a de pobos. En canto aos grandes imperios da \u00e9poca, s\u00f3 deixaron restos arqueol\u00f3xicos.<\/p><p>Art. 25<\/p><p>\u00c9 preciso reco\u00f1ecer unha historicidade no sentimento da relaci\u00f3n entre as linguas. As\u00ed, hai unha paz das linguas vern\u00e1culas na Idade Media, en Europa, na transnacionalidade do lat\u00edn. A continuaci\u00f3n, seguiu unha guerra de linguas contra o lat\u00edn, e logo entre elas, en Europa, a partir do s\u00e9culo XVI. De a\u00ed a universalidade do franc\u00e9s na Europa do XVIII. De a\u00ed a loita da Revoluci\u00f3n francesa contra o \u00ab\u00a0patois\u00a0\u00bb (unha mestura de dialectos do franc\u00e9s e doutras linguas &#8211; bret\u00f3n, \u00e9uscaro) ata a III Rep\u00fablica. En canto \u00e1 actual francofon\u00eda, ou multiplicidade do franc\u00e9s no mundo, xa non \u00e9 compatible con Rivarol. Tam\u00e9n hai que pensar nisto.<\/p><p>Art. 26<\/p><p>\u00c9 certo que o sentido da pluralidade interna (e tam\u00e9n externa), o sentido no sentido dunha necesidade e unha copresenza, \u00e9 recente e certamente est\u00e1 ligado \u00e1 historia das descolonizaci\u00f3ns, pero tam\u00e9n se remonta \u00e1 relaci\u00f3n entre o romanticismo das especificidades e os nacionalismos que son a s\u00faa politizaci\u00f3n.<\/p><p>Art. 27<\/p><p>Por\u00e9n, este sentido da pluralidade pode ser en si mesmo rexionalista e nacionalista, pechado sobre si mesmo (e reproducindo a menor escala o peche do pensamento ling\u00fc\u00edstico) ou pluralista, \u00e9 dicir, realiz\u00e1ndose como o reco\u00f1ecemento das pluralidades internas e da pluralidade de identidade. E ser pois quen dunha teor\u00eda global.<\/p><p>Art. 28<\/p><p>Unha vez que se reco\u00f1ece que a desaparici\u00f3n dunha lingua pode deberse \u00e1 destruci\u00f3n dunha poboaci\u00f3n ou ao esmagamento cultural, queda claro que a defensa das linguas non \u00e9 un problema ling\u00fc\u00edstico, sen\u00f3n necesariamente o reco\u00f1ecemento da interacci\u00f3n entre a teor\u00eda da linguaxe, a teor\u00eda dos actos de pensamento, a \u00e9tica e a pol\u00edtica.<\/p><p>Art. 29<\/p><p>Se non, o que reina \u00e9 a heteroxeneidade das categor\u00edas da raz\u00f3n. A \u00e9tica \u00e9 impotente por si mesma, a pol\u00edtica t\u00f3rnase todopoderosa, as cousas da arte non se entenden como a mellor defensa das linguas e as linguas quedan reducidas a medios de comunicaci\u00f3n. S\u00f3 se espallan, afogando as demais, aquelas linguas que comunican o poder econ\u00f3mico-pol\u00edtico.<\/p><p>Art. 30<\/p><p>Conclusi\u00f3n paradoxal -pero o traballo do pensamento \u00e9 transformar os paradoxos en tru\u00edsmos do futuro-, o que se desprende desta cadea de raz\u00f3ns \u00e9 que a defensa das linguas non est\u00e1 no pensamento da lingua. Reside no v\u00ednculo que a\u00ednda fai a utop\u00eda do pensamento ling\u00fc\u00edstico, o v\u00ednculo entre lingua, arte, \u00e9tica e pol\u00edtica como teor\u00eda global. \u00c9 dicir, un ensino obrigatorio do sentido da linguaxe.<\/p><p>Texto lido no Forom des Langues du Monde e publicado no n\u00famero 66\u00a0 de Linha Imaginot (revista trimestral do GRQM)<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2083\" aria-expanded=\"false\">ALBANAIS<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2083\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2083\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><p><strong>Albanais par Bruna HALULI<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>HYRJE<\/strong> n\u00eb leximin e Propozimit t\u00eb Henri MESCHONNIC p\u00ebr nj\u00eb Deklarat\u00eb mbi Detyrat ndaj Gjuh\u00ebve dhe Gjuh\u00ebs dhe <strong>THIRRJE<\/strong> p\u00ebr p\u00ebrkthimin e saj n\u00eb 1000 gjuh\u00eb (p\u00ebr t\u00eb th\u00ebn\u00eb shum\u00eb).<\/p><p>Ky propozim \u00ebsht\u00eb porositur nga Henri MESCHONNIC nga Carrefour Culturall Arnaud-\u2010 Bernard (Toulouse, France) i cili kishte punuar p\u00ebr disa vite n\u00eb Studimin e Gjuh\u00ebve te Bot\u00ebs, n\u00eb shqyrtim kritik t\u00eb deklaratave ose propozimeve t\u00eb ndryshme organizatat nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb fush\u00eb.<br \/>H. MESCHONNIC mendoi dhe e shkroi k\u00ebt\u00eb propozim n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb reflektimit t\u00eb tij personal mbi gjuh\u00ebt dhe gjuh\u00ebn, si dhe mbi at\u00eb t\u00eb zbulimit t\u00eb saj .<br \/>Ai ishte fol\u00ebsi kryesor nga 1994 n\u00eb 2008, i projektit t\u00eb nisur nga Carrefour t\u00eb nj\u00eb \u00ab\u00a0Deklarate Universale t\u00eb t\u00eb Drejtave p\u00ebr Gjuh\u00ebt dhe Kulturat\u00a0\u00bb (menduar si plot\u00ebsimi thelb\u00ebsor i Deklarat\u00ebs Universale t\u00eb t\u00eb Drejtave t\u00eb Njeriut), projekti rifilloi nga shum\u00eb an\u00ebtar\u00eb t\u00eb shoqatave t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshira, n\u00eb vendet e tyre t\u00eb origjin\u00ebs dhe n\u00eb Forom<br \/>(m\u00eb shum\u00eb se nj\u00ebqind e pes\u00ebdhjet\u00eb gjuh\u00eb jan\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuar atje q\u00eb nga fillimi i tij) n\u00eb mbrojtje dhe ilustrimi i gjuh\u00ebve dhe kulturave t\u00eb tyre.<br \/>Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb brenda korniz\u00ebs s\u00eb reflektimit dhe veprimit ton\u00eb n\u00eb favor t\u00eb kultur\u00ebs Occitan q\u00eb ne shpiku Forom des Langues du Monde n\u00eb Toulouse 28 vjet m\u00eb par\u00eb, dhe kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb ende brenda k\u00ebsaj kornize q\u00eb kemi menduar domosdoshm\u00ebrin\u00eb e k\u00ebsaj Deklarate, duke marr\u00eb parasysh q\u00eb k\u00ebrkohet pyetja oksitane, p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb situat\u00ebs dhe historis\u00eb s\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs \/ kultur\u00ebs oksitane p\u00ebrgjigjet m\u00eb t\u00eb gjera se ato q\u00eb kan\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb me t\u00eb drejtat politike komb\u00ebtare ose rajonale, dhe<br \/>n\u00eb ve\u00e7anti duke marr\u00eb parasysh rolin thelb\u00ebsor t\u00eb let\u00ebrsis\u00eb dhe krijimit kulturor dhe artistik n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha format e tyre, gj\u00eb q\u00eb na afroi pran\u00eb Pen-\u2010 Club de Langue d\u00b4Oc.<br \/>Ne shohim k\u00ebtu q\u00eb H. MESCHONNIC na kuptoi shum\u00eb mir\u00eb dhe shkoi shum\u00eb m\u00eb larg se k\u00ebrkesa jone .<br \/>Qysh n\u00eb vitin 2006, ne e dham\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb tekst p\u00ebr t&rsquo;ua p\u00ebrkthyer nj\u00eb numer njer\u00ebzish p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsues, n\u00eb Forumin e Gjuh\u00ebve, t\u00eb shoqatave t\u00eb kultur\u00ebs gjuh\u00ebsore.<br \/>Ne e rindez\u00ebm k\u00ebt\u00eb k\u00ebrkes\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb vit. Ne do t&rsquo;ju japim disa p\u00ebrkthime<br \/>sipas k\u00ebrkes\u00ebs. M\u00eb shum\u00eb do t\u00eb mb\u00ebrrijn\u00eb pak nga pak, dhe ne do t&rsquo;ju d\u00ebrgojm\u00eb atyre.<br \/>Ato q\u00eb ne do t&rsquo;ju japim sigurisht q\u00eb nuk jan\u00eb, p\u00ebr ne,<br \/>dokumentet p\u00ebrfundimtare, por p\u00ebrkundrazi dokumentet e pun\u00ebs, vektor\u00ebt e shk\u00ebmbimit nd\u00ebrmjet t\u00eb gjith\u00eb ata q\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb interesuar p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb tekst dhe duan ta b\u00ebjn\u00eb t\u00eb ditur n\u00eb redaksin\u00eb q\u00eb ata<br \/>do t\u00eb konsideroj\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00ebn. Vektor\u00ebt e pun\u00ebs s\u00eb pafund, pasi, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 faktit se kjo Propozim Deklarate do t\u00eb jet\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb ushqej\u00eb bisedat p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb, p\u00ebr ato q\u00eb ai thot\u00eb dhe p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye si thot\u00eb ai, ndryshimet n\u00eb gjuh\u00eb dhe situata t\u00eb kultur\u00ebs mund t\u00eb vijn\u00eb m\u00eb pas p\u00ebr t\u00eb sjell\u00eb interpretime t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb pasazheve t\u00eb caktuara, p\u00ebr t&rsquo;u p\u00ebrkthyer p\u00ebrs\u00ebri. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr,<br \/>t\u00eb gjitha propozimet e mundshme p\u00ebr ndryshime ose p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsime t\u00eb k\u00ebtij teksti do t\u00eb jen\u00eb mir\u00ebpritur, dhe ne do t&rsquo;ia paraqesim t\u00eb gjith\u00eb korrespondent\u00ebve tan\u00eb p\u00ebr shqyrtim. Dhe do te jene gjithashtu edhe<br \/>tema e debateve publike n\u00eb Forom, si dhe n\u00eb Universitetin ton\u00eb Oksitan n\u00eb Lagu\u00e9pie (Franc\u00eb) k\u00ebshtu, ne shpresojm\u00eb, q\u00eb n\u00eb shum\u00eb Forume ose Festivale t\u00eb Gjuh\u00ebve me t\u00eb cilat ne bashkepunojme.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">Claude SICRE, President i Carrefour Culturel Arnaud -\u2010 Bernard,<br \/>projektuesi i Foromit t\u00eb Gjuh\u00ebve t\u00eb Bot\u00ebs. Pranvera 2019<\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u00a0\u2013 \u2013 \u2013<\/strong><br \/><strong>\u00a0\u2013 \u2013 \u2013<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>Hyrje nga Henri Meschonnic<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p>Preambula e \u00ab\u00a0Deklarat\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb Drejtave t\u00eb Njeriut dhe t\u00eb Qytetarit\u00a0\u00bb t\u00eb vitit 1789 donte t\u00eb kujtonte \u00ab\u00a0t\u00eb gjith\u00eb an\u00ebtar\u00ebt e trupit shoq\u00ebror (&#8230;) vazhdimisht p\u00ebr t\u00eb drejtat e tyre dhe detyrat e tyre \u00ab\u00a0.<br \/>Duke par\u00eb bot\u00ebn sot, asgj\u00eb nuk ka ndryshuar p\u00ebrve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj,<br \/>si\u00e7 tha kjo preambul\u00eb, \u00ab\u00a0injoranca, harresa ose p\u00ebrbuzja e t\u00eb drejtave t\u00eb njeriu \u00ab\u00a0u p\u00ebrkeq\u00ebsua shum\u00eb. Gjendja e p\u00ebrgjithshme e dob\u00ebt e kompanive.<br \/>Prandaj urgjenca p\u00ebr t\u00eb shpikur nj\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnie midis etik\u00ebs dhe politik\u00ebs e cila \u00ebsht\u00eb akoma Utopia. Paradoksi i gjuh\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb se ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrmes saj, vet\u00ebm p\u00ebrmes saj krijohet raporti. Por ky \u00ebsht\u00eb vendi i injoranc\u00ebs maksimale. Dhe me gjuh\u00eb dua t\u00eb them<br \/>funksioni i shprehjes s\u00eb mendimit dhe nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb sistem shoq\u00ebror i shenjave. Implikimet nuk jan\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjta.<br \/>Mbroni gjuh\u00ebn? Por ai nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00ebn sulm. esht\u00eb m\u00eb keq: nuk njihet<br \/>edhe pse ne e dim\u00eb. Por si? Me kaq shum\u00eb edukim dhe njohuri. Sakt\u00ebsisht, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb ajo q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb paradoksale, e gjith\u00eb ajo njohuri nuk e di se prodhon injoranc\u00eb, a injoranc\u00eb specifike, dhe parandalon ta njoh\u00ebsh at\u00eb. Pyetja e perspektiv\u00ebs. Aty eshte nje pik\u00eb e verb\u00ebr n\u00eb statusin e gjuh\u00ebs, dhe kjo pik\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb jetike. Nuk eshte gjuha q\u00eb k\u00ebrc\u00ebnohet \u00ebsht\u00eb secili prej nesh.<br \/>Sepse \u00ebsht\u00eb e para dhe gjithmon\u00eb me fjal\u00eb q\u00eb ne veprojm\u00eb, q\u00eb l\u00ebndojm\u00eb dhe \u00e7\u00ebshtja e mbrojtjes s\u00eb gjuh\u00ebve \u00ebsht\u00eb vet\u00ebm aspekti i duksh\u00ebm i injoranc\u00ebs, t\u00eb harres\u00ebs dhe p\u00ebrbuzjes q\u00eb nuk i matim, q\u00eb nuk i dim\u00eb, sepse jo e gjith\u00eb kultura jon\u00eb humaniste ka m\u00ebsuar t&rsquo;i njoh\u00eb ato.<br \/>Kjo se gjuha nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb vet\u00ebm vendi dhe materiali i komunikimit, ajo<br \/>\u00ebsht\u00eb para k\u00ebsaj, dhe p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb, vendi dhe materiali i kushtetut\u00ebs s\u00eb secilit qenie njer\u00ebzore n\u00eb historin\u00eb e tij. Gjuha \u00ebsht\u00eb pra materiale e pandashme si etika dhe politika. Dhe \u00e7\u00ebshtje epike n\u00eb kuptimin q\u00eb<br \/>aventurat e z\u00ebrit njer\u00ebzor.<br \/>Sepse \u00ebsht\u00eb tek ai q\u00eb ne t\u00eb shpikim, ku arti, t\u00eb gjitha artet, luajn\u00eb nj\u00eb rol themelues dhe te panjohur.<br \/>Prandaj, problemi i mbrojtjes s\u00eb gjuh\u00ebve shkon p\u00ebrtej gjithckaje.<br \/>N\u00eb vend q\u00eb t\u00eb paraqitet n\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb thjesht\u00eb, sepse duket se e vret syt\u00eb, hegjemonia ekonomike dhe politike e nj\u00eb gjuhe mbi t\u00eb tjerat, duhet p\u00ebr t\u00eb imponuar vetveten se problemi kryesor, aq m\u00eb jetik nd\u00ebrsa injorohet, p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbrojtur gjuh\u00ebt, \u00ebsht\u00eb injoranca e pamatshme e mendimit t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs, e cila nuk m\u00ebsohet askund, dhe q\u00eb p\u00ebrfshin zvog\u00eblimin dhe rajonalizimin q\u00eb sh\u00ebnojn\u00eb p\u00ebrpunimin e gjuh\u00ebs n\u00eb kultur\u00ebn ton\u00eb dhe n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha kulturat.<br \/>N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb kuptim, ai \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb proces i t\u00ebr\u00eb i civilizimit, madje edhe nj\u00eb lloj revolucioni kulturor q\u00eb do t\u00eb kishte p\u00ebr t\u00eb menduar, p\u00ebr t\u00eb realizuar, p\u00ebr t\u00eb menduar dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb praktikuar marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnie<br \/>midis gjuh\u00ebs dhe kultur\u00ebs, midis gjuh\u00ebs dhe let\u00ebrsis\u00eb, midis gjuh\u00ebs, artit, etik\u00ebs dhe politik\u00ebs, t\u00eb cilat as nuk mendohen dhe as nuk praktikohen. Duke pasur parasysh at\u00eb q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb rrezik n\u00eb<br \/>gjuh\u00eb e tregimeve individuale dhe kolektive, mund t\u00eb themi se nuk ka asgj\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb thella dhe m\u00eb jetike p\u00ebr shoq\u00ebrit\u00eb dhe p\u00ebr civilizimin, sesa kuptimi i gjuhes.<br \/>Vet\u00ebm ky kuptim \u00ebsht\u00eb preambula e nj\u00eb deklarate universale t\u00eb t\u00eb drejtave t\u00eb njeriut. Kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb, detyrat e m\u00ebsimdh\u00ebnies s\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs, t\u00eb m\u00ebsimdh\u00ebnies , marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet midis gjuh\u00ebs dhe shoq\u00ebris\u00eb, m\u00ebsimi i let\u00ebrsive, m\u00ebsimi i etik\u00ebs dhe m\u00ebsimi i filozofis\u00eb politike, t\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto m\u00ebsime n\u00eb bashk\u00ebveprimin e tyre.<br \/>Duke gjykuar nga gjendja aktuale e shkencave shoq\u00ebrore n\u00eb bot\u00eb, shkencat shoq\u00ebrore e gjuh\u00ebn dhe disiplinat universitare n\u00eb rajonalizimin e tyre, pa harruar arsimin fillor dhe te mes\u00ebm, a \u00ebsht\u00eb ky nj\u00eb program i ngjash\u00ebm me \u00ebndrrat? Eshte megjithat\u00eb situata aktuale e cila \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb \u00ebnd\u00ebrr e keqe. P\u00ebrve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj, ekziston nj\u00eb emergjenc\u00eb. Ajo do t\u00eb jet\u00eb, n\u00eb pranver\u00eb t\u00eb vitit 2004, nj\u00eb Forum Nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar t\u00eb Gjuh\u00ebve dhe Kulturave n\u00eb<br \/>Barcelona Do t\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00eb takim bot\u00ebror me r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe. Ajo ka \u00e7do shans p\u00ebr rinovimin e Deklarat\u00ebs Universale t\u00eb t\u00eb Drejtave Gjuh\u00ebsore t\u00eb l\u00ebshuara t\u00eb Konferenc\u00ebs Bot\u00ebrore p\u00ebr t\u00eb Drejtat Gjuh\u00ebsore t\u00eb mbajtur n\u00eb Barcelon\u00eb n\u00eb 1996.<br \/>Kjo Deklarat\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb ekskluzivisht e ligjshme. Ajo di vet\u00ebm nocionet e<br \/>gjuh\u00ebs dhe grupit gjuh\u00ebsor. K\u00ebto nocione t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebta jan\u00eb legjitime, por mjaft te pamjaftueshme, nga mungesa e tyre e ndonj\u00eb konceptimi t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs, por m\u00eb pak p\u00ebrmendim m\u00ebsimin e tij, i cili duhet t\u00eb b\u00ebhet i detyruesh\u00ebm kudo. Nga ku<br \/>nj\u00eb varf\u00ebri e madhe e vet\u00eb nocionit t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs, e reduktuar n\u00eb komunikim. Si rezultat, plot\u00ebsimi thelb\u00ebsor i k\u00ebtij legalizmi duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb I nj\u00eb qasje gjith\u00ebp\u00ebrfshir\u00ebse. Lidhjet midis gjuh\u00ebs, artit, etik\u00ebs dhe mendimit politik. Nuk mundet t\u00eb p\u00ebrforcojn\u00eb efektivitetin dhe kuptimin e pretendimeve.<br \/>Duket se roli urgjent dhe specifik i Forumeve Bot\u00ebrore t\u00eb Gjuh\u00ebve<br \/>t\u00eb cilat q\u00eb nga ajo koh\u00eb jan\u00eb p\u00ebrhapur n\u00eb Franc\u00eb nga Forumi i Gjuh\u00ebs n\u00eb Toulouse 1992, duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbushur k\u00ebt\u00eb boshll\u00ebk t\u00eb mendimit dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb sjell\u00eb nj\u00eb reflektim n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi q\u00eb mund t\u00eb karakterizoj\u00eb nj\u00eb kontribut francez dhe i cili do t\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebnte<br \/>n\u00eb iden\u00eb e fort\u00eb se ne nuk i mbrojm\u00eb gjuh\u00ebt pa nj\u00eb mendim t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm t\u00eb gjuhes dhe shoq\u00ebrise.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">Henri Meschonnic<br \/>Carrefour Culturel Arnaud&#8211;\u2010Bernard<\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u00a0\u2013 \u2013 \u2013<\/strong><br \/><strong>\u00a0\u2013 \u2013 \u2013<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>Propozimi p\u00ebr nj\u00eb Deklarat\u00eb mbi Detyrat drejt Gjuh\u00ebve dhe Gjuh\u00ebs<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p>Teksti i propozuar n\u00eb Forumin e Gjuh\u00ebve m\u00eb 28 maj 2006, Place du Capitole n\u00eb Toulouse, nga Henri Meschonnic, Profesor Emeritus i Gjuh\u00ebsis\u00eb n\u00eb Universit\u00e9 Paris-8, poet, p\u00ebrkthyes i Bibl\u00ebs, eseist:<\/p><p>Art 1<br \/>S\u00eb pari, ekziston nj\u00eb specifik\u00eb q\u00eb duhet njohur n\u00eb gj\u00ebrat e gjuh\u00ebs. Kjo specifik\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb q\u00eb ne nuk e b\u00ebjm\u00eb thjesht sepse do t\u00eb ishte n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb transferonte k\u00ebto pyetje kopjen e deklaratave t\u00eb njohura p\u00ebr t\u00eb drejtat e qenieve njer\u00ebzore dhe bashk\u00ebsive.<br \/>Vendimi p\u00ebr t\u00eb drejtat gjithashtu supozon vendosjen p\u00ebr detyrat. Nj\u00ebri dhe tjetri presupozon nj\u00eb mendim se \u00e7far\u00eb jan\u00eb gjuh\u00ebt dhe \u00e7far\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb gjuh\u00ebt. Por ky mendim duket m\u00eb shum\u00eb aktiv, shihet n\u00eb drejtim t\u00eb detyrave t\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb.<br \/>Vet\u00eb specifikat e gj\u00ebrave t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs presupozojn\u00eb nj\u00eb mendim specifik. P\u00ebr t\u00eb mbajtur t\u00eb gjitha elementet q\u00eb ky mendim supozon se \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme t\u00eb parashikohet se ky mendim duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb kritika e p\u00ebrhershme e historis\u00eb s\u00eb vet, n\u00ebn nd\u00ebshkimin e mos mendimit t\u00eb objektit t\u00eb saj, por t\u00eb identifikimit sin je keqkuptim i till\u00eb apo i atill\u00eb n\u00eb lidhje me gjuh\u00ebt dhe gjuh\u00ebn.<br \/>Gj\u00ebja e par\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb njohur \u00ebsht\u00eb se t\u00eb menduarit p\u00ebr gjuh\u00ebt n\u00ebnkupton t\u00eb mendosh se \u00e7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb, \u00e7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb gjuha dhe n\u00eb \u00e7far\u00eb konsiston historikisht dhe n\u00eb gjendjen aktuale te nje<br \/>gjuhe. T\u00eb menduarit e gjuh\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb e kufizuar n\u00eb konceptimin jo vet\u00ebm t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs, por dhe pasojave n\u00ebse \u00ebsht\u00eb izolimi i gjuh\u00ebs jasht\u00eb praktikave shoq\u00ebrore n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb larmin\u00eb e tyre, e cila \u00ebsht\u00eb sigurisht situata m\u00eb e keqe e mundshme p\u00ebr t\u00eb ditur se \u00e7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb dhe \u00e7far\u00eb b\u00ebn nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb, dhe p\u00ebr ta mbrojtur at\u00eb.<\/p><p>Art 2<br \/>Prandaj \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme t\u00eb imagjinohet se p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbrojtur nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb, duhet t\u00eb njohim paraprakisht imitimetvp\u00ebr at\u00eb q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb vet\u00eb nocioni gjuh\u00eb, duhet t\u00eb ekzistoj\u00eb nj\u00eb teori e p\u00ebrgjithshme e gjuh\u00ebs.<br \/>N\u00eb \u00e7far\u00eb m\u00ebnyre duhet t\u00eb mendohet p\u00ebrve\u00e7 se sipas modelit t\u00eb past\u00ebr institucional t\u00eb propozuar nga \u00ab\u00a0T\u00eb Drejtat Gjuh\u00ebsore Universale \u201dt\u00eb Barcelon\u00ebs, qershor 1996, i cili merret vet\u00ebm me gjuh\u00eb, dhe n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb tregon kufijt\u00eb e mendimit t\u00eb tij p\u00ebr gjuh\u00ebn.Nj\u00eb teori e till\u00eb gjith\u00ebp\u00ebrfshir\u00ebse p\u00ebrfshin nj\u00eb reflektim mbi rolet, aktivitetet dhe pikat e forta t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha praktikat shoq\u00ebrore &#8211; nj\u00eb teori e marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnies midis gjuh\u00ebs dhe ligj\u00ebrimit, midis nocionit te ligj\u00ebrimit dhe nj\u00eb teori e subjekteve, midis nj\u00eb teorie t\u00eb subjekteve dhe artit, etik\u00ebs, politik\u00ebs, sepse \u00ebsht\u00eb e gjitha kjo q\u00eb n\u00ebnkupton nocioni subjekt.<br \/>Gjuha pra nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb pun\u00eb vet\u00ebm e gjuh\u00ebtar\u00ebve, e as e politikan\u00ebve vet\u00ebm. Historia e politik\u00ebs gjuh\u00ebt nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb histori politike. Ai p\u00ebrfshin elemente q\u00eb lidhen gjithashtu me artin, etiken, historine shoq\u00ebrore. Prandaj, t\u00eb menduarit p\u00ebr politik\u00ebn gjuh\u00ebsore presupozon k\u00ebt\u00eb teori n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, kjo veshje e pandashme nga gjuha, arti, etika dhe politika p\u00ebr t\u00eb menduar marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet midis gjuh\u00ebs dhe shoq\u00ebris\u00eb. P\u00ebrndryshe ne q\u00ebndrojm\u00eb ose biem p\u00ebrs\u00ebri n\u00eb nj\u00eb mendim t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs vet\u00ebm, dhe vet\u00ebm politika, e cila \u00e7on menj\u00ebher\u00eb n\u00eb keqkuptimin e rolit t\u00eb artit n\u00eb shoq\u00ebri, roli i etik\u00ebs n\u00eb politik\u00eb, duke injoruar k\u00ebshtu lirin\u00eb e subjekteve.<\/p><p>Art 3<br \/>P\u00ebr t\u00eb mbajtur s\u00eb bashku nj\u00eb mendim t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs dhe l\u00ebnd\u00ebve, duhet t\u00eb punohet n\u00eb nj\u00eb kritik\u00eb t\u00eb kund\u00ebrshtimit midis identitetit dhe tjetersimit, p\u00ebr t\u00eb menduar n\u00eb t\u00eb kund\u00ebrt\u00ebn e nd\u00ebrveprimit historik t\u00eb vazhduesh\u00ebm midis identitetit dhe tjet\u00ebrsise.<br \/>T\u00eb menduarit p\u00ebr shum\u00ebsin\u00eb e gjuh\u00ebve dhe bashk\u00ebveprimin nd\u00ebrmjet gjuh\u00ebve, pra presupozon t\u00eb mendosh p\u00ebr identitetin perms tjet\u00ebrsimit.<\/p><p>Art 4<br \/>T\u00eb mendosh p\u00ebr identitetin p\u00ebrmes tjet\u00ebrsimit, \u00ebsht\u00eb thelb\u00ebsore t\u00eb mendosh p\u00ebr veprimin e arteve gjuh\u00ebsore ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht, dhe artit n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, mbi transformimet e m\u00ebnyrave t\u00eb t\u00eb menduarit,<br \/>ndjeshm\u00ebrise dhe t\u00eb kuptuarit.<br \/>Art 5<br \/>Aty ku \u00ebsht\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb njihet nj\u00eb rol i privilegjuar p\u00ebr praktikat dhe mendimin e p\u00ebrkthimit, i cili imponon nga ana tjet\u00ebr p\u00ebr t\u00eb rimenduar p\u00ebrkthimin e tij sipas nj\u00eb njohjeje t\u00eb arteve t\u00eb mendimit, dhe jo m\u00eb shum\u00eb vet\u00ebm si nj\u00eb kalim nga gjuha n\u00eb gjuh\u00eb, por nga ligj\u00ebrimi n\u00eb ligj\u00ebrim, dhe ndoshta nga<br \/>sistemi i t\u00eb folurit n\u00eb sistemin e t\u00eb folurit. P\u00ebrndryshe, \u00ebsht\u00eb injoranca e zakonshme, e maskuar nga nd\u00ebrgjegjja e mir\u00eb e v\u00ebrtet\u00ebsive t\u00eb kryera, dhe kush nuk e sheh q\u00eb p\u00ebrkthimet jan\u00eb fshirje. Fshirja e kulturave, fshirja e specifikave, fshirja e ndryshimeve.<br \/>Q\u00eb nga ana tjet\u00ebr supozon se nj\u00eb teori e p\u00ebrkthimit nuk mund t\u00eb izolohet dhe gjoja autonome q\u00eb teoria e gjuh\u00ebs nuk mund t\u00eb reduktohet n\u00eb nocionin e vet\u00ebm t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs. Kjo pretendohet<br \/>autonomia duke mos qen\u00eb asgj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr p\u00ebrve\u00e7 situat\u00ebs s\u00eb saj tradicionale n\u00eb shenj\u00ebn e hermeneutik\u00ebs, kuptimit.<\/p><p>Art 6<br \/>N\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn \u00ebsht\u00eb gjithashtu e nevojshme t\u00eb njohim at\u00eb armik t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebve, dhe ndoshta armikun e par\u00eb t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs,qe nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb hegjemoni kulturore-ekonomike-politike e nj\u00eb gjuhe t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, por para s\u00eb gjithash eshte mendimi q\u00eb zvog\u00eblon gjuh\u00ebn n\u00eb gjuh\u00eb dhe q\u00eb ndan gjuh\u00ebn nga arti, kultura, shoq\u00ebria, etika dhe politika ta konsiderojn\u00eb at\u00eb vet\u00ebm n\u00eb izolimin e saj &#8211; pavar\u00ebsisht nga studimi<br \/>teknika e operacioneve t\u00eb saj, e cila, si e till\u00eb, ka legjitimitetin e saj n\u00eb vet\u00eb objektin e saj, kushti i njohjes s\u00eb limiteve t\u00eb saj<\/p><p>Art 7<br \/>Njohja e identitetit p\u00ebrmes tjet\u00ebrsis\u00eb presupozon njohjen e identitetit si shum\u00ebsi t\u00eb brendshme dhe si histori, jo si natyr\u00eb.<\/p><p>Art 8<br \/>Duke u nisur nga kjo, ekziston nj\u00eb m\u00ebsim q\u00eb nuk ekziston (dhe p\u00ebr ta siguruar at\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha nivelet, si nj\u00eb form\u00eb e re e edukimit qytetar), teoria e gjuh\u00ebs si njohje e marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnies midis identitetit dhe tjet\u00ebrsis\u00eb, midis ve\u00e7antis\u00eb dhe shum\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb brendshme, q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb si nj\u00eb poetik\u00eb, nj\u00eb etik\u00eb dhe nj\u00eb politik\u00eb e marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnieve nd\u00ebr-individuale, nd\u00ebrkulturore dhe nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare. Ku poetike,<br \/>etika dhe politika duhet t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb pandashme, p\u00ebrndryshe ato do t\u00eb bien p\u00ebrs\u00ebri n\u00eb modelin tradicional.<br \/>Me pamjaftueshm\u00ebrin\u00eb e saj, t\u00eb cil\u00ebn shum\u00eb nuk e shohin dhe q\u00eb duhet t\u00eb b\u00ebhet i vet\u00ebdijsh\u00ebm.<\/p><p>Art 9<br \/>Ky m\u00ebsimdh\u00ebnie e teoris\u00eb s\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs si nj\u00eb teori e bashk\u00ebsis\u00eb duhet t\u00eb funksionoj\u00eb n\u00ebn modelin tradicional dhe dominant t\u00eb shenj\u00ebs (me gjith\u00eb koherenc\u00ebn e saj gjuh\u00ebsore, antropologjike, filozofike, teologjike, shoq\u00ebrore dhe politike, puna e vazhdueshme si pun\u00eb<br \/>t\u00eb trupit n\u00eb gjuh\u00eb, t\u00eb subjektit n\u00eb gjuh\u00eb, t\u00eb shpikjeve t\u00eb mendimit n\u00eb gjuh\u00eb dhe si nd\u00ebrveprim, pandashm\u00ebri dhe historik i rr\u00ebnjosur i gjuh\u00ebs, artit, etik\u00ebs dhe politik\u00ebs.<br \/>Ky eksperiment i mendimit do t\u00eb b\u00ebnte t\u00eb mundur vendosjen m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb problemeve t\u00eb lidhura me tjet\u00ebrsin\u00eb dhe shum\u00ebsin\u00eb,<br \/>konceptuar zakonisht si vet\u00ebm t\u00eb jashtme, dhe p\u00ebr t&rsquo;i treguar ato sa m\u00eb t\u00eb brendshme sesa t\u00eb jashtme.<\/p><p>Art 10<br \/>Kund\u00ebr koherenc\u00ebs mbret\u00ebrore t\u00eb shenj\u00ebs dhe thjesht t\u00eb mendimit t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs, do t\u00eb kishte arsye p\u00ebr t\u00eb menduar,njohin, m\u00ebsojn\u00eb dhe kultivojn\u00eb nj\u00eb kund\u00ebr-kultur\u00eb, nj\u00eb kund\u00ebr-koherenc\u00eb, at\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebtij solidariteti dhe nd\u00ebrveprimi midis kategorive t\u00eb Arsyes q\u00eb nj\u00eb histori e t\u00ebr\u00eb e mendimit vazhdon t\u00eb mbaj\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb heterogjen dhe t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, ndaj t\u00eb cilave t\u00eb dy vet\u00eb historia e kushtetut\u00ebs s\u00eb asaj<br \/>ne i quajm\u00eb shkencat humane dhe disiplinat tona akademike, t\u00eb cilat dol\u00ebn prej saj.<br \/>Ne mund dhe duhet t\u00eb kuptojm\u00eb dhe promovojm\u00eb m\u00eb mir\u00eb dygjuh\u00ebsin\u00eb dhe plurilingualizmin, sipas secil\u00ebs situat\u00eb kulturore, duke i vendosur ato n\u00eb nj\u00eb mendim t\u00eb pluralitetit t\u00eb brendsh\u00ebm, etik\u00ebs dhe t\u00eb politik\u00ebs s\u00eb subjekteve. Ajo q\u00eb thjesht ballafaqimi i gjuh\u00ebve nuk na lejon t\u00eb mendojm\u00eb.<\/p><p>Art 11<br \/>Sepse n\u00ebse njohja e shum\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb gjuh\u00ebve b\u00ebhet vet\u00ebm n\u00eb politik\u00ebn e shenj\u00ebs, n\u00eb vend t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj p\u00ebr t\u00eb z\u00ebn\u00eb vend n\u00eb teorin\u00eb e p\u00ebrgjithshme t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs, ajo mund t\u00eb mbetet vet\u00ebm n\u00eb kund\u00ebrshtim midis<br \/>identiteti dhe tjet\u00ebrsimi, n\u00eb shtypjen e pakicave nga forca e vetme e ekonomiko-politike. Prandaj do t\u00eb ishte m\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb flisnim p\u00ebr gjuh\u00eb-kultura sesa p\u00ebr gjuh\u00eb, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb konceptojm\u00eb dhe ruajm\u00eb m\u00eb mire vlerat q\u00eb jan\u00eb shpikur n\u00eb to dhe t\u00eb cilat ata jan\u00eb bart\u00ebse &#8211; vlera antropologjike, artistike, etike dhe politike.<\/p><p>Art 12<br \/>\u00c7\u00ebshtja e vlerave p\u00ebrfshin zbardhjen e asaj q\u00eb nocioni i pabarazis\u00eb gjuh\u00ebsore turbullon. Dhe se ai \u00ebsht\u00eb i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme p\u00ebr t&rsquo;u p\u00ebrballur, n\u00eb vend se t\u00eb postulatosh vet\u00ebm n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb abstrakte (\u00ab\u00a0demokrat abstrakt\u00a0\u00bb i Sartrit) barazia e gjuh\u00ebve nd\u00ebrmjet tyre.<\/p><p>Art 13<br \/>Esht\u00eb e padiskutueshme q\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha gjuh\u00ebt, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb ato q\u00eb fliten nga nj\u00eb popullsi e varf\u00ebr apo ato qe fliten nga popullsi t\u00eb shumta dhe shum\u00eb t\u00eb lokalizuara, si gjith\u00e7ka q\u00eb ka t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb me at\u00eb q\u00eb e b\u00ebn nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb, jan\u00eb t\u00eb barabarta me nj\u00ebra-tjetr\u00ebn n\u00eb kuptimin q\u00eb \u00e7do gjuh\u00eb p\u00ebrmbush plot\u00ebsisht funksionet gjuh\u00ebsore t\u00eb nj\u00eb gjuhe, p\u00ebr t\u00eb menduar, t\u00eb ndjere, t\u00eb komunikuar, t\u00eb jetuar n\u00eb nj\u00eb shoq\u00ebri t\u00eb caktuar.<\/p><p>Art 14<br \/>Por dy faktor\u00eb vijn\u00eb n\u00eb turbullt t\u00eb k\u00ebtij nocioni fillestar t\u00eb barazis\u00eb antropologjike t\u00eb Gjuh\u00ebs. Dhe k\u00ebta dy faktor\u00eb jan\u00eb me renditje radikalisht t\u00eb dallueshme, t\u00eb cilat \u00ebsht\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb mos ngat\u00ebrrohen, dhe q\u00eb nuk shtohen.<\/p><p>Art 15<br \/>Nj\u00ebra \u00ebsht\u00eb fuqia ekonomike-politike e nj\u00eb grupi komb\u00ebtar, ose teologjik-politik, dhe e cila imponohet si nj\u00eb trans-gjuh\u00eb e komunikimit mbar\u00ebkomb\u00ebtar ose nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar. Pra, si<br \/>nj\u00eb fuqi teologjike-politike, arabishtja n\u00eb Egjipt ka mbytur ose ndaluar gjuh\u00ebn gjat\u00eb shekujve kurse gjuha franceze e ka reduktuar at\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim thjesht liturgjik. Ekonomopolitika p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsohet sot nga globalizimi i komunikimit anglisht.<\/p><p>Art 16<br \/>Por nj\u00eb faktor tjet\u00ebr i ep\u00ebrsis\u00eb kulturore dhe ekspansionizmit, ose i koh\u00ebzgjatjes se perandorive, \u00ebsht\u00eb shpikje n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb artistike, etike dhe politikat. N\u00eb cilin rast jan\u00eb k\u00ebto vlera q\u00eb e b\u00ebjn\u00eb zgjerimin dhe prestigjin e k\u00ebtyre gjuh\u00ebve, p\u00ebrtej \u00e7do nocion i komunikimit gjuh\u00ebsor, lokal, rajonal ose planetar.<\/p><p>Art 17<br \/>Jan\u00eb at\u00ebher\u00eb k\u00ebto vlera ato q\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb ato q\u00eb jan\u00eb k\u00ebto gjuh\u00eb. Ky fakt n\u00eb vetvete \u00ebsht\u00eb po aq i pakontestuesh\u00ebm historikisht, por nuk ka asgj\u00eb te zakonshme as me at\u00eb q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb dhe \u00e7far\u00eb b\u00ebn gjuh\u00ebsisht nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb dhe ndonj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb, as me fuqine e perandorive ekonomike dhe politike. Esht\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb ndalohet atribuimi i gjuh\u00ebve n\u00eb at\u00eb q\u00eb b\u00ebn pun\u00eb, madje dhe sakt\u00ebsisht n\u00ebse vlerat e tyre p\u00ebrb\u00ebjn\u00eb nj\u00eb kontribut specifik p\u00ebr nj\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb apo t\u00eb atill\u00eb gjuh\u00eb, deri n\u00eb identifikimin me t\u00eb.<\/p><p>Art 18<br \/>Vlera t\u00eb tilla mund t\u00eb universalizohen. Vlerat politike t\u00eb Deklarat\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb Drejtave t\u00eb L&rsquo;Homme de 1789, ose lufta p\u00ebr t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00ebn kund\u00ebr ruajtjes s\u00eb rendit gjat\u00eb \u00c7\u00ebshtjes Dreyfus simbolizuan dhe universalizuan gjuh\u00ebn fr\u00ebnge, por n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb ato nuk jan\u00eb<br \/>b\u00ebr\u00eb nga gjuha fr\u00ebnge, dhe mund t\u00eb thuhet dhe rib\u00ebhet n\u00eb \u00e7do gjuh\u00eb dhe n\u00eb \u00e7do vend.<\/p><p>Art 19<br \/>Esht\u00eb e nj\u00ebjta gj\u00eb, p\u00ebrndryshe, me vlerat estetike dhe etike t\u00eb veprave letrare dhe veprat e mendimit, t\u00eb cilat kan\u00eb efekt q\u00eb disa gjuh\u00eb jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb famshme se t\u00eb tjerat.<\/p><p>Art 20<br \/>K\u00ebto efekte t\u00eb ep\u00ebrsis\u00eb nuk b\u00ebhen rasti p\u00ebr nj\u00eb ide t\u00eb ep\u00ebrsis\u00eb s\u00eb gjuh\u00ebve t\u00eb caktuara.<br \/>K\u00ebto vlera nuk varen nga gjuh\u00ebt si gjuh\u00eb,por historia kulturore e cila i lidh n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb pashmangshme me t\u00eb nuk lejon n\u00eb vetvete t\u00eb pranojm\u00eb se keto jan\u00eb punimet dhe p\u00ebrpjekjet, ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00eb numri shum\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl individ\u00ebsh kund\u00ebr kolektivitetit t\u00eb tyre,<br \/>q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se ne i atribuojm\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs at\u00eb q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb dhe ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb gjithashtu poetikisht, kund\u00ebr saj.<br \/>N\u00eb refuzimin e bashk\u00ebkoh\u00ebsve.<\/p><p>Art 21<br \/>K\u00ebto dallime jan\u00eb thelb\u00ebsore n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb mos i atribuohen virtyteve natyrore nj\u00eb gjuhe, e cila vendos gjuh\u00ebn si mit i gjeniut t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebve. Por po aq sa t\u00eb mos zvog\u00eblohet gjuha n\u00eb gjuh\u00eb, dhe p\u00ebrs\u00ebri<br \/>m\u00eb pak ndaj komunikimit. Trendi i fundit q\u00eb duhet adresuar.<br \/>P\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb varf\u00ebrimit t\u00eb mendimit, t\u00eb mjeteve, q\u00eb sjell ky zvog\u00eblim dhe q\u00eb p\u00ebrforcojn\u00eb progresin teknik n\u00eb komunikim. Duke maskuar se vet\u00eb ky progres \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb faktor i regresionit dhe barbaris\u00eb.<br \/>Mendimi i gjuh\u00ebs si nj\u00eb teori e t\u00ebr\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb ajo q\u00eb vet\u00ebm mund t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb t\u00eb mundur kund\u00ebrveprimin me efektet pervers i mendimit t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebve si natyr\u00eb &#8211; si gjeni, nga p\u00ebrkujtimi i vazhduesh\u00ebm i lidhjeve<br \/>midis specifik\u00ebs dhe historikut. Historikiteti radikal.<\/p><p>Art 22<br \/>K\u00ebshtu q\u00eb fobia e anglishtes n\u00eb fr\u00ebngjisht mund t\u00eb duket m\u00eb mir\u00eb si munges\u00eb e njohurive t\u00eb karakterit historik te huazimeve, dhe kufijt\u00eb e tyre leksikor\u00eb dhe sintaksor\u00eb. Injoranca e ketij karakteri refuzon huazimet dhe kontaktet n\u00eb em\u00ebr t\u00eb nj\u00eb purizmi q\u00eb n\u00ebnkupton<br \/>injoranc\u00eb e vet\u00eb historis\u00eb s\u00eb gjuh\u00ebve, nj\u00eb prapambetje, pra nj\u00eb akademiz\u00ebm, nj\u00eb nocion ne r\u00ebnie (e ndryshueshme: p\u00ebr Gobineau, r\u00ebnia e fr\u00ebngjishtes filloi n\u00eb shekullin e 14-t\u00eb; p\u00ebr t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt, n\u00eb<br \/>Shekulli XIX; p\u00ebr t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt, francez\u00ebt e sot\u00ebm jan\u00eb nj\u00eb \u00ab\u00a0kryevep\u00ebr n\u00eb rrezik\u00a0\u00bb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn ata nuk pushojn\u00eb kurr\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb njoftuar vdekjen).<\/p><p>Art 23<br \/>Di\u00e7ka tjet\u00ebr p\u00ebrve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj fobie puriste \u00ebsht\u00eb frikacia etike dhe politike q\u00eb i b\u00ebn specialist\u00ebt te heqin dor\u00eb nga shprehja e tyre n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn e tyre dhe n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb kontribuojn\u00eb n\u00eb masivizim komunikues.<br \/>Atribuimi vet\u00ebm i gjuh\u00ebs i virtyteve t\u00eb lidhura me nj\u00eb histori n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb i gabuar n\u00eb gjeni dhe tregon madje papritmas sa prej tyre kan\u00eb pak gjeni dhe kuptim t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs, pseudo-mbrojt\u00ebsit e fr\u00ebngjishtes.<\/p><p>Art 24<br \/>Nga k\u00ebndv\u00ebshtrimi i nj\u00eb teorie t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithshme, p\u00ebrkundrazi mund t\u00eb v\u00ebrehen dy gj\u00ebra.<br \/>Nj\u00ebra \u00ebsht\u00eb se rreziku m\u00eb i madh p\u00ebr nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb hegjemonia e nj\u00eb tjetre, madje dhe edhe m\u00eb shum\u00eb n\u00ebse kjo hegjemoni \u00ebsht\u00eb vet\u00ebm ekonomiko-politike, rreziku kryesor (pasoj\u00eb e reduktimit t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs n\u00eb gjuh\u00eb) \u00ebsht\u00eb mungesa e krijimit t\u00eb vler\u00ebs (artistik, etik, politik) nga ata q\u00eb e flasin at\u00eb. Mungesa e krijimit \u00ebsht\u00eb e barabart\u00eb me tradhtin\u00eb.<br \/>Greqishtja klasike dhe Hebraishtja Biblike jan\u00eb mish\u00ebrimi i gjuh\u00ebve, nj\u00ebra prej t\u00eb cilave, hebraishtja, ka asnj\u00ebher\u00eb nuk kishte r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi politike, dhe tjetri, r\u00ebnd\u00ebsia e t\u00eb cilit nuk i mbijetoi perandoris\u00eb s\u00eb Aleksandrit, kan\u00eb pasur dhe kan\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb e tyre transhistorike vet\u00ebm p\u00ebrmes veprave t\u00eb mendimit q\u00eb ishin<br \/>prodhuar n\u00eb k\u00ebto gjuh\u00eb. Dhe jan\u00eb veprat, shpikjet e mendimit, ato q\u00eb b\u00ebn\u00eb at\u00eb q\u00eb k\u00ebto gjuh\u00ebt jan\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb, ajo q\u00eb jan\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb bart\u00ebse t\u00eb. Sepse nuk jan\u00eb gjuh\u00eb, si q\u00eb gjuh\u00ebt, t\u00eb cilat prodhuan veprat. Dhe edhe kur gjendja e gjuh\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb e vjet\u00ebr, ose gjuha kalon p\u00ebr t\u00eb vdekur, si latinishtja, fjalimi \u00ebsht\u00eb i gjall\u00eb.<br \/>K\u00ebshtu latinishtja, e cila thuhet se ka vdekur n\u00eb shekullin e 17-t\u00eb, dhe gjuha vet\u00ebm e studiuesve mes tyre (dhe tezat n\u00eb shekullin e 19-t\u00eb ishin shkruar ende n\u00eb latinisht, ai i Jaur\u00e8s, p\u00ebr shembull), nuk mund ta themi at\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb e vdekur (nj\u00eb banalitet i duksh\u00ebm i cili gjithsesi \u00ebsht\u00eb marr\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb vep\u00ebr t\u00eb fundit, Latinet perandoria e nj\u00eb shenje, shekulli XVI-XX, nga Fran\u00e7oise Waquet, Albin Michel, 1998), n\u00ebse Francis Bacon, Hobbes, Dekarti, Spinoza, Leibniz shpikin mendimin, shpikin mendimin e tyre, m\u00eb pas, n\u00eb latinisht.<br \/>Por aramaishtja, e cila n\u00eb koh\u00ebn post-biblike kishte r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi komunikimi transnacional, ekziston vet\u00ebm n\u00eb disa fshatra. Sa p\u00ebr perandorit\u00eb e m\u00ebdha t\u00eb koh\u00ebs, ato u larguan vet\u00ebm mbetje arkeologjike.<\/p><p>Art 25<br \/>Esht\u00eb e nevojshme t\u00eb njihet nj\u00eb historik i ndjenj\u00ebs s\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnieve midis gjuh\u00ebve. K\u00ebshtu q\u00eb ka nj\u00eb paqe t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebve popullore n\u00eb Mesjet\u00eb, n\u00eb Evrop\u00eb, n\u00eb transnacionalitetin e latinishtes. Pastaj nj\u00eb luft\u00eb gjuh\u00ebt kund\u00ebr latinishtes, pastaj mes tyre n\u00eb Evrop\u00eb nga shekulli XVI. Nga ka ardhur universaliteti i fr\u00ebngjishtes n\u00eb Evrop\u00eb n\u00eb shekullin e 18-t\u00eb. Prandaj lufta e Revolucionit Francez kund\u00ebr \u00ab\u00a0Patois\u00a0\u00bb (duke p\u00ebrzier pa dallim dialektet e fr\u00ebngjishtes dhe gjuh\u00ebve t\u00eb tjera &#8211; Bretonisht, Baske) deri n\u00eb Republik\u00ebn e Tret\u00eb. Sa i p\u00ebrket Frankofonis\u00eb aktuale, ose shum\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb francez\u00ebve n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb bot\u00ebn, nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrputhje me Rivarol. Edhe kjo duhet t\u00eb mendohet.<\/p><p>Arti 26<br \/>Esht\u00eb e sigurt se ndjenja e pluralitetit t\u00eb brendsh\u00ebm (dhe gjithashtu t\u00eb jasht\u00ebm) &#8211; kuptimi n\u00eb kuptimin e ndjenj\u00ebs s\u00eb domosdoshm\u00ebrise dhe bashk\u00eb-prania &#8211; \u00ebsht\u00eb e koh\u00ebve t\u00eb fundit, dhe sigurisht e lidhur me historin\u00eb e dekolonizimit, por gjithashtu ajo kthehet n\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet midis romantizmit t\u00eb specifikave dhe nacionalizmave q\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb saj deri ne politizim.<\/p><p>Art 27<br \/>Sidoqoft\u00eb, kjo ndjenj\u00eb e pluralitetit mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb vet\u00eb rajonaliste dhe nacionaliste, e mbyllur n\u00eb vetvete. (dhe duke riprodhuar n\u00eb nj\u00eb shkall\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl mbylljen e mendimit t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs), ose pluraliste,<br \/>dometh\u00ebn\u00eb t\u00eb realizoj\u00eb vetveten si njohje e shum\u00ebsive t\u00eb brendshme dhe t\u00eb shum\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb identitetit.<br \/>T\u00eb aft\u00eb at\u00ebher\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb teori t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithshme.<br \/>Art 28<br \/>P\u00ebr sa koh\u00eb q\u00eb pranohet se zhdukja e nj\u00eb gjuhe mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb shkat\u00ebrrimit \u00ebsht\u00eb e qart\u00eb se mbrojtja e gjuh\u00ebve nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb problem gjuh\u00eb, por domosdoshm\u00ebrisht njohja e nd\u00ebrveprimit midis teoris\u00eb s\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs, teoria e akteve t\u00eb mendimit, etik\u00ebs dhe politik\u00ebs.<\/p><p>Art 29<br \/>P\u00ebrndryshe, ajo q\u00eb mbret\u00ebron \u00ebsht\u00eb heterogjeniteti i kategorive t\u00eb arsyes, vet\u00ebm se etika \u00ebsht\u00eb e pafuqishme, vet\u00ebm politika \u00ebsht\u00eb e plotfuqishme, gj\u00ebrat e artit nuk kuptohen si mbrojtja m\u00eb e mir\u00eb e gjuh\u00ebve, dhe gjuh\u00ebt duke u reduktuar n\u00eb mjete komunikimi,<br \/>vet\u00ebm gjuh\u00ebt q\u00eb komunikojn\u00eb fuqin\u00eb ekonomike-politike p\u00ebrhapen dhe mbytin t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt.<\/p><p>Arti 30<br \/>P\u00ebrfundim paradoksal &#8211; por puna e mendimit \u00ebsht\u00eb t&rsquo;i kthej\u00eb paradokset n\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00ebsi te e ardhmja &#8211; ajo q\u00eb del nga ky zinxhir i arsyeve \u00ebsht\u00eb se mbrojtja e gjuh\u00ebve nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb mendimi i gjuh\u00ebs, por n\u00eb lidhjen q\u00eb ende e b\u00ebn at\u00eb utopi t\u00eb mendimit t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs, lidhjen<br \/>midis gjuh\u00ebs, artit, etik\u00ebs dhe politik\u00ebs si nj\u00eb teori e t\u00ebr\u00eb. Kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebsimdh\u00ebnie kuptimi i detyruesh\u00ebm i gjuh\u00ebs.<\/p><p>Teksti i lexuar n\u00eb Forumin e Gjuh\u00ebve t\u00eb Bot\u00ebs dhe botuar n\u00eb N \u00b0 64 t\u00eb Linha Imaginot (p\u00ebrmbledhje<br \/>GRQM \u00e7do tre muaj)<br \/>Forumi i gjuh\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb organizuar nga kultura Carrefour Arnaud Bernard<br \/>www.arnaudbernard.net<br \/>\u00a9 CARREFOUR CULTUREL ARNAUD-BERNARD &#8211; carrefourculturel@arnaud-bernard.net<\/p><p>PJESE SHTESE:<br \/>P\u00ebr nacionalizimin e propozuar t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebve dhe kulturave t\u00eb Franc\u00ebs nga Forumi i Gjuh\u00ebve t\u00eb Bot\u00ebs s\u00eb Tuluz\u00ebs<\/p><p>T\u00eb gjith\u00eb duhet t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb vet\u00ebdijsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb historike t\u00eb ndryshimit votuar nga Asambleja Komb\u00ebtare 22 majin e kaluar n\u00eb nenin 1 t\u00eb kushtetut\u00ebs, duke deklaruar mbi k\u00ebt\u00eb tem\u00eb t\u00eb Republik\u00ebs Franceze, se: \u00ab\u00a0Gjuh\u00ebt rajonale i p\u00ebrkasin trash\u00ebgimis\u00eb s\u00eb saj\u00a0\u00bb. P\u00ebrfshir\u00eb k\u00ebshtu k\u00ebto gjuh\u00eb si n\u00eb historin\u00eb e Franc\u00ebs ashtu edhe n\u00eb historin\u00eb e gjuh\u00ebs fr\u00ebnge, at\u00eb Fran\u00e7ois I par\u00eb n\u00eb 1539 n\u00eb Villers-Cotter\u00eats kishte deklaruar &#8211; ishte kund\u00ebr latinishtes, n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb &#8211; gjuha e vetme e Frances, gjuha zyrtare e dekreteve zyrtare.<br \/>Por realiteti historik dhe gjeografik i Franc\u00ebs ishte ai i nj\u00eb shum\u00ebsie gjuh\u00ebsh.<br \/>At Gr\u00e9goire n\u00eb 1790, p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrhapur ide revolucionare, revolucionin duke filluar nga Parisi, donte t\u00eb eleminonte patoisin si streh\u00eb nga feudalizmi dhe mbret\u00ebria. Ende n\u00eb fund t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb n\u00ebnt\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb Republika luftoi p\u00ebr t\u00eb imponuar fr\u00ebngjishten si gjuh\u00eb komb\u00ebtare. Sepse ishin tet\u00eb ose n\u00ebnt\u00eb gjuh\u00ebt popullore. Akoma n\u00eb vitet 1914-1918, sipas rajoneve, pakkush e dinte gjuh\u00ebn komb\u00ebtare. Breton\u00ebt kishin m\u00eb shum\u00eb vdekje sesa mesatarja komb\u00ebtare n\u00eb luft\u00eb, sepse pak kush e dinte Fr\u00ebngjisht<br \/>Kjo kujtes\u00eb nuk v\u00ebshtron t\u00eb kaluar\u00ebn, po shikon t\u00eb tashmen dhe t\u00eb ardhmen, prandaj Doja ta b\u00ebja. Jo m\u00eb kot, pariziene nga lindja, un\u00eb kam marr\u00eb pjes\u00eb p\u00ebr m\u00eb shum\u00eb se dhjet\u00eb vite n\u00eb Forum des Langues de Toulouse, krijuar nga Claude Sicre. Sepse kam m\u00ebsuar gj\u00ebra atje,<br \/>gjat\u00eb k\u00ebtyre debateve dhe takimeve. Nuk mund t\u00eb harroj nj\u00eb m\u00ebsues Breton i cili ende vuante nga Lufta e Chouan dhe q\u00eb d\u00ebshironte q\u00eb n\u00eb nivelin m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb t\u00eb shtetit atje nj\u00eb deklarat\u00eb qet\u00ebsuese si Kiraku kishte b\u00ebr\u00eb p\u00ebr Vichy dhe hebrenjt\u00eb. Historia e s\u00eb kaluar\u00ebs nuk ka kaluar, ka akoma disa, e kam par\u00eb me vesh\u00ebt e mi, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt kan\u00eb dhimbje per p\u00ebrvjetorin e Sh\u00ebn Bartolomeut.<br \/>Claude Sicre ka t\u00eb drejt\u00eb t\u00eb t\u00ebrheq\u00eb v\u00ebmendjen e Ministrit t\u00eb Kultur\u00ebs (le t\u00eb nxitojm\u00eb, gjat\u00eb se ekziston ende nj\u00eb Ministri e Kultur\u00ebs n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb vend) mbi rrezikun e nj\u00eb interpretimi rajonalist i k\u00ebtij ndryshimi, i cili do t\u00eb mbyllte, kund\u00ebr Franc\u00ebs, secilin rajon n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn e tij,<br \/>duke supozuar se gjuha e saj do t\u00eb interesonte vet\u00ebm veten.<br \/>Dhe Claude Sicre lufton q\u00eb, p\u00ebrkundrazi, t\u00eb kuptojm\u00eb se t\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto gjuh\u00eb t\u00eb Franc\u00ebs jan\u00eb komb\u00ebtare. Sepse historia e tyre, dhe historia e kultur\u00ebs franceze, \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb histori t\u00eb shk\u00ebmbimeve, t\u00eb bashk\u00ebveprimit. Sepse secila gjuh\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb-kultur\u00eb. Nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb vetem nj\u00eb instrument I komunikimit.<br \/>Njohja e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha gjuh\u00ebt e Franc\u00ebs \u00ab\u00a0i p\u00ebrkasin trash\u00ebgimis\u00eb s\u00eb saj\u00a0\u00bb n\u00eb fakt do t\u00eb ishte, si\u00e7 sugjeron Forumi i Langues de Toulouse, kudo n\u00eb Franc\u00eb transformon m\u00ebsimin e kultur\u00ebs franceze duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb iniciativa n\u00eb k\u00ebto gjuh\u00eb dhe kultura, Breton n\u00eb Strasburg dhe Alsatian n\u00eb Rennes, Occitan n\u00eb Lille dhe Picard n\u00eb Toulouse.<br \/>Pra me t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb ne do t\u00eb kishim akses n\u00eb nj\u00eb histori reale dhe nj\u00eb t\u00eb ardhme t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, duke njohur m\u00eb mir\u00eb gjeografine ton\u00eb kulturore.<br \/>Me sa kam p\u00ebrjetuar, si nj\u00eb studiues vizitor pothuajse kudo n\u00eb Franc\u00eb, e kam kuptuar se nj\u00eb nga klishet\u00eb kulturore m\u00eb t\u00eb q\u00ebndrueshme, m\u00eb t\u00eb vjetra dhe m\u00eb t\u00eb d\u00ebmshme, \u00ebsht\u00eb kund\u00ebrshtimi midis Parisit dhe krahin\u00ebs. Shum\u00eb ende besojn\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb marr\u00ebzi. \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb simptom\u00eb, n\u00eb syt\u00eb e mi, e pik\u00ebrisht asaj q\u00eb Claude Sicre denoncon si centraliz\u00ebm. Un\u00eb do t\u00eb thoja t\u00eb provincializmit parizian.<br \/>M\u00ebsimi i shum\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb gjuh\u00ebve dhe kulturave n\u00eb Franc\u00eb do ta sh\u00ebroj\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb problem. Pa harruar at\u00eb p\u00ebrfitimi do t\u00eb ishte i dyfisht\u00eb: p\u00ebr jet\u00ebn e k\u00ebtyre gjuh\u00ebve (nj\u00eb tem\u00eb e mod\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebrtas\u00ebsh p\u00ebr vdekjen)<br \/>gjuh\u00ebt, t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb do t\u00eb punonim q\u00eb ata t\u00eb jetonin), dhe p\u00ebr kuptimin historik t\u00eb solidaritetit.<br \/>Pa harruar, duke pasur parasysh historin\u00eb e imigracionit, n\u00eb Franc\u00eb, p\u00ebr shekuj me radh\u00eb, gjuh\u00ebt nuk territorializohet.<br \/>Pra, si\u00e7 thot\u00eb \u00ab\u00a0propozimi p\u00ebr nacionalizimin e gjuh\u00ebve-kulturave t\u00eb Franc\u00ebs\u00a0\u00bb, po, ka do t\u00eb kishte, duke m\u00ebsuar se uniteti \u00ebsht\u00eb pluralitet i brendsh\u00ebm, \u00ab\u00a0m\u00eb shum\u00eb demokraci dhe m\u00eb shum\u00eb Republik\u00eb \u00ab\u00a0.<br \/>E gjith\u00eb kjo tregon gjithashtu r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb kryesore t\u00eb arsimit n\u00eb jet\u00ebn politike, n\u00eb etika e politik\u00ebs.<br \/>Henri Meschonnic<br \/>Teksti i k\u00ebrkuar nga Liberation &#8211; Madame de Valleys &#8211; nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb botuar (maj 2001)<\/p><p>\u00ab\u00a0Nj\u00eb forum p\u00ebr mendimin e gjuh\u00ebs\u00a0\u00bb, Henri Meschonnic,<br \/>La D\u00e9p\u00eache, 18 maj 2001<\/p><p>Un\u00eb nuk jam duke shkuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb luajtur politik\u00eb. Un\u00eb nuk jam m\u00eb politikan sesa teolog. \u00c7far\u00eb ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e nj\u00ebjt\u00eb. Por ka nj\u00eb detyr\u00eb mendimi. Nj\u00eb detyr\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb nd\u00ebrhyr\u00eb. Esht\u00eb e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb q\u00eb, t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb ajo q\u00eb fjalori ka integruar me Zol\u00ebn, ky \u00ebsht\u00eb roli i intelektual\u00ebve. Edhe pse ky rol ekzistonte, edhe para fjal\u00ebs, shum\u00eb m\u00eb par\u00eb se Zola. Simbolikisht, mbase i pari q\u00eb e p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson at\u00eb,<br \/>\u00ebsht\u00eb Sokrati. Kush e quante veten filolog, q\u00eb nuk do t\u00eb thoshte \u00ab\u00a0filolog\u00a0\u00bb, por diskutues.<br \/>Shpik\u00ebsi emblematik i kritik\u00ebs. T\u00eb menduarit si kritik. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb, duke menduar si ushtrimi i liris\u00eb. T\u00eb dy: e nj\u00ebjta gj\u00eb. Parandaluesi nga t\u00eb menduarit n\u00eb qarqe, nga gjumi gjat\u00eb bised\u00ebs, si\u00e7 b\u00ebjm\u00eb kur ngat\u00ebrrojm\u00eb t\u00eb menduarit dhe policimin. Dhe gj\u00ebrat e gjuh\u00ebs jan\u00eb nj\u00eb Observator i shk\u00eblqyer p\u00ebr t\u00eb par\u00eb bot\u00ebn ton\u00eb si at\u00eb t\u00eb bukuris\u00eb s\u00eb fjetur: t\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto profesionist\u00ebt e mendimit dhe ata q\u00eb u besojn\u00eb atyre, t\u00eb imobilizuar n\u00eb ide fikse. Shprehja do t\u00eb thot\u00eb fotografia q\u00eb zgjat, dhe q\u00eb i rregullon ato n\u00eb poz\u00ebn e ideve t\u00eb marra. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb e gjitha tjet\u00ebr bot\u00ebrorja q\u00eb vjen: pritja p\u00ebr pritjet, e cila plot\u00ebson horizontin e pritjeve.<br \/>Furrat e mendimit i dhurohen kat\u00ebrmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb. P\u00ebr shembull, kur ndajm\u00eb praktik\u00ebn dhe teorin\u00eb.<br \/>Ose kur kund\u00ebrshtojm\u00eb identitetin dhe tjet\u00ebrsin\u00eb. Ose kur besoni se gjuh\u00ebt jan\u00eb gjuh\u00eb. Ose kur ne besojm\u00eb se nj\u00eb poezi, ose se b\u00ebjm\u00eb nj\u00eb poezi, kur flasim vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr shenj\u00ebn &#8211; shtoj, tani, gjithmon\u00eb \u00ab\u00a0k\u00ebshtu t\u00eb jet\u00eb\u00a0\u00bb. Kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb kur b\u00ebjm\u00eb gjuh\u00eb, kjo gj\u00eb kaq mrekullisht e ngjall kufom\u00ebn. N\u00eb form\u00ebn e nj\u00ebr\u00ebs pal\u00eb. T\u00eb kuptimit, t\u00eb tjetrit. Ashtu si shpirti nga nj\u00ebra an\u00eb, trupi nga ana tjet\u00ebr.<br \/>Po, ne nuk e dim\u00eb sa nuk dim\u00eb \u00e7far\u00eb t\u00eb themi kur flasim p\u00ebr gjuh\u00eb dhe gjuh\u00eb. P\u00ebrkthimi, p\u00ebr shembull. Crazysht\u00eb \u00e7menduri sa k\u00ebnaq\u00ebsi kemi. Dhe kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebr sh\u00ebndetin: a nuk themi se ajo duhet t\u00eb kujdeset p\u00ebr gjuh\u00ebn e tij? Ky forum, p\u00ebr sa vite kam harruar tashm\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb vend ku gjith\u00e7ka<br \/>papritmas, n\u00eb nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar t\u00eb vitit, p\u00ebrrallore, trubadur\u00ebt vijn\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb zgjuar k\u00ebto poza n\u00eb gjum\u00eb, ata goj\u00eb t\u00eb but\u00eb q\u00eb p\u00ebrtypin ide t\u00eb vjetra, t\u00eb vjetra, aq t\u00eb vjetra sa duhet t\u2019i vishni aq shum\u00eb nuk po mbajn\u00eb m\u00eb, t\u00eb gjall\u00eb. Po, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb shfaqje e bukur, nj\u00eb her\u00eb n\u00eb vit, vendi Kapitol Vlen t\u00eb shmanget. P\u00ebrve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj, me forc\u00eb, mendoj se kemi v\u00ebrejtur. N\u00eb vendet e larta. Kete vit posa\u00e7\u00ebrisht esht\u00eb nj\u00eb surpriz\u00eb. Un\u00eb vij k\u00ebtu sepse p\u00ebr mua \u00ebsht\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtje ritmi.<br \/>Ky \u00ebsht\u00eb ritmi p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilin po punoj. T\u00eb mendosh dhe t\u00eb rimendosh gjith\u00e7ka p\u00ebr gjuh\u00ebn. Dhe gjuh\u00ebt. P\u00ebr<br \/>m\u00ebsoni ritmin e t\u00eb qeshurit q\u00eb trondit mendimin. Sepse ekziston nj\u00eb komedi e mendimit. P\u00ebr t\u00eb zbuluar.<br \/>Esht\u00eb pjes\u00eb e g\u00ebzimeve t\u00eb mendimit. Mjafton t\u00eb rinovojm\u00eb ajrin q\u00eb thithim. Po mbytim k\u00ebtu. Ky vit, do t\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00eb deklarat\u00eb e madhe. Nj\u00eb deklarat\u00eb dashurie, natyrisht. N\u00eb gjuh\u00eb. Dhe gjuh\u00ebt. Megjith\u00ebse Do t\u00eb ket\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb njohur kush \u00ebsht\u00eb kush, dhe \u00e7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb \u00e7far\u00eb, dhe jo p\u00ebr t&rsquo;i dh\u00ebn\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs &#8211; kush nuk thot\u00eb asgj\u00eb, ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb ventriloquist &#8211; e cila vjen nga ata q\u00eb shpikin vet\u00eb. N\u00eb t\u00eb folur. Ti dhe un\u00eb. Por p\u00ebr t\u00eb njohur pjes\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr, do t\u00eb duhet t\u00eb vish m\u00eb 20 maj, Place du Capitole.<\/p><p>Adresa ndaj aventurier\u00ebve t\u00eb sot\u00ebm<\/p><p>Q\u00eb nga viti 1789, ekziston nj\u00eb Deklarat\u00eb Universale e t\u00eb Drejtave t\u00eb Njeriut (a) e cila luan nj\u00eb rol me r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi, n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb bot\u00ebn, si nj\u00eb arm\u00eb etike, intelektuale dhe ligjore n\u00eb<br \/>luftimet kund\u00ebr dhun\u00ebs dhe padrejt\u00ebsis\u00eb.<br \/>N\u00eb shekullin 21, do t\u00eb ket\u00eb nj\u00eb Deklarat\u00eb Universale t\u00eb t\u00eb Drejtave t\u00eb Gjuh\u00ebve dhe Kulturave.<br \/>Pse<br \/>&#8211; P\u00ebr shkak se p\u00ebrhapjes, n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb planetin, e betejave etnike (fisnore, rajonale, komb\u00ebtar) tregon se bashk\u00ebsia nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare duhet t\u00eb pajis\u00eb veten me nj\u00eb legale p\u00ebr t&rsquo;i p\u00ebrmbajtur ato, n\u00ebse jo p\u00ebr t&rsquo;i zhdukur ato;<br \/>&#8211; Sepse k\u00ebto beteja, t\u00eb cilat helmojn\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet midis njer\u00ebzve n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb bot\u00ebn, jan\u00eb pasoj\u00eb e mohimit, pak a shum\u00eb e dhunshme n\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb rajonit, t\u00eb identiteteve<br \/>kolektiv\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00eb nga gjuh\u00eb, dhe kultura n\u00eb kuptimin e fort\u00eb (p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb fet\u00eb);<br \/>&#8211; Sepse cila \u00ebsht\u00eb forca e Deklarat\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb Drejtave t\u00eb Njeriut, dometh\u00ebn\u00eb q\u00eb nuk e b\u00ebn konsideron se individ\u00ebt e marr\u00eb n\u00eb izolim nga p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsit\u00eb e tyre t\u00eb ndryshme (etnike,<br \/>gjuh\u00ebsore, sociale, fetare) p\u00ebr t&rsquo;i trajtuar ata n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb barabart\u00eb n\u00eb aspektin e etik\u00ebs dhe ligjit,<br \/>\u00ebsht\u00eb gjithashtu ajo q\u00eb e b\u00ebn dob\u00ebsin\u00eb e saj: nuk mund t\u00eb veproj\u00eb sipas t\u00eb drejtave kolektive;<br \/>&#8211; Sepse p\u00ebrtej problemeve ekonomike dhe politike, p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilat t\u00eb dy Vulgate marksiste dhe vulgate liberale, \u00ebsht\u00eb e qart\u00eb se \u00e7\u00ebshtja e identiteteve e kalon \u00e7\u00ebshtjen<br \/>shekuj, stile jetese, p\u00ebrmbysje gjeopolitike, ndryshime ekonomike.<br \/>Dhe se as shtet\u00ebsia bot\u00ebrore, as anti-globalizmi ekonomist, as botanizmi i tret\u00eb, t\u00eb gjitha q\u00ebndrimet q\u00eb rezultojn\u00eb nga bashk\u00ebrendimi per\u00ebndimor (injorant i realitetit kulturor)<br \/>thell\u00eb n\u00eb ato rajone t\u00eb bot\u00ebs \u00ab\u00a0ku ne ende luftojm\u00eb p\u00ebr ide fetare ose \u00e7\u00ebshtje t\u00eb traditave lokale \u00ab\u00a0) t\u00eb gjitha ideologjit\u00eb q\u00eb burojn\u00eb nga universalizmi yn\u00eb abstrakt, do t\u00eb jet\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb zgjidh\u00eb k\u00ebto \u00e7\u00ebshtje. Aq sa i njohim vet\u00eb, edhe pse p\u00ebr a<br \/>shkall\u00eb tjet\u00ebr (Irlanda, Vendi Bask, Korsika, Kosova, etj.) (b); Vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb Deklarat\u00eb Universale e t\u00eb Drejtave ndaj Gjuh\u00ebve dhe Kulturave e cila:<br \/>&#8211; t\u00eb organizoj\u00eb nj\u00eb debat planetar ku t\u00eb gjitha bashk\u00ebsit\u00eb gjuh\u00ebsore-kulturore t\u00eb bot\u00ebs do t\u00eb mblidhej, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha \u00e7\u00ebshtjet t\u00eb shoshiteshin p\u00ebrmes secil\u00ebs kultur\u00eb<br \/>(secila fe, secila tradit\u00eb);<br \/>&#8211; prandaj, nuk do ta zvog\u00eblonte pyetjen n\u00eb problemin e rrept\u00eb t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebve dhe, \u00e7&rsquo;\u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e keqja, te gjuh\u00ebt si mjete komunikimi, por do t\u00eb konsideronin vet\u00eb problemin e gjuh\u00ebs,<br \/>dhe t\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnies s\u00eb tij me mendimin, dhe p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye me mendimet e civilizimeve t\u00eb ndryshme<br \/>(c);Vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb deklarat\u00eb e till\u00eb mund t\u00eb plot\u00ebsoj\u00eb Deklarat\u00ebn e t\u00eb Drejtave t\u00eb Njeriut.<br \/>Do te vije.<br \/>Larg t\u00eb gjitha ideologjive plot p\u00ebrgjigje t\u00eb p\u00ebrpunuara tashm\u00eb, larg nga t\u00eb gjitha utopizmat dhe t\u00eb sistemeve t\u00eb tyre t\u00eb mbyllura, duke mbajtur larg nga t\u00eb gjith\u00eb pseudo \u00ab\u00a0z\u00ebdh\u00ebn\u00ebsit\u00a0\u00bb e popujve (t\u00eb cil\u00ebt popujt flasin vet\u00eb!), n\u00eb krahasim me misticizmin \u00ab\u00a0alterglobalist\u00a0\u00bb (duke th\u00ebn\u00eb se \u00ab\u00a0nj\u00eb bot\u00eb tjet\u00ebr \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur\u00a0\u00bb ajo n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb implicite pranon iden\u00eb se ekziston nj\u00eb NJ ONE bot\u00eb tashm\u00eb, e cila mohon shum\u00ebsin\u00eb shum\u00eb reale t\u00eb sotme, dhe na ofron nj\u00eb bot\u00eb tjet\u00ebr a p\u00ebr nes\u00ebr, kur ajo q\u00eb njer\u00ebzit duan \u00ebsht\u00eb njohja e t\u00eb gjith\u00eb tyre bot\u00ebt tashm\u00eb ekzistuese), kjo aventur\u00eb k\u00ebrkon q\u00eb t\u00eb shpiken vlerat universale brenda secil\u00ebs kultur\u00eb, secila n\u00eb konfrontim me t\u00eb gjitha t\u00eb tjerat.Nj\u00eb udh\u00ebtim i shk\u00eblqyesh\u00ebm, i cili gjithmon\u00eb do t\u00eb hulumtohet n\u00eb thell\u00ebsi, n\u00eb imagjinat\u00ebn njer\u00ebzore n\u00ebn t\u00eb<br \/>t\u00eb gjitha format, \u00ebndrrat, arritjet e saj. Nd\u00ebrmarrja m\u00eb e madhe intelektuale, etika dhe politika q\u00eb mund t\u00eb konceptohet. Aty ku \u00e7do qenie njer\u00ebzore ka rolin e tij.<\/p><p>Forom des langues du Monde de Toulouse mai 2000<br \/>Claude Sicre<\/p><p>a) Frym\u00ebzuar fuqimisht nga Deklarata e Amerik\u00ebs s\u00eb Veriut t\u00eb vitit 1776, t\u00eb cil\u00ebn ne priremi ta harrojm\u00eb n\u00eb Franc\u00eb.<br \/>b) Nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb indiferent t\u00eb v\u00ebrejm\u00eb se, p\u00ebr sa i p\u00ebrket Franc\u00ebs, l\u00ebvizja jon\u00eb e ideve ishte nj\u00eb nga forcat shtyt\u00ebse<br \/>regjistrimi i gjuh\u00ebve t\u00eb pakicave (gjuh\u00eb t\u00eb huaja pa status n\u00eb vendin e tyre t\u00eb origjin\u00ebs: berber, jidish,<br \/>Dialekti rom, armen, arab) si \u00ab\u00a0gjuh\u00eb t\u00eb Franc\u00ebs\u00a0\u00bb n\u00eb projekt n\u00ebnshkrimin e Kart\u00ebs Evropian, t\u00eb cilin ai ishte dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb ende i vetmi p\u00ebr t\u00eb promovuar, kund\u00ebr ideologjive rajonaliste ose nacionaliste,<br \/>duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb ideja q\u00eb gjuh\u00ebt autoktone t\u00eb Franc\u00ebs, t\u00eb mos ndahen n\u00eb asnj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb nga kulturat e tyre<br \/>NACIONALIZUAR (bazuar n\u00eb konceptimin ton\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb francez\u00ebt duhet t\u00eb m\u00ebsohen rreth troubadours<br \/>Pushtuesit &#8211; pa studimin e t\u00eb cil\u00ebve nuk mund ta kuptojm\u00eb poezin\u00eb franceze &#8211; historin\u00eb e Korsik\u00ebs &#8211; pa<br \/>studimi i s\u00eb cil\u00ebs nuk kuptohet asgj\u00eb p\u00ebr Napoleonin dhe organizimin e shtetit q\u00eb nga fillimi i shekullit t\u00eb 19 &#8211; deri n\u00eb historia e Alsasit &#8211; pa studimin e s\u00eb cil\u00ebs nuk mund t\u00eb kuptohen dy luft\u00ebra bot\u00ebrore &#8211; etj, etj.) p\u00ebr t\u00eb<br \/>t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtoj\u00eb nj\u00eb Franc\u00eb rr\u00ebnj\u00ebsisht demokratike, republikane dhe rr\u00ebnj\u00ebsisht pluraliste.<br \/>Sh\u00ebnim pas tekstit: ishte Henri Meschonnic i cili, n\u00eb Forom des Langues n\u00eb 2001 m\u00eb pas vitet<br \/>n\u00eb vijim, nisi k\u00ebt\u00eb ide t\u00eb Deklarat\u00ebs s\u00eb Detyrave (dhe jo t\u00eb Drejtave) dhe e cila udh\u00ebhoqi k\u00ebt\u00eb kritik\u00eb p\u00ebrball\u00eb<br \/>Deklarata e t\u00eb Drejtave Gjuh\u00ebsore, q\u00eb rezulton nga Konferenca Bot\u00ebrore p\u00ebr t\u00eb Drejtat Gjuh\u00ebsore t\u00eb mbajtur n\u00eb Barcelon\u00eb n\u00eb 1996. Ishte pas Propozimit t\u00eb Henri Meschonnicit 2006 kur ai prezantoi nocionin e Detyrimeve q\u00eb ne shuma e renditur sipas mendimit t\u00eb tij p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb term.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2084\" aria-expanded=\"false\">ARABE<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2084\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2084\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><strong>Arabe par Said Benjelloun<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"p1\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0645\u06cc\u0634\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0643<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u00ab\u00a0\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u00a0\u00bb \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1789 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u00ab\u00a0\u0644\u062c\u0645\u06cc\u0639 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u06cc\u0626\u0629\u00a0 \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc\u0629 (&#8230;) \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u00a0\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\u00a0\u00bb. \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u00a0\u00bb \u062c\u0647\u0644\u00a0 \u00a0\u0648\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u00a0\u00bb \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u06cc\u0628\u06cc\u0651\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645<br \/>\u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062c\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0627. \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u06cc\u0645\u0643\u0646<br \/>\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u06cc\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u060c \u0623\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0638\u06cc\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u06cc\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u060c \u0645\u0639<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u06cc\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u06cc\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641. \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u061f \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u06cc\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636<br \/>\u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645. \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 : \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u062c\u0647\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0643\u06cc\u0641 \u061f \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637<br \/>\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u06cc\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u060c \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0644 \u060c \u062c\u0647\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631.<br \/>\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u06cc\u062e\u0635 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062d\u06cc\u0648\u06cc\u0629 \u060c \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u06cc\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0627.<br \/>\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0646. \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0629 &#8211; \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u06cc\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644- \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0627 \u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644<br \/>\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u06cc\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a 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\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u060c \u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645 \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0645\u06cc\u0634\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0643 \u060c \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0641\u062e\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062a<br \/>\u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0633 8\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a.<br \/>\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647:<\/p><p style=\"text-align: left;\">\u00ab\u00a0Hugo la po\u00e9sie contre le maintien de l&rsquo;ordre\u00a0\u00bb (Maisonneuve et Larose)<br \/>\u00ab\u00a0Au commencement, traduction de la Gen\u00e8se\u00a0\u00bb (Descl\u00e9e de Brouwer)<br \/>\u00ab\u00a0Spinoza po\u00e8me de la pens\u00e9e\u00a0\u00bb (Maisonneuve et Larose)<br \/>( ( \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u06cc\u0629 \u0633\u0639\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0668 \u0645\u0627\u064a \u0662\u0660\u0661\u0669<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2085\" aria-expanded=\"false\">ANGLAIS<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2085\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2085\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><p><strong>Traduction anglais par Lani Aharoni bas\u00e9 sur la traduction par Chris Richards de l\u2019association Toulouse-Grande Bretagne et par Ang\u00e9la Gosmann<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>INTRODUCTION<\/strong> to the Proposition by Henri MESCHONNIC<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><em>for a Declaration about the obligations towards Languages and Language itself, and a <\/em><strong>CALL TO ACTION <\/strong><em>for its translation into a 1000 languages (to exaggerate a little).<\/em><\/span><\/p><p>This proposition was commissioned by Henri MESCHONNIC by the Carrefour Culturel Arnaud-Bernard (Toulouse, France), as someone who has worked for several years, for the <em>Forom des Langues du Monde, <\/em>on the critical examination of various international declarations or propositions in this field.<\/p><ol><li>H. MESCHONNIC conceived and wrote this proposition on the basis of his personal reflection on languages and the systems of language, as well as his discovery, at the <em>Forom des Langues du Monde, <\/em>at which he was the principal speaker from 1994 to 2008, of the project launched by the Carrefour for a \u201cUniversal Declaration of Rights for Languages and Cultures\u201d (believed to be an indispensable complement to the Universal Declaration of the Rights of Man), a project which was taken up by numerous members of the involved associations , in their countries of origin and at the <em>Forom<\/em> (more than one hundred and fifty different languages have been represented there since it\u2019s beginnings) for the defense and demonstration of their languages and cultures.<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>It was because <\/strong>of our reflection and action in favor <strong>of the occitan culture, <\/strong>that we imagined the <em>Forom<\/em> des Langues du Monde 30 years ago in Toulouse, and still is because of that that we have perceived the need for this Declaration, esteeming that, because of the situation and the history of the language\/culture occitan, demanded wider responses than those concerning national or regional political rights, and notably a consideration of the essential role of literature and of artistic and cultural creation in all forms, which has brought us together with the Pen-Club de Langue d\u2019Oc. It\u2019s clear that H.MESCHONNIC has understood us very well, and has done much more than we asked him to.<\/p><p>Since 2006 we have given this text to a number of people who represent language-culture associations at the <em>Forum<\/em> des Langues to translate.<\/p><p>We have relaunched this request this year. At your request, we will send you the translations that exist. Little by little, other translations will arrive, and we will send them to you. Please note that these documents that we give and will give to you, are, for us, not seen as definitive, but rather documents \u2018in process\u2019, useful (to be used?) for exchanges between all those interested by this text, and <span style=\"text-decoration: line-through;\">who would like<\/span> to spread it to others in the form they believe to be the best. This is an endless work in progress, because, apart from the fact that this Proposition for a Declaration can long feed discussions about its content and form, the changing situations of languages and cultures will subsequently bring about other interpretations of certain passages, which will then require new translation. In addition, all of the eventual proposals for amendments and enrichments of the text will be welcome, and we will submit them to <strong>all <\/strong>of our correspondents for consideration. They will also be debated publicly at the <em>Forom, <\/em>as well as at our <em>Universit\u00e9 Occitane de Lagu\u00e9pie <\/em>(France), and, we hope, in the numerous <em>Forums <\/em>or <em>F\u00eates des Langues <\/em>with which we collaborate.<\/p><p>Claude SICRE, Pr\u00e9sident du Carrefour Culturel Arnaud-Bernard, founder of the\u00a0 <em>Forom des Langues du Monde. <\/em>Spring 2019<\/p><p><strong>Introduction by Henri Meschonnic<\/strong><\/p><p>The preamble to the \u201cDeclaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen\u201d of 1789 took great care to \u201cunceasingly remind all members of society of their rights and duties\u201d. When we look at the world today, we see that the only thing that has changed is that, in the words of the preamble, \u201cthe ignorance of, the oversight of and the contempt for the rights of man\u201d have gotten much worse. There is a general state of disrepair of societies.<\/p><p>Which is where the urgency to create a link between ethics and politics comes from, a link which is, for the moment, just a dream. The paradox of language is that it is through language, and language alone, that this message can be passed on. However, this is completely ignored in society. By language, I mean that which allows us to express our thoughts, as opposed to language in the common usage of the word; a social system composed of symbols. The implications are not the same.<\/p><p>Defend language? But it\u2019s not under attack. Worse, we are ignorant of it, and we don\u2019t know it. But how can there be so much ignorance when there are so many studies and so much knowledge? It\u2019s precisely for that reason that there is a paradox. This acquired knowledge is unaware that it produces ignorance, a particular kind of ignorance which stops us from knowledge. \u00a0It\u2019s a question of point of view. There\u2019s a blind spot when it comes to the position of language in our society, and it\u2019s a vital spot. Therefore, it\u2019s not language that\u2019s under threat, but each one of us.<\/p><p>Because it\u2019s first and foremost always with words that we act and that we hurt. The question of the defense of languages is just the apparent aspect of an ignorance, oversight and contempt that we can\u2019t determine\u00a0 and that we do not know, for our humanist culture did not teach us to recognize them.<\/p><p>Language is not only where and how communication takes place, but even before that, it is where and how each human being takes up place in their own story. Language is therefore indubitably ethical and political, as well as epic, in that it enables adventures from a human point of view. .<\/p><p>It\u2019s in its ethical nature that language is artistic. Because we create in language, and it\u2019s where art, all the arts, play a fundamental role. And one that\u2019s little known. So the problem of the defense of languages spreads and overlaps infinitely with what is isolated and singled out, as if it was able to be isolated and singled out, namely the question of rights and the question of languages.<\/p><p>Instead of talking about the economic and political hegemony of one language over the others in a simplistic way, because it seems so obvious, we should rather recognise that the major problem, as vital as it is neglected, in the defense of languages, is the immeasurable ignorance of the idea of language, which is taught nowhere, and which turns into reductionism and regionalisation which characterizes \u00a0the treatment of language in our culture. In all cultures.<\/p><p>In this sense, it\u2019s a process of civilisation, and even a sort of cultural revolution that needs to be thought out and implemented and will be needed to conceive and practice the links between language and culture, language and literature, language and art, ethics and politics, which are neither thought nor practiced currently. Given what is at stake in the language of individual and collective histories, we may say that nothing is more profound, more vital for societies and for civilisation than the meaning of language.<\/p><p>This meaning alone is the preamble to a universal declaration of the rights of language. That is to say, the duties of the teaching of languages, the teaching of the links between language and society, the teaching of literature, of ethics, of political philosophy, and the interaction between all these teachings.<\/p><p>If we\u00a0 judge by the current state of the social sciences in the world, the linguistic sciences, and university regional disciplines, as well as primary school, middle school, and high school teachings,\u00a0 are we talking about a dream? It is, however, the current situation which is a nightmare\u00a0. Moreover, there is a crisis. In the Spring of 2004, an International Forum of languages and cultures will take place in Barcelona. This will be an international meeting of the greatest importance. It is extremely likely that it will renew the Universal Declaration of Linguistic rights which was proclaimed by the World Conference of linguistic rights held in Barcelona in 1996. However, this Declaration is exclusively juridical, restricted to ideas of languages and linguists. These standard ideas are legitimate, but completely insufficient,\u00a0 because of their lack of any general idea of language and failure to mention the teaching of this general idea of language, which should be made compulsory everywhere. Hence, the inadequacy of the knowledge of this general idea of language, reducing it just to a method of communication.<\/p><p>The indispensable complement to this adherence to the law should therefore be a conception of the totality of the links between language, art, ethics and political thought. This will serve to reinforce the effectiveness and the sense of the demands for the Declaration.<\/p><p>So it seems that the urgent and specific role of the <em>Forums des Langues du Monde (<\/em>Forum of world languages), which are found throughout France, and which stem from the annual <em>Forum des Langues du Monde<\/em> (Forum of world languages) of Toulouse, started in 1992, should be to fill this conceptual gap of thought, and to bring a consideration of the relationship of literature, art, ethics, and politics to language to the table that will characterize a French contribution to the conversation, which will establish the powerful idea that we cannot defend languages without a conception of the identity of language and its connection to society.<\/p><p>Henri Meschonnic<\/p><p>Carrefour Culturel Arnaud-Bernard<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Proposition for a Declaration of obligations towards languages and language itself <\/strong><\/p><p>Texte proposed at the<em> Forom des langues <\/em>(Forum of languages) on May 28th, 2006 at the Place du Capitole in Toulouse, by Henri Meschonnic, experienced linguistics professor at the <em>Universit\u00e9 Paris-8, <\/em>poet, translator of the bible, and essayist:<\/p><p>Art. 1<\/p><p>There are, before anything else, unique characteristics of language to be recognized. This uniqueness means that these issues cannot simply be copied from well-known declarations on human rights and communities.<\/p><p>Expressing an opinion about rights also means expressing an opinion about obligations. Both involve a reflection on what languages are and what they do, however this reflection seems more focused when considering obligations..<\/p><p>In itself, the uniqueness of language requires a specific practice in contemplation. In order to take into account all the elements that this practice requires, one must assume that it necessitates a perpetual critique of its own history, with the risk of not thinking about its result but identifying itself with some preconceived idea on languages and language.<\/p><p>The first thing to recognize is that thinking about languages implies thinking about what a language is, what significance it has, and what thinking about language means historically and currently.<\/p><p>Thinking about language is limited to conceiving only language, only of language, and consequently isolates language from the diversity of its social practices, which is probably the worst situation one can imagine when trying to determine what a language is and does, and to defend it.<\/p><p>Art. 2<\/p><p>So, to defend a language and to know in advance the limits of what the notion of language itself means, requires a global theory of language.<\/p><p>In this respect, we must think outside of the purely institutional framework proposed by the Barcelona \u00ab Universal declaration of linguistic rights \u00bb in June 1996, which refers only to languages and thus illustrates the limits of its thinking about language.<\/p><p>Such a global theory necessitates a reflection on the role, activities and strengths of language in all social practices \u2013 a theory of the relationship between language and discourse, between the notion of discourse and a theory of subjects, between a theory of subjects and art, ethics and politics, for the notion of subject implies all of these.<\/p><p>A language thus is not exclusively the concern of linguists, nor exclusively that of politicians. The history of language policy is not exclusively political history, but includes elements of the arts, ethics and social history. Thinking about language policy thus necessitates this global theory, this inseparable whole of language, arts, ethics and politics, so one can conceive of the relationship between language and society. Otherwise we remain or fall back into thinking about language alone, and politics alone, which immediately leads to ignoring the role of the arts in society, the role of ethics in politics, and thus the ignorance of the subjects\u2019 liberty.<\/p><p>Art. 3<\/p><p>In order to think about language and subjects, we need to work on a critical approach of the opposition between identity and otherness, to think, instead, of the constant historical interaction between identity and otherness.<\/p><p>Thinking about the plurality of languages and the interaction between languages means therefore thinking about identity through otherness.<\/p><p>Art. 4<\/p><p>In order to think about identity through otherness, it is essential to think about the transformative impact that the art of language specifically, and art more generally, has on the ways of thinking, sensitivity and understanding, and thus on the thinking of languages and of language itself.<\/p><p>Art. 5<\/p><p>Thus it is important to recognize the major role that translation and the thinking associated with it plays, which in turn requires us to rethink translation in terms of the recognition of the art of thinking, and no longer only as a passage from language to language, but from discourse to discourse and eventually even from system of discourse to system of discourse. Otherwise it results in the usual ignorance, obscured by the good consciousness of well-rounded truisms which fails to recognize that translations are erasers. Erasers of culture, erasers of specificity, erasers of differences.<\/p><p>Which therefore implies that the theory of translation can no longer be isolated anymore supposedly autonomous anymore than the theory of language can be reduced to a single notion. This alleged autonomy is nothing more than the traditional position within hermeneutics; the meaning and the symbol. Hence, the erasing.<\/p><p>Art. 6<\/p><p>In this respect, we must also recognize that an enemy of languages, and perhaps even the biggest enemy of languages, is not the cultural-economic-political hegemony of a certain language, but above all the thinking that reduces language itself to each individual language, and that separates language from art, culture, society, ethics and politics and only sees it in its isolation \u2013 independently from the technical study of how it functions, whose legitimacy lies in its own object, provided that the limits are recognized.<\/p><p>Art. 7<\/p><p>The recognition of identity through otherness presupposes the recognition of identity as internal plurality and history, not as nature.<\/p><p>Art. 8<\/p><p>From this point of view, one needs to suggest an education plan that does not yet exist (and to apply it to all levels, as a new form of civic education), teaching the theory of language as a recognition of the relationship between identity and otherness, between uniqueness and internal plurality, in other words, as poetics, ethics and politics of the relationships between individuals, culture and countries. Poetics, ethics and politics must be inseparable, or we risk reverting back into the traditional model. With its inadequacy, which many do not see and which we must take into account.<\/p><p>Art. 9<\/p><p>This education plan of the theory of language as a global theory must therefore work to recognize, under the traditional and dominant model of the symbol (with all its linguistic, anthropological, philosophical, theological, social, and political coherence), the ongoing work as the work of the body within language, of the subject on language, of the inventions of thought on languages, inseparability and radical historicity of language, art, ethics and politics.<\/p><p>This thought experiment would enable us to better situate the problems associated with otherness and plurality, and to demonstrate that they are both internal and external, as they are commonly conceived as solely external.<\/p><p>Art. 10<\/p><p>As an opposition to the ruling coherence of the symbol and the sole thought of languages, we need to think, recognize, teach and cultivate a counter-culture, a counter-coherence, of solidarity and interaction between the different categories of Reason that a whole history of thought continues to hold as heterogeneous and separate, as shown by both the very history of the constitution of what we call humanities and our resulting academic disciplines. A genuine criticism of linguistic Reason.<\/p><p>We could, and should, then, better understand and favor bilingualism and plurilingualism, according to each cultural situation, by situating them in our thinking of subjects\u2019 internal plurality, ethics and politics, which only the juxtaposition of languages does not allow us to think.<\/p><p>Art. 11<\/p><p>For if the recognition of the plurality of languages can only be achieved through the politics of the symbol, instead of through the global theory of language, this plurality can only remain in the opposition between identity and otherness, in the crushing of minorities by the sheer force of economic-political considerations. A crushing that fosters particularist terrorisms.<\/p><p>It would therefore be better to speak about language-cultures rather than languages, in order to better conceive and preserve the values that are invented inside these language-cultures and which they embody \u2013 anthropological, artistic, ethical and political values.<\/p><p>Art. 12<\/p><p>This question of values entails untangling what is blurred by the notion of language inequality. And a necessary confrontation, rather than postulating in a purely abstract manner (Sartre\u2019s \u00ab abstract democrat \u00bb) about the equality of languages among themselves.<\/p><p>Art. 13<\/p><p>It is inarguable that all languages, including those spoken by a small, highly localized population, just like everything else that makes up a language, are equal in the sense that every language fulfills the linguistic duties of a language in their entirety, allowing its speakers to think, feel, communicate, and live in a given society.<\/p><p>Art. 14<\/p><p>However, two factors blur this primordial notion of the anthropological equality of languages. And these two factors are radically distinct in nature, one must not confuse them, nor combine them.<\/p><p>Art. 15<\/p><p>The first one is the economic-political power of a national entity, or theological-political, which imposes itself as a trans-language of pan-national or international communication. Thus, acting as theological-political power, like Egyptian Arabic has, over the centuries, stifled or prohibited the Copt language as a lingua franca, reducing it to purely liturgical use. Today, this economical-political power is exemplified by the globalization of the English language as the global language of communication.<\/p><p>Art. 16<\/p><p>But another factor of cultural supremacy and expansionism, that lasts longer than even empires, is the invention of artistic, ethical and political values in a given language. In which case, these values are what causes the expansion and prestige of those languages, beyond all notions of local, regional or global linguistic communication.<\/p><p>Art. 17<\/p><p>These values are what makes languages what they are; the native works, not the language itself. This fact in itself is just as indisputable historically, but has nothing to do with what a language is linguistically, what makes language itself or any specific language, nor with the power of economic-political empires. We must stop attributing what is done by works of art to languages, even if and precisely if the values of the works constitute a specific contribution to their language, to the point of being identified with it.<\/p><p>Art. 18<\/p><p>Such values can become universal. The political values of the 1789 Declaration of Human Rights, or the fight for the truth against the maintenance of order during the Dreyfus Affair, have both symbolized and globalized the French language, but at the same time are not a result of the French language, and can be said and redone in any language and and in any place.<\/p><p>Art. 19<\/p><p>The same can be said of the aesthetic and ethical values of literary works and works of thinking, which cause certain languages to be more well-known than others, both carriers and bearers of these values.<\/p><p>Art. 20<\/p><p>These effects of supremacy lead to the thoughts that certain languages are superior only in and through the confusion between the language and the inventions of thought or the struggles of thought that have made up a given culture. These values do not depend on languages as languages. But the cultural history that inevitably ties these values and languages together does not allow us to recognize that it is the works and struggles, sometimes of a very small number of individuals against their own community, that leads us to attribute to the language what has been created within it and sometimes, poetically too, against it. In the rejection of contemporaries.<\/p><p>Art. 21<\/p><p>These distinctions are vital to not attribute nature\u2019s virtues to a language, which is what allows the myth of the genius of language to arise. And just as much to not reduce language itself to a single language, and even less to communication. A recent trend against which we must fight.<\/p><p>Because of the impoverishment of thought, of means, that this reductionism brings, and that strengthens the technical progress of communication. While concealing that this very progress is a factor of regression and barbarism.<\/p><p>Only thinking about language through a global theory can counter the perverse effects of thinking about language as nature \u2013 as genius, by constantly reminding us of the links between specificity and historicity. Radical historicity.<\/p><p>Art. 22<\/p><p>Consequently, the phobia of English in the French language can be seen as an ignorance of the historical character of borrowing, and of their lexical and syntactic limits. Ignorance of this character causes the rejection of borrowings and contacts in the name of a purism which simultaneously implies a lack of knowledge of the very history of languages, a pastism, thus an academicism, a notion of decline (variable: Gobineau considers the decline of the French language started in the 14th century; others consider it started in the 19th century; for yet others, today French is a \u00ab an endangered masterpiece \u00bb whose death they incessantly announce).<\/p><p>Art. 23<\/p><p>In addition to this puristic phobia is the ethical and political cowardice that leads specialists to refrain from expressing themselves in their own language, thus contributing to communicationalist massification.<\/p><p>Attributing a history\u2019s virtues to solely one language simultaneously shows mistakes itself for genius and at the same time shows how many people lack intelligence and sense of language;\u00a0 the pseudo-advocates of French.<\/p><p>Art. 24<\/p><p>On the contrary, from the point of view of the global theory, one can notice two things.<\/p><p>First, the biggest danger for a language is not the hegemony of another language, even and especially if this hegemony is merely economic-political, the main danger (consequence of reducing the system of language itself to a singular language) is the lack of (artistic, ethical, political) values created by those who speak it. Lack of creation equals betrayal.<\/p><p>Ancient Greek and biblical Hebrew are the perfect illustration that the transhistorical importance of languages of which one \u2013 Hebrew \u2013 never has had any political importance and the other whose importance did not survive Alexander\u2019s empire, lied and still lies in the works of thought that were produced in these languages. And it is these works, these inventions of thought, that made these languages what they have become and what they have become bearers of. For it is not the languages, as languages only, that produced those works. And even when the state of the language is old, or the language considered dead, as is Latin, the speech is alive.<\/p><p>Thus Latin, which is said to have died in the 17th century, and which only scholars used amongst themselves (and in the 19th century, dissertations still were written in Latin, such as Jaur\u00e8s\u2019), one cannot say it is a dead language (a seeming banality nevertheless claimed by a recent work \u201cLe latin ou l\u2019impire d\u2019un signe\u201d, XVI-XXe si\u00e8cle, by Fran\u00e7oise Waquet, Albin Michel, 1998), given that Francis Bacon, Hobbes, Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz invented their thinking, in Latin.<\/p><p>Aramaic, however, whose communication importance was transnational in the post-biblical period, today exists only in a few villages. As for the past\u2019s great empires, they merely left archeological relics.<\/p><p>Art. 25<\/p><p>One must recognize some historicity in the relationships between languages. Thus, there is an accord between vernacular languages from the middle ages, in the transnationality of Latin. Then, starting in the 16th century came a war of languages against Latin, and then between each other in Europe. The result of which being the universality of the French language in Europe in the 18th century, as well as the French Revolution\u2019s fight against the patois (indistinctively mixing up French dialects and other languages \u2013 Breton, Basque) until the Third Republic. As for today\u2019s French speaking world, or the multiple French languages around the world, it is no longer compatible with Rivarol. One also must think about that.<\/p><p>Art. 26<\/p><p>It is certain that the sense of internal (and also external) plurality \u2013 the sense meaning a feeling of\u00a0 necessity and of a co-presence \u2013 is recent, and certainly linked to the history of decolonization, but also goes back to the relationship between the romanticism of specificities and the nationalisms that are its politicization.<\/p><p>Art. 27<\/p><p>However, this sense of plurality can either be regionalistic and nationalistic, cut off from the outside world (and reproducing, at a lower scale, the closedness of the thinking of language), or pluralistic i.e. the recognition of the internal pluralities and of the plurality of identity. Capable therefore of a global theory.<\/p><p>Art. 28<\/p><p>Once one recognizes that the death of a language can be due either to the destruction of a population, or to cultural crushing, it is clear that defending languages is not an issue of language, but the obligatory recognition of the interaction between the theory of language, the theory of acts of thinking, ethics and politics.<\/p><p>Art. 29<\/p><p>In the absence of which, because the heterogeneity of the categories of reason is ruling, mere ethics is helpless, politics\u00a0 alone is almighty, issues of art are not understood as being the best defense of languages, and only languages being reduced to means of communication spread and suffocate the other languages that communicate the politico-economic power.<\/p><p>Art. 30<\/p><p>Paradoxical conclusion \u2013 but the job of thought is to transform paradoxes into future truisms \u2013 the result of this string of reasoning is that the defense of languages does not lie in the thinking of a language, but in the link that still makes it the utopia of the thinking of the system of language, the link between language, art, ethics and politics as a global theory. In other words, the mandatory teaching of the sense of language.<\/p><p>Text read at the Forom des langues du Monde and published in the N\u00b0 66 (June 2006) of the Linha Imaginot (quarterly journal of the GRQM).<\/p><p>The Forom des langues is organized by the Carrefour culturel Arnaud Bernard : <a href=\"http:\/\/www.arnaud-bernard.net\/\">www.arnaud-bernard.net<\/a><\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u00a9 CARREFOUR CULTUREL ARNAUD-BERNARD<br \/>carrefourculturel@arnaud-bernard.net<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2086\" aria-expanded=\"false\">JAPONAIS<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2086\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2086\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><p><strong>Japonais par Shungo MORITA<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><u>\u7d39\u4ecb\u3068\u547c\u3073\u304b\u3051<\/u><\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u30a2\u30f3\u30ea\u30fb\u30e1\u30b7\u30e7\u30cb\u30c3\u30af\u306e\u300e\u63d0\u8b70\u300f\u8aad\u89e3\u2500\u2500\u300c\u8a00\u8a9e\u53ca\u3073\u8a00\u8a9e\u6d3b\u52d5\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u7fa9\u52d9\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u5ba3\u8a00\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306e\u63d0\u8b70\u300d\u3092\u8aad\u3080\u305f\u3081\u306b<\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u307e\u305f\u3001\u672c\u63d0\u8b70\u3092\uff08\u5c11\u306a\u304f\u898b\u7a4d\u3082\u3063\u3066\u3082\uff091000\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u306b\u7ffb\u8a33\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b<\/p><p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\u672c\u63d0\u6848\u306f\u3001\u30a2\u30eb\u30ce\u30fc\u30fb\u30d9\u30eb\u30ca\u30fc\u30eb\u6587\u5316\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4f1a\uff08\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u30fb\u30c8\u30a5\u30fc\u30eb\u30fc\u30ba\uff09\u304c\u3001\u4e16\u754c\u8a00\u8a9e\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30e9\u30e0\uff08<em>Forom des Langues du 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style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u2013 \u2013 \u2013<\/strong><br \/><strong>\u2013 \u2013 \u2013<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: 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307e\u3063\u305f\u4e16\u754c\u8a00\u8a9e\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30e9\u30e0\u304c\u62c5\u3046\u3079\u304d\u7dca\u6025\u304b\u3064\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u5f79\u5272\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u30a2\u30f3\u30ea\u30fb\u30e1\u30b7\u30e7\u30cb\u30c3\u30af<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u30a2\u30eb\u30ce\u30fc\u30fb\u30d9\u30eb\u30ca\u30fc\u30eb\u6587\u5316\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4f1a<\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u2013 \u2013 \u2013<\/strong><br \/><strong>\u2013 \u2013 \u2013<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u8a00\u8a9e\u53ca\u3073\u8a00\u8a9e\u6d3b\u52d5\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u7fa9\u52d9\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u5ba3\u8a00\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306e\u63d0\u8b70<\/strong><\/p><p>1. 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\/>\u3044\u308f\u3086\u308b\u81ea\u5f8b\u6027\u306a\u3069\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3082\u306e\u306f\u3001\u89e3\u91c8\u5b66\u3001\u610f\u5473\u3001\u8a18\u53f7\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4f1d\u7d71\u7684\u306a\u72b6\u6cc1\u306b\u4ed6\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3089\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3053\u305d\u304c\u771f\u306e\u62b9\u6d88\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p><p>6. 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\/>\u306a\u304a\u3001\u3053\u306e\u8a69\u5b66\u3001\u502b\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u306e\u4e09\u3064\u306f\u6c7a\u3057\u3066\u5206\u3051\u3066\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3055\u3082\u306a\u304f\u3070\u3001\u4f1d\u7d71\u7684\u306a\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306b\u56de\u5e30\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002\u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u4f1d\u7d71\u7684\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306e\u4e0d\u5341\u5206\u306a\u70b9\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u7406\u89e3\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u304c\u3001\u81ea\u899a\u3059\u3079\u304d\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p><p>9. 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\u7d50\u8ad6\u306f\u9006\u8aac\u7684\u306a\u3082\u306e\u306b\u306a\u308b\u2500\u2500\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3001\u601d\u8003\u306e\u50cd\u304d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u306e\u306f\u3001\u9006\u8aac\u3092\u672a\u6765\u306b\u306f\u81ea\u660e\u306e\u7406\u306b\u5909\u5316\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7406\u6027\u306e\u7d50\u3073\u3064\u304d\u3092\u901a\u3057\u3066\u898b\u3048\u3066\u304f\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u4fdd\u8b77\u3068\u3044\u3046\u306e\u304c\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u306e\u601d\u8003\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u6d3b\u52d5\u306e\u601d\u8003\u306e\u307e\u3060\u306a\u3044\u5834\u6240\uff08\u30e6\u30fc\u30c8\u30d4\u30a2\uff09\u3092\u4f5c\u308a\u51fa\u3059\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3053\u305d\u304c\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u6d3b\u52d5\u3001\u82b8\u8853\u3001\u502b\u7406\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u304c\u7d50\u3073\u3064\u3044\u305f\u5168\u4f53\u7406\u8ad6\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u611f\u899a\u306e\u7fa9\u52d9\u6559\u80b2\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2087\" aria-expanded=\"false\">BR\u00c9SILIEN<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2087\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2087\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><strong>Tradu\u00e7ao\u00a0Enilce Albergaria\u00a0(enilcejf@gmail.com)<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>Sobre a <em>Proposta de Declara\u00e7\u00e3o dos Deveres <\/em><em>em rela\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0s L\u00ednguas e \u00e0 Linguagem<\/em><br \/>CHAMADA PARA TRADU\u00c7\u00c3O EM MIL L\u00cdNGUAS (<\/strong><strong> para dizer muito )<\/strong><\/span><strong><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p><p>Esta proposta foi encomendada a Henri MESCHONNIC pelo <em>Carrefour Culturel Arnaud-Bernard (Toulouse, France)<\/em> que se dedicava, j\u00e1 h\u00e1 alguns anos, no \u00e2mbito do F\u00f3rum das L\u00ednguas do Mundo, ao exame cr\u00edtico de diversas declara\u00e7\u00f5es ou propostas internacionais nesse campo.<\/p><ol><li>MESCHONNIC pensou e redigiu esta proposta a partir de sua reflex\u00e3o pessoal sobre as l\u00ednguas e a linguagem, e, igualmente, a partir do momento em que tomou conhecimento no F\u00f3rum das L\u00ednguas do Mundo, onde foi o principal conferencista de 1994 a 2008, do projeto lan\u00e7ado pelo Carrefour de uma Declara\u00e7\u00e3o universal dos direitos concernentes \u00e0s l\u00ednguas e \u00e0s culturas (Declara\u00e7\u00e3o esta pensada como complemento indispens\u00e1vel \u00e0 Declara\u00e7\u00e3o Universal dos Direitos Humanos), projeto este retomado por numerosos membros de associa\u00e7\u00f5es implicadas em seus pa\u00edses de origem e no F\u00f3rum (mais de cento e cinquenta l\u00ednguas estiveram ali representadas desde a sua cria\u00e7\u00e3o) na defesa e ilustra\u00e7\u00e3o de suas l\u00ednguas e culturas.<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Foi no \u00e2mbito de nossa reflex\u00e3o e a\u00e7\u00e3o em prol da cultura occitana que criamos em Toulouse o <em>F\u00f3rum<\/em> das l\u00ednguas do Mundo, h\u00e1 vinte e oito anos atr\u00e1s; e \u00e9 ainda dentro desse contexto que refletimos sobre a necessidade dessa Declara\u00e7\u00e3o, considerando que a quest\u00e3o occitana, devido \u00e0 situa\u00e7\u00e3o e \u00e0 hist\u00f3ria da l\u00edngua\/cultura occitana, exigia respostas mais amplas que as concernentes aos direitos pol\u00edticos, nacionais ou regionais, e, sobretudo, que ela deveria contemplar a valoriza\u00e7\u00e3o do papel essencial da literatura e da cria\u00e7\u00e3o cultural e art\u00edstica sob todas as suas formas, o que nos aproximou do Pen-Club de L\u00edngua d\u00b4Oc. N\u00f3s constatamos ent\u00e3o, que H. MESCHONNIC nos compreendeu muito bem e foi ainda mais longe daquilo que era a nossa solicita\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Em 2006, solicitamos a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o do texto de H. MESCHONNIC a\u00a0 certo n\u00famero de representantes de associa\u00e7\u00f5es de l\u00ednguas-culturas presentes no F\u00f3rum das l\u00ednguas. Poderemos enviar algumas tradu\u00e7\u00f5es que j\u00e1 recebemos a partir da solicita\u00e7\u00e3o de voc\u00eas. Aos poucos outras tradu\u00e7\u00f5es nos ser\u00e3o enviadas e poderemos encaminh\u00e1-las. O texto e suas tradu\u00e7\u00f5es n\u00e3o constituem para n\u00f3s documentos definitivos. Pelo contr\u00e1rio: s\u00e3o instrumentos de trabalho, vetores de trocas entre todos aqueles que tiverem interesse por este texto e quiserem divulg\u00e1-lo na vers\u00e3o que mais lhe convier. Portanto, este texto e suas tradu\u00e7\u00f5es s\u00e3o vetores de um trabalho infinito, considerando-se que al\u00e9m do fato de que esta <em>Proposta de Declara\u00e7\u00e3o <\/em>poder\u00e1 alimentar por muito tempo discuss\u00f5es sobre o que o texto diz e, por conseguinte, como ele diz, as mudan\u00e7as da condi\u00e7\u00e3o de exist\u00eancia das l\u00ednguas e culturas poder\u00e3o fazer emergir outras interpreta\u00e7\u00f5es de certas passagens, que ter\u00e3o, portanto, que serem retraduzidas.\u00a0 Al\u00e9m disso, todas as eventuais propostas de emendas ou que venham a enriquecer este texto ser\u00e3o bem vindas, e n\u00f3s as submeteremos ao exame de todos os nossos correspondentes. E elas ser\u00e3o objeto de debates p\u00fablicos no F\u00f3rum, como tamb\u00e9m na nossa Universidade Occitana de Lagu\u00e9pie (Fran\u00e7a) e igualmente, assim esperamos, nos numerosos F\u00f3runs ou Festas das L\u00ednguas com as quais colaboramos.<\/p><p>C.S, primavera de 2019<\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u00a0\u2013 \u2013 \u2013<\/strong><br \/><strong>\u00a0\u2013 \u2013 \u2013<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>\u201cO sentido da linguagem na defesa das l\u00ednguas\u201d, <\/strong><strong>HENRI MESCHONNIC<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><strong>(Leitura no <em>F\u00f3rum<\/em> das L\u00ednguas do Mundo de 25 de maio de 2003)<\/strong><\/p><p>Tradu\u00e7ao\u00a0Enilce Albergaria\u00a0(enilcejf@gmail.com)<\/p><p>O pre\u00e2mbulo da Declara\u00e7\u00e3o dos direitos humanos e do cidad\u00e3o de 1789 considerava como fundamental relembrar sem cessar \u201ca todos os membros do corpo social (&#8230;) seus direitos e deveres\u201d. Quando voltamos o nosso olhar para o mundo atual, vemos que nada mudou, sen\u00e3o que, como dizia esse pre\u00e2mbulo, \u201ca ignor\u00e2ncia, o esquecimento ou o desprezo pelos direitos humanos agravaram-se, e muito\u201d. P\u00e9ssimas condi\u00e7\u00f5es gerais das sociedades. Da\u00ed a urg\u00eancia de se inventar uma rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre a \u00e9tica e a pol\u00edtica, rela\u00e7\u00e3o que \u00e9 ainda uma utopia. O paradoxo da linguagem \u00e9 que \u00e9 atrav\u00e9s dela, e unicamente atrav\u00e9s dela, que essa rela\u00e7\u00e3o pode se dar. Ora, a linguagem \u00e9 alvo de um desconhecimento total. E minha concep\u00e7\u00e3o da linguagem \u00e9 que ela exerce a fun\u00e7\u00e3o de express\u00e3o do pensamento, enquanto que uma l\u00edngua \u00e9 um sistema social de signos. As implica\u00e7\u00f5es n\u00e3o s\u00e3o as mesmas. Defender a linguagem? Mas ela n\u00e3o est\u00e1 sob ataque. Entretanto \u00e9 pior: ela \u00e9 v\u00edtima de desconhecimento sem que disso tenhamos consci\u00eancia. Mas como? Com tantos estudos e saber acumulados. \u00c9 justamente isso que \u00e9 paradoxal. Todo esse saber n\u00e3o sabe que ele produz ignor\u00e2ncia, uma ignor\u00e2ncia espec\u00edfica; e ele mesmo impede que dela tomemos conhecimento. Quest\u00e3o de ponto de vista. Existe um ponto cego no estatuto da linguagem, e esse ponto \u00e9 vital. E assim, n\u00e3o \u00e9 a linguagem que est\u00e1 amea\u00e7ada, mas cada um de n\u00f3s.<\/p><p>Porque \u00e9 primeiramente e sempre com as palavras que agimos, que machucamos; e a quest\u00e3o da defesa das l\u00ednguas n\u00e3o \u00e9 mais que o aspecto ostensivo de uma ignor\u00e2ncia, de um esquecimento e de um desprezo, dos quais n\u00e3o temos a dimens\u00e3o e que n\u00e3o conhecemos, porque toda a nossa cultura humanista n\u00e3o aprendeu a reconhec\u00ea-los. \u00c9 que a linguagem n\u00e3o \u00e9 apenas o lugar e a mat\u00e9ria da comunica\u00e7\u00e3o, ela existe antes disso, e por isso mesmo ela \u00e9 o lugar e a mat\u00e9ria da constitui\u00e7\u00e3o de cada ser humano na sua hist\u00f3ria. A linguagem \u00e9, portanto, indissociavelmente, mat\u00e9ria \u00e9tica e mat\u00e9ria pol\u00edtica. E mat\u00e9ria \u00e9pica no sentido em que nela se constituem as aventuras da voz humana. \u00c9 enquanto mat\u00e9ria \u00e9tica que a linguagem \u00e9 mat\u00e9ria art\u00edstica. Porque \u00e9 nela que n\u00f3s inventamos, \u00e9 nela que a arte, todas as artes t\u00eam um papel fundador e, ao mesmo tempo, desconhecido. O problema da defesa das l\u00ednguas ultrapassa, portanto, infinitamente, aquilo a que se d\u00e1 \u00eanfase, e se isola, como se fosse poss\u00edvel isol\u00e1-lo, ou seja, a quest\u00e3o do direito, e a quest\u00e3o das l\u00ednguas. Ao inv\u00e9s de se dar \u00eanfase de maneira simplista, porque parece saltar aos olhos, \u00e0 hegemonia econ\u00f4mica e pol\u00edtica de uma l\u00edngua sobre as demais, deveria se impor como evid\u00eancia que o problema maior para se defender as l\u00ednguas, ainda mais vital porque permanece desconhecido, \u00e9 a incomensur\u00e1vel ignor\u00e2ncia sobre o pensamento da linguagem que n\u00e3o \u00e9 ensinado em lugar nenhum, e que se dispersa no reducionismo e na regionaliza\u00e7\u00e3o que marcam o tratamento da linguagem na nossa cultura e em todas as culturas. Nesse sentido, \u00e9 todo um processo de civiliza\u00e7\u00e3o, e mesmo uma esp\u00e9cie de revolu\u00e7\u00e3o cultural na qual ter\u00edamos que pensar, e que ter\u00edamos que realizar, para pensar e praticar rela\u00e7\u00f5es entre l\u00edngua e cultura, entre l\u00edngua e literatura, entre linguagem, arte, \u00e9tica e pol\u00edtica, rela\u00e7\u00f5es que n\u00e3o s\u00e3o nem pensadas nem praticadas.\u00a0 Considerando-se o que est\u00e1 em jogo na linguagem em termos de hist\u00f3rias individuais e coletivas, podemos dizer que n\u00e3o h\u00e1 nada de mais profundo e de mais vital para as sociedades, e para a civiliza\u00e7\u00e3o, que o sentido da linguagem. Este sentido constitui sozinho o pre\u00e2mbulo de uma declara\u00e7\u00e3o universal dos direitos da linguagem. Ou seja, dos deveres do ensino das l\u00ednguas, do ensino das rela\u00e7\u00f5es entre linguagem e sociedade, do ensino das literaturas, do ensino da \u00e9tica e do ensino da filosofia pol\u00edtica, todos esses ensinamentos em intera\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p>Tendo em vista o estado atual das ci\u00eancias sociais no mundo, das ci\u00eancias da linguagem, e das disciplinas universit\u00e1rias e sua regionaliza\u00e7\u00e3o, sem esquecer os ensinos prim\u00e1rio e secund\u00e1rio, o que propomos aqui seria um programa on\u00edrico? \u00c9 a atual situa\u00e7\u00e3o que se constitui como um sonho ruim. Al\u00e9m disso, h\u00e1 uma urg\u00eancia. Na primavera de 2004 ser\u00e1 realizado em Barcelona um F\u00f3rum Internacional das l\u00ednguas e das culturas. Trata-se de um encontro internacional da maior import\u00e2ncia. A Declara\u00e7\u00e3o universal dos direitos lingu\u00edsticos, fruto da Confer\u00eancia mundial dos direitos lingu\u00edsticos, realizada em Barcelona em 1996, tem todas as chances de ser reconduzida nesse encontro. Ora, esta Declara\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 exclusivamente jur\u00eddica. Ela considera apenas as no\u00e7\u00f5es de linguagem e de grupo lingu\u00edstico. Essas no\u00e7\u00f5es, usadas correntemente, s\u00e3o leg\u00edtimas, mas completamente insuficientes, devido \u00e0 total car\u00eancia de qualquer concep\u00e7\u00e3o da linguagem, \u00e0 aus\u00eancia de uma men\u00e7\u00e3o ao ensino da linguagem, que dever\u00edamos tornar obrigat\u00f3rio em todo e qualquer lugar. A consequ\u00eancia \u00e9 uma imensa pobreza em rela\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 no\u00e7\u00e3o mesma de l\u00edngua, reduzida \u00e0 comunica\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p>O complemento indispens\u00e1vel a esse legalismo deve, portanto, ser um pensamento que contemple o conjunto dos v\u00ednculos entre a linguagem, a arte, a \u00e9tica e o pensamento da pol\u00edtica. Isso refor\u00e7aria a efici\u00eancia e o sentido das reivindica\u00e7\u00f5es.\u00a0 Parece ent\u00e3o, que o papel urgente e espec\u00edfico dos F\u00f3runs das l\u00ednguas do mundo, que pipocaram por toda a Fran\u00e7a desde 1992 a partir do F\u00f3rum das l\u00ednguas de Toulouse, deveria ser o de preencher essa car\u00eancia do pensamento, e propor uma reflex\u00e3o conjunta que poderia caracterizar uma contribui\u00e7\u00e3o francesa que expressaria a ideia potente de que n\u00e3o se defende as l\u00ednguas sem um pensamento conjunto da linguagem e da sociedade.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u00a0\u2013 \u2013 \u2013<\/strong><br \/><strong>\u00a0\u2013 \u2013 \u2013<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Tradu\u00e7ao\u00a0: L\u00e9ticia Miranda (<a href=\"mailto:letyteix@gmail.com\">letyteix@gmail.com<\/a>)<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>Propostas para uma Declara\u00e7\u00e3o sobre os <\/strong><strong>Deveres relativos \u00e0s L\u00ednguas e \u00e0 Linguagem<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><em>Henri MESCHONNIC, F\u00f3rum de L\u00ednguas do Mundo, cidade de Toulouse \u2013 Fran\u00e7a<\/em><\/p><p>Art. 1<\/p><p>Primeiro, deve-se reconhecer as quest\u00f5es relacionadas \u00e0 linguaguem. Em raz\u00e3o dessa especificidade, n\u00e3o se pode simplesmente trasladar sobre essas quest\u00f5es a c\u00f3pia das conhecidas declara\u00e7\u00f5es de direitos dos seres humanos e das coletividades.\u00a0<\/p><p>Pronunciar-se sobre os direitos pressup\u00f5e tamb\u00e9m pronunciar-se sobre os deveres. Tanto um quanto outro pressup\u00f5em pensar o que s\u00e3o e o que fazem as l\u00ednguas. Mas esse pensamento parece mais ativo se concebido em termos de deveres.\u00a0<\/p><p>A especificidade das coisas da linguagem pressup\u00f5e, ela mesma, um pensamento espec\u00edfico. Para abarcar todos os elementos que este pensamento pressup\u00f5e, \u00e9 necess\u00e1rio estabelecer o postulado de que este pensamento deve exercer uma cr\u00edtica permanente de sua pr\u00f3pria hist\u00f3ria, sob pena de n\u00e3o pensar o seu objeto, mas de identificar-se com alguma ideia preconcebida sobre as l\u00ednguas e a l\u00edngua.<\/p><p>A primeira coisa a ser reconhecida \u00e9 que pensar as l\u00ednguas pressup\u00f5e pensar o que \u00e9 uma l\u00edngua, o que \u00e9 a l\u00edngua e em que consiste, tanto historicamente quanto no presente, o pensamento sobre a l\u00edngua.<\/p><p>Pensar a l\u00edngua, normalmente, se limita a conceber somente a l\u00edngua, e somente o sistema da l\u00edngua, e a consequ\u00eancia \u00e9 o isolamento da l\u00edngua fora das pr\u00e1ticas sociais da linguagem em toda a sua diversidade, o que, certamente, \u00e9 a pior situa\u00e7\u00e3o que se pode conceber para saber o que \u00e9 e o que faz uma l\u00edngua, bem como para defend\u00ea-la.<\/p><p>Art. 2<\/p><p>Imp\u00f5e-se, portanto, adotar a ideia de que, para defender uma l\u00edngua e saber de antem\u00e3o os limites daquilo que significa a pr\u00f3pria no\u00e7\u00e3o de l\u00edngua, faz-se necess\u00e1ria uma teoria que contemple o conjunto da linguagem.<\/p><p>Para isso, \u00e9 necessario pensar fora dos moldes do puro modelo institucional proposto pela \u201cDeclara\u00e7\u00e3o universal dos direitos lingu\u00edsticos\u201d de Barcelona, de junho de 1996, a qual trata apenas das l\u00ednguas e demonstra dessa forma os limites do seu pensamento sobre a linguagem.<\/p><p>Uma tal teoria, que contemple o conjunto da linguagem, implica uma reflex\u00e3o sobre os pap\u00e9is, as atividades e as for\u00e7as da linguagem em todas as pr\u00e1ticas sociais &#8211; uma teoria de rela\u00e7\u00f5es entre a l\u00edngua e o discurso, entre a no\u00e7\u00e3o de discurso e uma teoria dos sujeitos, entre uma teoria dos sujeitos e a arte, a \u00e9tica, a pol\u00edtica, porque a no\u00e7\u00e3o de sujeito implica tudo isso.\u00a0<\/p><p>Assim, a l\u00edngua n\u00e3o \u00e9 o oficio exclusivo dos linguistas, nem o of\u00edcio exclusivo dos pol\u00edticos. A hist\u00f3ria da pol\u00edtica das l\u00ednguas n\u00e3o \u00e9 apenas uma hist\u00f3ria politica. Ela inclui elementos relacionados tamb\u00e9m \u00e0 arte, \u00e0 etica, \u00e0 hist\u00f3ria social. Pensar a pol\u00edtica das l\u00ednguas pressup\u00f5e, consequentemente, a exist\u00eancia dessa teoria abrangente, essa inseparabilidade entre a linguagem, a arte, a \u00e9tica e a pol\u00edtica para se pensar as rela\u00e7\u00f5es entre a linguagem e a sociedade. Caso contr\u00e1rio, permanecemos ou reca\u00edmos em um pensamento que inclui apenas a l\u00edngua e apenas a pol\u00edtica, pensamento que, imediatamente, nos leva a desconhecer o papel da arte na sociedade, o papel da \u00e9tica na pol\u00edtica, a desconhecer portanto, a liberdade dos sujeitos.<\/p><p>Art. 3<\/p><p>Um pensamento conjunto sobre a linguagem e os sujeitos deve elaborar uma cr\u00edtica contra a oposi\u00e7\u00e3o que se faz entre identidade e alteridade, visando, ao contr\u00e1rio, pensar a constante intera\u00e7\u00e3o hist\u00f3rica entre identidade e alteridade.\u00a0<\/p><p>Pensar a pluralidade das l\u00ednguas e a intera\u00e7\u00e3o entre as l\u00ednguas pressup\u00f5e, assim, pensar a identidade por meio da alteridade.<\/p><p>Art. 4<\/p><p>Para pensar a identidade por meio da alteridade, \u00e9 indispens\u00e1vel pensar, particularmente, a a\u00e7\u00e3o das artes da linguaguem, bem como da arte de maneira mais geral, sobre as transforma\u00e7\u00f5es dos modos de pensamento, de sensibilidade e de compreens\u00e3o, portanto, sobre o pensamento da linguagem e das l\u00ednguas.<\/p><p>Art. 5<\/p><p>A partir da\u00ed \u00e9 importante reconhecer um papel privilegiado \u00e0s pr\u00e1ticas da tradu\u00e7\u00e3o e ao pensamento do ato de traduzir, o que imp\u00f5e por sua vez repensar o ato de traduzir em fun\u00e7\u00e3o de um reconhecimento das artes do pensamento e n\u00e3o mais como apenas uma passagem de uma l\u00edngua para outra, mas de discurso para discurso e, eventualmente, de sistema de discurso para sistema de discurso. Caso contr\u00e1rio, ser\u00e1 a ignor\u00e2ncia habitual, mascarada pela boa consci\u00eancia de tru\u00edsmos cumpridos e que n\u00e3o v\u00ea que as tradu\u00e7\u00f5es apagam. Elas apagam culturas, apagam especificidades, apagam diferen\u00e7as.\u00a0<\/p><p>Isso sup\u00f5e por sua vez, que uma teoria do ato de traduzir n\u00e3o pode mais estar isolada e ser pretensamente auton\u00f4ma, assim como a teoria da linguagem n\u00e3o \u00e9 redut\u00edvel exclusivamente \u00e0 no\u00e7\u00e3o de l\u00edngua. Essa pretensa autonomia n\u00e3o sendo outra coisa que a sua situa\u00e7\u00e3o tradicional dentro da hermen\u00eautica, o sentido, o s\u00edgno. E por isso, dizemos que a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o apaga.<\/p><p>Art. 6<\/p><p>E nisso, cabe aqui reconhecer tamb\u00e9m que um inimigo das l\u00ednguas, e talvez seja o primeiro inimigo delas, n\u00e3o \u00e9 a hegemonia cultural-econ\u00f4mica-pol\u00edtica desta ou daquela l\u00edngua, mas acima de tudo, o pensamento que reduz a linguagem \u00e0 linguagem e que separa a l\u00edngua da arte, da cultura, da sociedade, da \u00e9tica e da pol\u00edtica, para consider\u00e1-la t\u00e3o somente dentro de seu isolamento &#8211; independentemente do estudo t\u00e9cnico de seus funcionamentos, que como tal, tira sua legitimidade de seu pr\u00f3prio objeto, desde que reconhe\u00e7a seus limites.<\/p><p>Art. 7<\/p><p>O reconhecimento da identidade pela alteridade pressup\u00f5e o reconhecimento da identidade como pluralidade interna e como hist\u00f3ria, n\u00e3o como fen\u00f4meno natural.\u00a0<\/p><p>Art. 8<\/p><p>A partir da\u00ed, h\u00e1 de se propor um tipo de ensino que n\u00e3o existe ainda (prevendo-o em todos os n\u00edveis, como uma nova forma de educa\u00e7\u00e3o c\u00edvica) da teoria da linguagem como reconhecimento das rela\u00e7\u00f5es entre identidade e alteridade, entre unicidade e pluralidade interna, quer dizer, como uma po\u00e9tica, uma \u00e9tica e uma pol\u00edtica das rela\u00e7\u00f5es interindividuais, interculturais e internacionais. Nesta teoria da linguagem, po\u00e9tica, \u00e9tica e pol\u00edtica devem ser insepar\u00e1veis, sob pena de se recair no modelo tradicional, com sua insufici\u00eancia que muitos n\u00e3o v\u00eaem, e da qual t\u00eam que tomar consci\u00eancia.<\/p><p>Art. 9<\/p><p>Este ensino da teoria da linguagem como teoria abrangente do conjunto da linguagem deve portanto, trabalhar para reconhecer, sob o modelo tradicional e dominante do s\u00edgno (com toda sua coer\u00eancia lingu\u00edstica, antropol\u00f3gica, filos\u00f3fica, teol\u00f3gica, social e pol\u00edtica), o trabalho cont\u00ednuo, ininterrupto, como trabalho do corpo dentro da linguagem, do sujeito sobre a l\u00edngua, das inven\u00e7\u00f5es do pensamento sobre as l\u00ednguas, e como intera\u00e7\u00e3o, inseparabilidade e historicidade radical da linguagem, da arte, da \u00e9tica e da pol\u00edtica.<\/p><p>Essa experi\u00eancia do pensamento permitiria melhor situar os problemas ligados \u00e0 alteridade e \u00e0 pluralidade, comumente concebidos como sendo unicamente externos, e demonstrar que eles s\u00e3o tanto internos quanto externos.<\/p><p>Art. 10<\/p><p>Contra a coer\u00eancia imperante do s\u00edgno e contra o pensamento \u00fanico da l\u00edngua, ter-se-ia que pensar, reconhecer, ensinar e cultivar uma contra-cultura, uma contra-coer\u00eancia, aquela da solidariedade e intera\u00e7\u00e3o entre as categorias da Raz\u00e3o que toda uma hist\u00f3ria do pensamento segue mantendo como heterog\u00eaneas e separadas, como testemunham tanto a pr\u00f3pria hist\u00f3ria da constitui\u00e7\u00e3o do que chamamos as ci\u00eancias humanas, quanto nossas disciplinas universit\u00e1rias, que s\u00e3o resultado daquelas. Uma verdadeira cr\u00edtica da Raz\u00e3o lingu\u00edstica.<\/p><p>Poder\u00edamos e dever\u00edamos, portanto, melhor compreender e favorecer os bilinguismos e plurilinguismos, de acordo com cada situa\u00e7\u00e3o cultural, integrando-os a um pensamento da pluralidade interna, da \u00e9tica e da pol\u00edtica dos sujeitos. Algo que a mera justaposi\u00e7\u00e3o de l\u00ednguas n\u00e3o permite pensar.<\/p><p>Art. 11<\/p><p>Porque se o reconhecimento da pluralidade de l\u00ednguas se faz apenas dentro da pol\u00edtica do s\u00edgno, em vez de se fazer dentro da teoria abrangente do conjunto da linguagem, ele, indubitavelmente, t\u00e3o somente pela for\u00e7a do econ\u00f4mico-pol\u00edtico, reitera a oposi\u00e7\u00e3o entre identidade e alteridade, e, igualmente, o esmagamento das minorias. E este esmagamento favorece os terrorismos particularistas.<\/p><p>Seria melhor, portanto, falar de l\u00ednguas-culturas do que de l\u00ednguas para melhor conceber e preservar os valores que nelas foram inventados e dos quais elas s\u00e3o portadoras &#8211; valores antropol\u00f3gicos, art\u00edsticos, \u00e9ticos e pol\u00edticos.<\/p><p>Art. 12 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p><p>A quest\u00e3o dos valores implica esclarecer o que turva a no\u00e7\u00e3o de desigualdade das l\u00ednguas. E \u00e9 preciso enfrentar essa no\u00e7\u00e3o, em vez de enunciar abstratamente a igualdade entre as l\u00ednguas (o \u201cdemocrata abstrato\u201d de Sartre).<\/p><p>Art. 13<\/p><p>\u00c9 incontest\u00e1vel que todas as l\u00ednguas, incluindo aquelas faladas por uma popula\u00e7\u00e3o pouco numerosa e muito localizada &#8211; como tudo que corresponde \u00e0quilo que constitui uma l\u00edngua -, s\u00e3o iguais entre si no sentido em que toda l\u00edngua preenche integralmente as fun\u00e7\u00f5es lingu\u00edsticas de uma l\u00edngua, para pensar, sentir, comunicar, viver em uma dada sociedade.<\/p><p>Art. 14<\/p><p>Contudo dois fatores obscurecem essa no\u00e7\u00e3o primordial de igualdade antropol\u00f3gica das l\u00ednguas. E esses dois fatores s\u00e3o de ordens radicalmente distintas, e importa, portanto, n\u00e3o confundi-las nem som\u00e1-las uma \u00e0 outra.\u00a0<\/p><p>Art. 15<\/p><p>Um desses fatores \u00e9 a pot\u00eancia econ\u00f4mica e pol\u00edtica de um conjunto nacional, ou teol\u00f3gico-pol\u00edtico, e que se imp\u00f5e como uma transl\u00edngua de comunica\u00e7\u00e3o pan-nacional ou internacional. Assim, como pot\u00eancia teol\u00f3gico-pol\u00edtica, ao longo de s\u00e9culos, o \u00e1rabe no Egito asfixiou ou proibiu a l\u00edngua copta como l\u00edngua franca, reduzindo-a a um uso puramente lit\u00fargico. O econ\u00f4mico-pol\u00edtico \u00e9 representado hoje pela mundializa\u00e7\u00e3o do ingl\u00eas de comunica\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0<\/p><p>Art. 16<\/p><p>Mas outro fator de supremacia cultural e de expansionismo, ou de dura\u00e7\u00e3o superior \u00e0 dos pr\u00f3prios imp\u00e9rios, \u00e9 a inven\u00e7\u00e3o em uma dada l\u00edngua de valores art\u00edsticos, \u00e9ticos e pol\u00edticos. Nesse caso, s\u00e3o esses valores que fazem a expans\u00e3o e o prest\u00edgio dessas l\u00ednguas, para al\u00e9m de qualquer no\u00e7\u00e3o de comunica\u00e7\u00e3o lingu\u00edstica, local, regional ou planet\u00e1ria.<\/p><p>Art. 17<\/p><p>S\u00e3o ent\u00e3o esses valores que fazem o que s\u00e3o essas l\u00ednguas, e s\u00e3o as obras que s\u00e3o maternas e n\u00e3o as l\u00ednguas. Este fato em si \u00e9 tamb\u00e9m incontest\u00e1vel historicamente, mas ele n\u00e3o tem nada em comum com o que \u00e9 uma l\u00edngua e nem com o que faz linguisticamente uma l\u00edngua ou qualquer l\u00edngua, nem tampouco com a pot\u00eancia dos imp\u00e9rios econ\u00f4mico-pol\u00edticos. Deve-se cessar de atribuir \u00e0s l\u00ednguas o que \u00e9 o feito das obras, mesmo e justamente se seus valores constituem um aporte espec\u00edfico a determinada l\u00edngua, ao ponto de serem identificados com ela.<\/p><p>Art. 18<\/p><p>Tais valores podem se universalizar. Os valores pol\u00edticos da Declara\u00e7\u00e3o dos Direitos do Homem de 1789, ou a luta pela verdade contra a manuten\u00e7\u00e3o da ordem durante o caso Dreyfus tanto simbolizaram quanto universalizaram a l\u00edngua francesa, mas, ao mesmo tempo, estes valores n\u00e3o s\u00e3o o feito da l\u00edngua francesa e podem ser ditos e refeitos em qualquer outra l\u00edngua e em qualquer lugar.<\/p><p>Art. 19 O mesmo se aplica, de forma diferente, aos valores est\u00e9ticos e \u00e9ticos das obras liter\u00e1rias e das obras de reflex\u00e3o que t\u00eam por efeito o fato de algumas l\u00ednguas serem mais c\u00e9lebres que outras, simultaneamente portando valores e sendo portadas por eles.<\/p><p>Art. 20<\/p><p>Esses efeitos de supremacia geram uma ideia de superioridade de certas l\u00ednguas unicamente por causa da confus\u00e3o que se faz, e gra\u00e7as a ela, entre a l\u00edngua e as inven\u00e7\u00f5es do pensamento ou os combates do pensamento que geraram uma determinada cultura. Esses valores n\u00e3o dependem das l\u00ednguas enquanto l\u00ednguas. Contudo, a hist\u00f3ria cultural, enquanto \u00fanica perspectiva, ao associar esses valores a essas l\u00ednguas, inevitavelemnte, n\u00e3o possibilita reconhecer que s\u00e3o as obras e as lutas, por vezes de um n\u00famero bem pequeno de indiv\u00edduos contra a sua pr\u00f3pria coletividade, que fazem com que atribuamos \u00e0 l\u00edngua o que \u00e9 feito nela e por vezes tamb\u00e9m, poeticamente, contra ela. Ao recha\u00e7o dos contempor\u00e2neos.<\/p><p>Art. 21<\/p><p>Essas distin\u00e7\u00f5es s\u00e3o essenciais para n\u00e3o se atribuir a uma l\u00edngua virtudes naturais, o que forma o mito da genialidade das l\u00ednguas. Mas tamb\u00e9m para n\u00e3o se reduzir a linguagem \u00e0 l\u00edngua, menos ainda \u00e0 comunica\u00e7\u00e3o, tend\u00eancia recente contra a qual se deve lutar.<\/p><p>Isto por causa do empobrecimento de pensamento, de recursos, que este reducionismo traz e que os avan\u00e7os t\u00e9cnicos da comunica\u00e7\u00e3o refor\u00e7am, mascarando assim, que esses progressos s\u00e3o eles mesmos um fator de regress\u00e3o e de barb\u00e1rie.<\/p><p>Somente o pensamento da linguagem como teoria abrangente do conjunto da linguagem pode fazer frente aos efeitos perversos do pensamento das l\u00ednguas como possuindo uma natureza &#8211; como genialidade, pela evoca\u00e7\u00e3o constante dos v\u00ednculos entre especificidade e historicidade. Historicidade radical.\u00a0<\/p><p>Art. 22<\/p><p>Dessa maneira, a fobia da presen\u00e7a do ingl\u00eas na l\u00edngua francesa pode se tornar mais percept\u00edvel como sendo o resultado de um desconhecimento do aspecto hist\u00f3rico das tomadas de empr\u00e9stimo entre as l\u00ednguas, e dos limites desses empr\u00e9stimos, lexicais e sint\u00e1ticos. O desconhecimento desse aspecto provoca a rejei\u00e7\u00e3o dos empr\u00e9stimos e dos contatos em nome de um purismo que implica ao mesmo tempo um desconhecimento da pr\u00f3pria hist\u00f3ria das l\u00ednguas, um apego ao passado, logo, um academicismo, uma no\u00e7\u00e3o do decl\u00ednio (vari\u00e1vel: para Gobineau, o decl\u00ednio do franc\u00eas come\u00e7ou no s\u00e9culo XIV; para outros, no s\u00e9culo XIX; para outros, o franc\u00eas hoje \u00e9 uma \u201cobra-prima em perigo\u201d, cuja morte n\u00e3o cessam de anunciar).<\/p><p>Art. 23<\/p><p>Al\u00e9m dessa fobia purista h\u00e1 a covardia \u00e9tica e pol\u00edtica que faz com que especialistas renunciem a expressar-se em sua pr\u00f3pria l\u00edngua, contribuindo assim com a massifica\u00e7\u00e3o comunicacional.<\/p><p>Atribuir as virtudes vinculadas a uma hist\u00f3ria apenas \u00e0 l\u00edngua significa simultaneamente se equivocar de genialidade ao mesmo tempo em que revela qu\u00e3o pouca genialidade e sentido da linguagem t\u00eam os pseudo-defensores do franc\u00eas.\u00a0<\/p><p>Art. 24<\/p><p>Ao contr\u00e1rio, do ponto de vista de uma teoria abrangente do conjunto da linguagem, pode-se destacar duas coisas.\u00a0<\/p><p>A primeira \u00e9 que o maior perigo para uma l\u00edngua n\u00e3o \u00e9 a hegemonia de outra, inclusive e ainda mais se esta hegemonia \u00e9 t\u00e3o somente econ\u00f4mico-pol\u00edtica, o perigo maior (consequ\u00eancia da redu\u00e7\u00e3o da linguagem \u00e0 l\u00edngua) \u00e9 a aus\u00eancia de cria\u00e7\u00e3o de valores (art\u00edsticos, \u00e9ticos, pol\u00edticos) por aqueles que a falam. Aus\u00eancia de cria\u00e7\u00e3o igual a trai\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p>O grego cl\u00e1ssico e o hebreu b\u00edblico s\u00e3o o pr\u00f3prio exemplo de que certas l\u00ednguas tiveram e tem ainda sua import\u00e2ncia transhist\u00f3rica devido unicamente \u00e0s obras de pensamento produzidas nessas l\u00ednguas, haja vista que o hebreu nunca teve import\u00e2ncia pol\u00edtica e que a import\u00e2ncia do grego n\u00e3o sobreviveu ao imp\u00e9rio de Alexandre.<\/p><p>E s\u00e3o as obras, cria\u00e7\u00f5es do pensamento, que forjaram o que estas l\u00ednguas se tornaram, ou seja, aquilo que elas veiculam. Porque n\u00e3o s\u00e3o as l\u00ednguas, enquanto l\u00ednguas, que produziram as obras. E at\u00e9 mesmo quando o estado da l\u00edngua \u00e9 antigo, ou que a l\u00edngua \u00e9 considerada morta, como o latim,a palavra, ela, \u00e9 viva.<\/p><p>Assim, o latim, tido como morto no s\u00e9culo XVII, e l\u00edngua somente de eruditos entre si (e as teses do s\u00e9culo XIX ainda eram escritas em latim, como a de Jaur\u00e8s, por exemplo), n\u00e3o se pode dizer que ele seja uma l\u00edngua morta (uma aparente banalidade retomada, entretanto, por uma obra recente Le latin ou l&#8217;empire d&rsquo;un signe, XVI-XXe si\u00e8cle, de Fran\u00e7oise Waquet, Albin Michel, 1998), se Francis Bacon, Hobbes, Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz produziram pensamento, produziram seus pensamentos em latim.<\/p><p>Mas o aramaico, que tinha na \u00e9poca p\u00f3s-b\u00edblica uma import\u00e2ncia comunicacional transnacional, hoje subsiste apenas em alguns vilarejos. Quanto aos grandes imp\u00e9rios de ent\u00e3o, eles nos deixaram apenas vest\u00edgios arqueol\u00f3gicos.<\/p><p>Art. 25<\/p><p>\u00c9 necess\u00e1rio reconhecer uma historicidade do sentimento das rela\u00e7\u00f5es entre as l\u00ednguas. Deste modo, h\u00e1 na Europa uma paz das l\u00ednguas vernaculares na idade m\u00e9dia em raz\u00e3o da transnacionalidade do latim. Em seguida h\u00e1 uma guerra das l\u00ednguas contra o latim, e depois entre elas, a partir do s\u00e9culo XVI. Da\u00ed surgiu a universalidade do franc\u00eas na Europa no s\u00e9culo XVIII, e a luta da Revolu\u00e7\u00e3o francesa contra os \u201c<em>patois<\/em>\u201d (misturando indistintamente os dialetos do franc\u00eas com outras l\u00ednguas &#8211; o bret\u00e3o, o basco) at\u00e9 a 3a Rep\u00fablica. Quanto \u00e0 francofonia atual, ou \u00e0 multiplicidade de l\u00ednguas francesas no mundo, ela n\u00e3o \u00e9 mais compat\u00edvel com as cita\u00e7\u00f5es de Rivarol. Isso tamb\u00e9m precisa ser pensado.<\/p><p>Art. 26\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00c9 certo que o sentido da pluralidade interna (e tamb\u00e9m externa) &#8211; o sentido enquanto sentimento de uma necessidade e de uma copresen\u00e7a &#8211; \u00e9 recente e certamente est\u00e1 vinculado \u00e0 hist\u00f3ria das descoloniza\u00e7\u00f5es, mas tamb\u00e9m remonta \u00e0s rela\u00e7\u00f5es entre o romantismo das especificidades e os nacionalismos que s\u00e3o a politiza\u00e7\u00e3o dessas rela\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/p><p>Art. 27<\/p><p>Entretanto, esse sentido da pluralidade pode ele mesmo ser regionalista e nacionalista, fechado sobre si mesmo (e reproduzindo em pequena escala o fechamento do pensamento da l\u00edngua), ou pluralista, isto \u00e9, se realizar como reconhecimento das pluralidades internas, e da pluralidade da identidade, sendo ent\u00e3o capaz de uma teoria abrangente do conjunto.<\/p><p>Art. 28<\/p><p>A partir do momento em que reconhecemos que o desaparecimento de uma l\u00edngua pode se dar devido \u00e0 destrui\u00e7\u00e3o de uma popula\u00e7\u00e3o, ou por um esmagamento cultural, claro est\u00e1 que a defesa das l\u00ednguas n\u00e3o \u00e9 um problema de l\u00edngua, mas necessariamente o reconhecimento da intera\u00e7\u00e3o entre a teoria da linguagem, a teoria dos atos do pensamento, a \u00e9tica e a pol\u00edtica.<\/p><p>Art. 29<\/p><p>Caso contr\u00e1rio, em prevalecendo a heterogeneidade das categorias da raz\u00e3o, a \u00e9tica sozinha \u00e9 impotente, a pol\u00edtica sozinha \u00e9 onipotente, as coisas da arte n\u00e3o s\u00e3o compreendidas como a melhor defesa das l\u00ednguas, e estas, estando reduzidas a meios de comunica\u00e7\u00e3o, apenas as l\u00ednguas que transmitem o poder econ\u00f4mico-pol\u00edtico se difundem e asfixiam as demais.<\/p><p>Art. 30<\/p><p>Conclus\u00e3o paradoxal &#8211; mas o trabalho do pensamento \u00e9 transformar os paradoxos em tru\u00edsmos do futuro &#8211; o que\u00a0 emerge dessa concatena\u00e7\u00e3o de arrazoados \u00e9 que a defesa das l\u00ednguas n\u00e3o est\u00e1 no pensamento da l\u00edngua, mas no v\u00ednculo que ainda tece a utopia do pensamento da linguagem\u00a0entre linguagem, arte, \u00e9tica e pol\u00edtica como teoria abrangente do conjunto. Ou seja, um ensino obrigat\u00f3rio do sentido da linguagem.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u00a0\u2013 \u2013 \u2013<\/strong><br \/><strong>\u00a0\u2013 \u2013 \u2013<\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>PARTES COMPLEMENTARES:<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p>&#8211; Endere\u00e7o para os aventureiros de hoje<\/p><p>&#8211; \u201cUm f\u00f3rum para o pensamento da linguagem\u201d, Henri Meschonnic, La D\u00e9p\u00eache du Midi, 18 de maio de 2001<\/p><p>&#8211; Sobre a proposta de nacionaliza\u00e7\u00e3o das l\u00ednguas e culturas da Fran\u00e7a pelo Forom des Langues du Monde de Toulouse<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2088\" aria-expanded=\"false\">H\u00c9BREU<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2088\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2088\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><p><strong>Traduction en h\u00e9breu par David Aharoni<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u05de\u05d1\u05d5\u05d0 \u05dc\u05d4\u05e6\u05e2\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d0\u05e0\u05e8\u05d9 \u05de\u05e1\u05e7\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05e7<\/span><br \/>\u05dc\u05e7\u05d1\u05dc\u05ea \u05d4\u05e6\u05d4\u05e8\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05d4\u05ea\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05db\u05dc\u05e4\u05d9 \u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05e2\u05e6\u05de\u05d4, \u05d5\u05e7\u05e8\u05d9\u05d0\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e4\u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u05d4 \u05dc\u05ea\u05e8\u05d2\u05d5\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc\u05d4 \u05dc -1000 \u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea (\u05db\u05d3\u05d9 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d2\u05d6\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05e2\u05d8).<\/p><p>\u05de\u05d1\u05d5\u05d0 \u05dc\u05d4\u05e6\u05e2\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d0\u05e0\u05e8\u05d9 \u05de\u05e1\u05e7\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05e7<br \/>\u05dc\u05e7\u05d1\u05dc\u05ea \u05d4\u05e6\u05d4\u05e8\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05d4\u05ea\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05db\u05dc\u05e4\u05d9 \u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05e2\u05e6\u05de\u05d4, \u05d5\u05e7\u05e8\u05d9\u05d0\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e4\u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u05d4 \u05dc\u05ea\u05e8\u05d2\u05d5\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc\u05d4 \u05dc -1000 \u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea (\u05db\u05d3\u05d9 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d2\u05d6\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05e2\u05d8).<br \/>\u05d4\u05e6\u05e2\u05d4 \u05d6\u05d5 \u05d4\u05d5\u05d6\u05de\u05e0\u05d4 \u05de (\u05d4\u05d5\u05d6\u05de\u05e0\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9?) \u05d0\u05e0\u05e8\u05d9 \u05de\u05e1\u05e7\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05e7 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05e7\u05e8\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8 \u05ea\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05e8\u05e0\u05d0\u05d5\u05d3-\u05d1\u05e8\u05e0\u05e8\u05d3 (\u05d8\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05d6, \u05e6\u05e8\u05e4\u05ea), \u05db\u05de\u05d9 \u05e9\u05e2\u05d1\u05d3 \u05d1\u05de\u05e9\u05da \u05db\u05de\u05d4 \u05e9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd, \u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05e8 \u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05dd \u05d3\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e0\u05d2\u05e1 \u05d3\u05d5 \u05de\u05d5\u05e0\u05d3, \u05d1\u05d1\u05d7\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05e8\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05e6\u05d4\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05d9\u05e0\u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d4\u05e6\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05ea\u05d7\u05d5\u05dd \u05d6\u05d4.<br \/>\u05d4. \u05de\u05e1\u05e7\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05e5 &lsquo;\u05d4\u05d2\u05d4 \u05d5\u05db\u05ea\u05d1 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05d4\u05e6\u05e2\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d6\u05d5 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d1\u05e1\u05d9\u05e1 \u05d4\u05e9\u05ea\u05e7\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea\u05d5 \u05d4\u05d0\u05d9\u05e9\u05d9\u05ea \u05e2\u05dc \u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05de\u05e2\u05e8\u05db\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4, \u05db\u05de\u05d5 \u05d2\u05dd \u05d0\u05ea \u05ea\u05d2\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea\u05d5, \u05d1\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05dd \u05d3\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e0\u05d2\u05e1 \u05d3\u05d5 \u05de\u05d5\u05e0\u05d3, \u05d1\u05d5 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d3\u05d5\u05d1\u05e8 \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d9 \u05de\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea 1994 \u05e2\u05d3 2008, \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05e4\u05e8\u05d5\u05d9\u05e7\u05d8 \u05e9\u05d4\u05d5\u05e9\u05e7 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e7\u05e8\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8 \u05e2\u05dc \u00ab\u00a0\u05d4\u05e6\u05d4\u05e8\u05ea \u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05d1\u05e8\u05e1\u05d0\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea \u05dc\u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05ea\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u00a0\u00bb (\u05d4\u05d0\u05de\u05d9\u05df \u05db\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05d4\u05e9\u05dc\u05de\u05d4 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d5\u05d1\u05d9\u05ea \u05dc\u05d4\u05e6\u05d4\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05d1\u05e8\u05e1\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05d3\u05dd), \u05e4\u05e8\u05d5\u05d9\u05e7\u05d8 \u05e9\u05e0\u05e2\u05e8\u05da \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05e8\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e2\u05de\u05d5\u05ea\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05e8\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d1\u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0\u05dd \u05d5\u05d1\u05de\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05dd (\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05de\u05de\u05d0\u05d4 \u05d5\u05d7\u05de\u05d9\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d9\u05d5 \u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05e6\u05d2\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05dd \u05de\u05d0\u05d6 \u05ea\u05d7\u05d9\u05dc\u05ea\u05d5) \u05dc\u05d4\u05d2\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d5\u05dc\u05d4\u05e4\u05d2\u05e0\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd \u05d5\u05ea\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd.<br \/>\u05d6\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d2\u05dc\u05dc \u05d4\u05d4\u05e9\u05ea\u05e7\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05d4\u05e4\u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc\u05e0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d8\u05d5\u05d1\u05ea \u05d4\u05ea\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05e7\u05e1\u05d9\u05d8\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea, \u05d3\u05de\u05d9\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d0\u05ea \u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05dd des langues du monde \u05dc\u05e4\u05e0\u05d9 30 \u05e9\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d8\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05d6, \u05d5\u05e2\u05d3\u05d9\u05d9\u05df \u05d1\u05d2\u05dc\u05dc \u05d6\u05d4 \u05e9\u05ea\u05e4\u05e1\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05e6\u05d5\u05e8\u05da \u05d1\u05d4\u05e6\u05d4\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d6\u05d5, \u05d4\u05e2\u05e8\u05db\u05d4 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d6\u05d4, \u05d1\u05d2\u05dc\u05dc \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05de\u05e6\u05d1 \u05d5\u05d4\u05d4\u05d9\u05e1\u05d8\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4\/\u05d4\u05ea\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05d5\u05e7\u05e8\u05d8\u05d0\u05df, \u05d3\u05e8\u05e9\u05d5 \u05ea\u05d2\u05d5\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05e8\u05d7\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05de\u05d0\u05dc\u05d5 \u05d4\u05e0\u05d5\u05d2\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e4\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05d8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d0\u05d6\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea, \u05d5\u05d1\u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05d7\u05d3 \u05e9\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05dc \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05ea\u05e4\u05e7\u05d9\u05d3 \u05d4\u05de\u05d4\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05d4\u05d9\u05e6\u05d9\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d0\u05de\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea \u05d5\u05d4\u05ea\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea \u05d1\u05db\u05dc \u05d4\u05e6\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea, \u05de\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d4\u05e4\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9 \u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d9\u05d7\u05d3 \u05e2\u05dd \u05de\u05d5\u05e2\u05d3\u05d5\u05df \u05d4\u05e2\u05d8 \u05d3\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e0\u05d2\u05d5 \u05d3&rsquo;\u05d0\u05d5\u05e7. \u05d1\u05e8\u05d5\u05e8 \u05e9- H.Meschonnic \u05d4\u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d8\u05d1, \u05d5\u05e2\u05e9\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e8\u05d1\u05d4 \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05de\u05de\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d1\u05d9\u05e7\u05e9\u05e0\u05d5 \u05de\u05de\u05e0\u05d5.<br \/>\u05de\u05d0\u05d6 2006 \u05e0\u05ea\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d8\u05e7\u05e1\u05d8 \u05d6\u05d4 \u05dc\u05de\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8 \u05d0\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05de\u05d9\u05d9\u05e6\u05d2\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05de\u05d5\u05ea\u05d5\u05ea \u05ea\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05dd Des Langues \u05dc\u05ea\u05e8\u05d2\u05dd.<br \/>\u05d4\u05e9\u05e7\u05e0\u05d5 \u05de\u05d7\u05d3\u05e9 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05d1\u05e7\u05e9\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d6\u05d5 \u05d4\u05e9\u05e0\u05d4. \u05dc\u05d1\u05e7\u05e9\u05ea\u05da, \u05d0\u05e0\u05d5 \u05e0\u05e9\u05dc\u05d7 \u05dc\u05da \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05ea\u05e8\u05d2\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05e7\u05d9\u05d9\u05de\u05d9\u05dd. \u05dc\u05d0\u05d8 \u05dc\u05d0\u05d8 \u05d9\u05d2\u05d9\u05e2\u05d5 \u05ea\u05e8\u05d2\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d5\u05d0\u05e0\u05d7\u05e0\u05d5 \u05e0\u05e9\u05dc\u05d7 \u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05dd \u05d0\u05dc\u05d9\u05da. \u05e9\u05d9\u05de\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d1 \u05db\u05d9 \u05d4\u05de\u05e1\u05de\u05db\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05dc\u05dc\u05d5 \u05e9\u05d0\u05e0\u05d5 \u05e0\u05d5\u05ea\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05d9\u05d9\u05ea\u05e0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05db\u05dd, \u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05e8\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05dd \u05e8\u05d5\u05d0\u05d9\u05dd \u05db\u05de\u05d5\u05d7\u05dc\u05d8\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d0\u05dc\u05d0 \u05de\u05e1\u05de\u05db\u05d9\u05dd &lsquo;\u05d1\u05ea\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05da&rsquo;, \u05e9\u05d9\u05de\u05d5\u05e9\u05d9 (\u05dc\u05e9\u05d9\u05de\u05d5\u05e9?) \u05dc\u05d7\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05e4\u05d9 \u05d3\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05db\u05dc \u05d4\u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d8\u05e7\u05e1\u05d8 \u05d6\u05d4, \u05dc\u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05de\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d4 \u05e8\u05d5\u05e6\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d4\u05e4\u05d9\u05e5 \u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05e6\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d4\u05dd \u05de\u05d0\u05de\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05d4\u05dd \u05d4\u05d8\u05d5\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8. \u05d6\u05d5\u05d4\u05d9 \u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05e1\u05d5\u05e4\u05d9\u05ea \u05e9\u05de\u05ea\u05d1\u05e6\u05e2\u05ea, \u05de\u05db\u05d9\u05d5\u05d5\u05df \u05e9\u05de\u05dc\u05d1\u05d3 \u05d4\u05e2\u05d5\u05d1\u05d3\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d4\u05d4\u05e6\u05e2\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d6\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d4\u05e6\u05d4\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d6\u05d9\u05df \u05de\u05d6\u05de\u05df \u05d3\u05d9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05dc 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\u05d5\u05d0\u05e0\u05d7\u05e0\u05d5 \u05e0\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9 \u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05df \u05dc\u05db\u05dc \u05d4\u05db\u05ea\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc\u05e0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05e9\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05dc. \u05d4\u05dd \u05d2\u05dd \u05d9\u05ea\u05d5\u05d5\u05db\u05d7\u05d5 \u05d1\u05e4\u05d5\u05de\u05d1\u05d9 \u05d1\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05dd, \u05db\u05de\u05d5 \u05d2\u05dd \u05d1\u05d0\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05d1\u05e8\u05e1\u05d9\u05d8\u05ea Occitane de Lagu\u00e9pie \u05e9\u05dc\u05e0\u05d5 (\u05e6\u05e8\u05e4\u05ea), \u05d5\u05d0\u05e0\u05d7\u05e0\u05d5 \u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d1\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d1\u05e4\u05d0\u05d8\u05d9\u05dd \u05e8\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd \u05d3\u05e1 \u05dc\u05e0\u05d2\u05e1 \u05d0\u05d9\u05ea\u05dd \u05d0\u05e0\u05d5 \u05de\u05e9\u05ea\u05e4\u05d9\u05dd \u05e4\u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u05d4.<br \/>\u05e7\u05dc\u05d5\u05d3 \u05e1\u05d9\u05e7\u05e8, Pr\u00e9sident du Carrefour Culturel Arnaud-Bernard, \u05de\u05d9\u05d9\u05e1\u05d3 \u05d4- Forom des Langues du Monde. \u05d0\u05d1\u05d9\u05d1 2019<br \/>\u05de\u05d1\u05d5\u05d0 \u05de\u05d0\u05ea \u05d0\u05e0\u05e8\u05d9 \u05de\u05e1\u05e7\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05e7<br \/>\u05d4\u05d4\u05e7\u05d3\u05de\u05d4 \u05dc\u00a0\u00bb\u05d4\u05db\u05e8\u05d6\u05ea \u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05d3\u05dd \u05d5\u05d4\u05d0\u05d6\u05e8\u05d7 \u00ab\u00a0\u05de\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea 1789 \u05d4\u05e7\u05e4\u05d9\u05d3\u05d4 \u05de\u05d0\u05d5\u05d3\u00a0\u00bb \u05dc\u05d4\u05d6\u05db\u05d9\u05e8 \u05dc\u05dc\u05d0 \u05d4\u05e4\u05e1\u05e7\u05d4 \u05d0\u05ea \u05db\u05dc \u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd \u05d5\u05d7\u05d5\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd \u00ab\u00a0. \u05db\u05e9\u05d0\u05e0\u05d7\u05e0\u05d5 \u05de\u05e1\u05ea\u05db\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u05dd \u05db\u05d9\u05d5\u05dd, 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\u05e9\u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05db\u05e8\u05d2\u05e2 \u05e8\u05e7 \u05d7\u05dc\u05d5\u05dd. \u05d4\u05e4\u05e8\u05d3\u05d5\u05e7\u05e1 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05e9\u05de\u05d3\u05d5\u05d1\u05e8 \u05d1\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4, \u05d5\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05d1\u05dc\u05d1\u05d3, \u05e0\u05d9\u05ea\u05df \u05dc\u05d4\u05e2\u05d1\u05d9\u05e8 \u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05e2\u05d4 \u05d6\u05d5. \u05e2\u05dd \u05d6\u05d0\u05ea, \u05d4\u05d3\u05d1\u05e8 \u05de\u05ea\u05e2\u05dc\u05dd \u05dc\u05d7\u05dc\u05d5\u05d8\u05d9\u05df \u05d1\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d4. \u05d1\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4, \u05d0\u05e0\u05d9 \u05de\u05ea\u05db\u05d5\u05d5\u05df \u05dc\u05d6\u05d4 \u05e9\u05de\u05d0\u05e4\u05e9\u05e8 \u05dc\u05e0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d1\u05d8\u05d0 \u05d0\u05ea \u05de\u05d7\u05e9\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5, \u05dc\u05e2\u05d5\u05de\u05ea \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e9\u05d9\u05de\u05d5\u05e9 \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e3 \u05d1\u05de\u05d9\u05dc\u05d4; \u05de\u05e2\u05e8\u05db\u05ea \u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05e8\u05db\u05d1\u05ea \u05de\u05e1\u05de\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd. \u05d4\u05d4\u05e9\u05dc\u05db\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05df \u05d6\u05d4\u05d5\u05ea.<br \/>\u05dc\u05d4\u05d2\u05df \u05e2\u05dc \u05e9\u05e4\u05d4? \u05d0\u05d1\u05dc \u05d6\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d0 \u05de\u05ea\u05e7\u05e4\u05d4. \u05d2\u05e8\u05d5\u05e2 \u05de\u05db\u05da, \u05d0\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d1\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d6\u05d4, \u05d5\u05d0\u05e0\u05d7\u05e0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d0 \u05d9\u05d5\u05d3\u05e2\u05d9\u05dd \u05d6\u05d0\u05ea. \u05d0\u05d1\u05dc \u05d0\u05d9\u05da \u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05d4\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05db\u05dc \u05db\u05da \u05d4\u05e8\u05d1\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05db\u05e9\u05d9\u05e9 \u05db\u05dc \u05db\u05da \u05d4\u05e8\u05d1\u05d4 \u05de\u05d7\u05e7\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05db\u05dc \u05db\u05da \u05d4\u05e8\u05d1\u05d4 \u05d9\u05d3\u05e2? 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\u05e4\u05e9\u05d8\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea, \u05de\u05db\u05d9\u05d5\u05d5\u05df \u05e9\u05d6\u05d4 \u05e0\u05e8\u05d0\u05d4 \u05db\u05dc \u05db\u05da \u05d1\u05e8\u05d5\u05e8, \u05e2\u05dc\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d4\u05db\u05d9\u05e8 \u05d1\u05db\u05da \u05e9\u05d4\u05d1\u05e2\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e2\u05d9\u05e7\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea, \u05d7\u05d9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea \u05db\u05db\u05dc \u05e9\u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05de\u05d5\u05d6\u05e0\u05d7\u05ea, \u05dc\u05d4\u05d2\u05e0\u05ea \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea, \u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05d1\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05d0 \u05e0\u05d9\u05ea\u05e0\u05ea \u05dc\u05d4\u05e2\u05e8\u05db\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05e8\u05e2\u05d9\u05d5\u05df \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4, \u05d0\u05e9\u05e8 \u05e0\u05dc\u05de\u05d3\u05ea \u05d1\u05e9\u05d5\u05dd \u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05dd, \u05d5\u05d4\u05d5\u05e4\u05db\u05ea \u05dc\u05e8\u05d3\u05d5\u05e7\u05e6\u05d9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05d6\u05dd \u05d5\u05d0\u05d6\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9 \u05d4\u05de\u05d0\u05e4\u05d9\u05d9\u05df \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05d8\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05dc \u05d1\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05d1\u05ea\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc\u05e0\u05d5. \u05d1\u05db\u05dc \u05d4\u05ea\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea.<br \/>\u05d1\u05de\u05d5\u05d1\u05df \u05d6\u05d4, \u05d6\u05d4\u05d5 \u05ea\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05da \u05e9\u05dc \u05e6\u05d9\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d6\u05e6\u05d9\u05d4, \u05d5\u05d0\u05e4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5 \u05e1\u05d5\u05d2 \u05e9\u05dc \u05de\u05d4\u05e4\u05db\u05d4 \u05ea\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea \u05e9\u05e6\u05e8\u05d9\u05da \u05dc\u05d7\u05e9\u05d5\u05d1 \u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05d9\u05e9\u05dd \u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05d5 \u05d5\u05d9\u05d4\u05d9\u05d4 \u05e6\u05d5\u05e8\u05da \u05d1\u05d4\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05d7\u05e1\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05dc\u05ea\u05e8\u05d2\u05dc \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05e7\u05e9\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05dc\u05ea\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea, \u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05d5\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea, \u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05d5\u05d0\u05de\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea, \u05d0\u05ea\u05d9\u05e7\u05d4 \u05d5 \u05e4\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05d8\u05d9\u05e7\u05d4, \u05e9\u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d7\u05d5\u05e9\u05d1\u05ea \u05d5\u05dc\u05d0 \u05e0\u05d4\u05d2\u05ea \u05db\u05e8\u05d2\u05e2. \u05d1\u05d4\u05ea\u05d7\u05e9\u05d1 \u05d1\u05de\u05d4 \u05e9\u05e2\u05d5\u05de\u05d3 \u05e2\u05dc \u05db\u05e3 \u05d4\u05de\u05d0\u05d6\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d9\u05e1\u05d8\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d3\u05d9\u05d1\u05d9\u05d3\u05d5\u05d0\u05dc\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05e7\u05d5\u05dc\u05e7\u05d8\u05d9\u05d1\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea, \u05d0\u05e0\u05d5 \u05e2\u05e9\u05d5\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d5\u05de\u05e8 \u05e9\u05e9\u05d5\u05dd \u05d3\u05d1\u05e8 \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5 \u05e2\u05de\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8, \u05d7\u05d9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05dc\u05e6\u05d9\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d6\u05e6\u05d9\u05d4 \u05de\u05d0\u05e9\u05e8 \u05de\u05e9\u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4.<br \/>\u05de\u05e9\u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05d6\u05d5 \u05d1\u05dc\u05d1\u05d3 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05d4\u05d4\u05e7\u05d3\u05de\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d4\u05e6\u05d4\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05d1\u05e8\u05e1\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea \u05e2\u05dc \u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4. \u05db\u05dc\u05d5\u05de\u05e8, \u05d7\u05d5\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea, \u05d4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05e7\u05e9\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d4, \u05d4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea, \u05d4\u05d0\u05ea\u05d9\u05e7\u05d4, \u05d4\u05e4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05e1\u05d5\u05e4\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e4\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05d8\u05d9\u05ea \u05d5\u05d4\u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d8\u05e8\u05d0\u05e7\u05e6\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05db\u05dc \u05ea\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05dc\u05d4.<br \/>\u05d0\u05dd \u05e0\u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05d8 \u05dc\u05e4\u05d9 \u05d4\u05de\u05e6\u05d1 \u05d4\u05e0\u05d5\u05db\u05d7\u05d9 \u05e9\u05dc \u05de\u05d3\u05e2\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u05dd, \u05de\u05d3\u05e2\u05d9 \u05d4\u05dc\u05e9\u05d5\u05df \u05d5\u05d4\u05ea\u05d7\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d0\u05d6\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d0\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05d1\u05e8\u05e1\u05d9\u05d8\u05d4, \u05db\u05de\u05d5 \u05d2\u05dd \u05e2\u05dc \u05d1\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8 \u05d4\u05d9\u05e1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9, \u05d7\u05d8\u05d9\u05d1\u05ea \u05d4\u05d1\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05ea\u05d5\u05e8\u05ea \u05d4\u05ea\u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05df, \u05d4\u05d0\u05dd \u05d0\u05e0\u05d7\u05e0\u05d5 \u05de\u05d3\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05dc \u05d7\u05dc\u05d5\u05dd? \u05e2\u05dd \u05d6\u05d0\u05ea, \u05d6\u05d4\u05d5 \u05d4\u05de\u05e6\u05d1 \u05d4\u05e0\u05d5\u05db\u05d7\u05d9 \u05e9\u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05e1\u05d9\u05d5\u05d8. \u05d9\u05ea\u05e8 \u05e2\u05dc \u05db\u05df, \u05d9\u05e9 \u05de\u05e9\u05d1\u05e8. \u05d1\u05d0\u05d1\u05d9\u05d1 2004 \u05d9\u05ea\u05e7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05dd \u05d1\u05d9\u05e0\u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d9 \u05e9\u05dc \u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05ea\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05d1\u05e8\u05e6\u05dc\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4. \u05d6\u05d5 \u05ea\u05d4\u05d9\u05d4 \u05e4\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d9\u05e0\u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05ea \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05ea \u05d4\u05d7\u05e9\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d2\u05d3\u05d5\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8. \u05e1\u05d1\u05d9\u05e8 \u05de\u05d0\u05d5\u05d3 \u05dc\u05d4\u05e0\u05d9\u05d7 \u05e9\u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05ea\u05e9\u05d7\u05d3 \u05d0\u05ea 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\u05e1\u05d8\u05e0\u05d3\u05e8\u05d8\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d4\u05dd \u05dc\u05d2\u05d9\u05d8\u05d9\u05de\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d0\u05da \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05dd \u05de\u05e1\u05e4\u05d9\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d7\u05dc\u05d5\u05d8\u05d9\u05df, \u05d1\u05d2\u05dc\u05dc \u05d4\u05d9\u05e2\u05d3\u05e8 \u05db\u05dc \u05e8\u05e2\u05d9\u05d5\u05df \u05db\u05dc\u05dc\u05d9 \u05e9\u05dc \u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05d5\u05db\u05d9\u05e9\u05dc\u05d5\u05df \u05dc\u05d4\u05d6\u05db\u05d9\u05e8 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d0\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05e8\u05e2\u05d9\u05d5\u05df \u05d4\u05db\u05dc\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d6\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05e9\u05e4\u05d4, \u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05d5 \u05e6\u05e8\u05d9\u05da \u05dc\u05d4\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d7\u05d5\u05d1\u05d4 \u05d1\u05db\u05dc \u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05dd. \u05de\u05db\u05d0\u05df, \u05d7\u05d5\u05e1\u05e8 \u05d4\u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05e2\u05ea 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\u05dc\u05d4\u05e6\u05d4\u05e8\u05d4.<br \/>\u05d0\u05d6 \u05e0\u05e8\u05d0\u05d4 \u05db\u05d9 \u05d4\u05ea\u05e4\u05e7\u05d9\u05d3 \u05d4\u05d3\u05d7\u05d5\u05e3 \u05d5\u05d4\u05e1\u05e4\u05e6\u05d9\u05e4\u05d9 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05dd Des Langues du Monde (\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05dd \u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u05dd), \u05e9\u05e0\u05de\u05e6\u05d0\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05e8\u05d7\u05d1\u05d9 \u05e6\u05e8\u05e4\u05ea, \u05d5\u05d0\u05e9\u05e8 \u05e0\u05d5\u05d1\u05e2\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05d4\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05dd \u05d4\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea\u05d9 Des Langues du Monde (\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05dd \u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u05dd) \u05e9\u05dc Toulouse, \u05d4\u05ea\u05d7\u05d9\u05dc \u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea 1992, \u05d0\u05de\u05d5\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05de\u05dc\u05d0 \u05d0\u05ea \u05e4\u05e2\u05e8 \u05d4\u05de\u05d7\u05e9\u05d1\u05d4 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\/>\u05d0\u05e0\u05e8\u05d9 \u05de\u05e1\u05e7\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05e7<br \/>Carrefour Culturel Arnaud-Bernard<\/p><p>\u05d4\u05e6\u05e2\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d4\u05e6\u05d4\u05e8\u05ea \u05d7\u05d5\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05db\u05dc\u05e4\u05d9 \u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05e2\u05e6\u05de\u05d4<br \/>Texte \u05e9\u05d4\u05d5\u05e6\u05e2 \u05d1\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05dd \u05d3\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e0\u05d2\u05e1 (\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05dd \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea) \u05d1- 28 \u05d1\u05de\u05d0\u05d9 2006 \u05d1\u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05dd \u05e7\u05e4\u05d9\u05d8\u05d5\u05dc \u05e4\u05dc\u05d9\u05d9\u05e1 \u05d3\u05d5 \u05d8\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05d6, \u05de\u05d0\u05ea \u05d0\u05e0\u05e8\u05d9 \u05de\u05e1\u05e7\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05e7, \u05e4\u05e8\u05d5\u05e4\u05e1\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d1\u05dc\u05e9\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d0\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05d1\u05e8\u05e1\u05d9\u05d8\u05ea \u05e4\u05e8\u05d9\u05d6 -8, 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\u05d1\u05d0\u05e1\u05e7\u05d9\u05ea) \u05e2\u05d3 \u05d4\u05e8\u05e4\u05d5\u05d1\u05dc\u05d9\u05e7\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e9\u05dc\u05d9\u05e9\u05d9\u05ea. \u05d1\u05d0\u05e9\u05e8 \u05dc\u05e4\u05e8\u05e0\u05e7\u05d5\u05e4\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e0\u05d5\u05db\u05d7\u05d9, \u05d0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05e8\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e6\u05e8\u05e4\u05ea\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u05dd, \u05d6\u05d4 \u05db\u05d1\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d0 \u05ea\u05d5\u05d0\u05dd \u05dc\u05e8\u05d9\u05d1\u05e8\u05d5\u05dc. \u05d2\u05dd \u05e2\u05dc \u05d6\u05d4 \u05e6\u05e8\u05d9\u05da \u05dc\u05d7\u05e9\u05d5\u05d1.<br \/>\u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3 26<br \/>\u05d5\u05d3\u05d0\u05d9 \u05e9\u05ea\u05d7\u05d5\u05e9\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e4\u05e0\u05d9\u05de\u05d9 (\u05d5\u05d2\u05dd \u05d4\u05d7\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9) \u2013 \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05d2 \u05d1\u05de\u05d5\u05d1\u05df \u05e9\u05dc \u05ea\u05d7\u05d5\u05e9\u05ea \u05d4\u05d4\u05db\u05e8\u05d7 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\u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05e9\u05d4\u05d4\u05d2\u05e0\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dc \u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05dc\u05d0 \u05d1\u05de\u05d7\u05e9\u05d1\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dc \u05e9\u05e4\u05d4, \u05d0\u05dc\u05d0 \u05d1\u05e7\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8 \u05e9\u05e2\u05d3\u05d9\u05d9\u05df \u05de\u05e7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05d8\u05d5\u05e4\u05d9\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05de\u05d7\u05e9\u05d1\u05ea \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4, \u05d4\u05e7\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05e9\u05e4\u05d4, \u05d0\u05de\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea, \u05d0\u05ea\u05d9\u05e7\u05d4 \u05d5\u05e4\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05d8\u05d9\u05e7\u05d4 \u05db\u05ea\u05d9\u05d0\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d4 \u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05dc\u05ea. \u05db\u05dc\u05d5\u05de\u05e8 \u05d4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d0\u05ea \u05d7\u05d5\u05d1\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05de\u05e9\u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4.<br \/>\u05d8\u05e7\u05e1\u05d8 \u05e0\u05e7\u05e8\u05d0 \u05d1-Forom des Langues du Monde \u05d5\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05e1\u05dd \u05d1\u05de\u05e1&rsquo; 66 (\u05d9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9 2006) \u05e9\u05dc Linha Imaginot (\u05de\u05d2\u05d6\u05d9\u05df \u05e8\u05d1\u05e2\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9 \u05e9\u05dc GRQM)<br \/>\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05dd \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05de\u05d0\u05d5\u05e8\u05d2\u05df \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05e6\u05d5\u05de\u05ea \u05d4\u05ea\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05d0\u05e8\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d1\u05e8\u05e0\u05e8\u05d3: www.arnaud-bernard.net<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2089\" aria-expanded=\"false\">ITALIEN<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2089\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2089\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><p><strong>Traduzione a cura di: Carlotta Ariano e <a href=\"mailto:francesca.montana453@edu.unito.it\">Francesca Montanaro<\/a><\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Introduzione alla lettura della Proposta<br \/>\u00a0di Henri Meschonnic<br \/>\u00a0per una Dichiarazione sui doveri verso le lingue e il linguaggio e appello alla sua traduzione in 1000 lingue (se non di pi\u00f9)<\/strong><\/p><p>Questo testo \u00e8 stato commissionato a Henri Meschonnic dal <em>Carrefour Culturel Arnaud-Bernard<\/em> (Tolosa, Francia), che lavorava da diversi anni, per il <em>Forom des Langues du Monde<\/em>, all\u2019analisi critica delle diverse dichiarazioni o proposte internazionali connesse a questi temi.<\/p><ol><li>\u00a0 \u00a0 Meschonnic ha pensato e redatto questa proposta sulla base della sua riflessione personale sulle lingue e il linguaggio, e altres\u00ec sulla scoperta, durante il <em>Forom des Langues du Monde<\/em> di cui \u00e8 stato il principale relatore dal 1994 al 2008, del progetto lanciato dal <em>Carrefour <\/em>di una \u201cDichiarazione universale dei diritti per le lingue e le culture\u201d (pensata come un\u2019integrazione indispensabile della Dichiarazione universale dei diritti dell\u2019uomo), progetto ripreso dai numerosi membri delle associazioni che si interessano, nel loro paese d\u2019origine e al <em>Forom <\/em>(pi\u00f9 di 150 lingue sono state rappresentate dal suo inizio), alla difesa e illustrazione delle loro lingue e delle loro culture.\u00a0<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00c8 nell\u2019ambito della nostra riflessione e del nostro attivismo a favore della cultura occitana che abbiamo inventato il <em>Forom des Langues du Monde<\/em> a Tolosa, 28 anni fa, ed \u00e8 sempre in questo contesto che abbiamo reputato necessaria questa Dichiarazione, ritenendo che la questione occitana, in virt\u00f9 della situazione e della storia della lingua\/cultura occitana, esiga delle risposte pi\u00f9 ampie rispetto a quelle che concernono i diritti politici nazionali o regionali. In particolare, si deve prendere in considerazione il ruolo essenziale della letteratura e della creazione culturale e artistica sotto ogni forma; ci\u00f2 ci ha avvicinato al <em>Pen-Club de Langue d\u2019Oc<\/em>. Possiamo qui vedere che H. Meschonnic ci ha compreso finendo per andare ben oltre la nostra richiesta.<\/p><p>Dal 2006, al <em>Forom des Langues<\/em>, abbiamo dato da tradurre questo testo ad alcuni rappresentanti delle associazioni di lingue-culture.<\/p><p>Abbiamo rinnovato questa richiesta quest\u2019anno. Vi daremo qualche traduzione su richiesta. Altre arriveranno man mano, e noi ve le invieremo. Quelle che vi diamo e quelle vi daremo, certamente,\u00a0 non rappresentano, per noi, dei documenti definitivi. Si tratta al contrario di documenti in itinere, forieri di scambi tra coloro che si interesseranno a questo testo e vorranno farlo conoscere nella redazione che riterranno migliore. Forieri di un lavoro infinito, poich\u00e9, oltre al fatto che questa proposta per una Dichiarazione potr\u00e0 nutrire per molto tempo conversazioni su ci\u00f2 che dice e su come lo dice, in futuro i cambiamenti delle situazioni delle lingue e delle culture potranno far apparire altre interpretazioni su alcuni passaggi, e quindi condurre a una ritraduzione. Inoltre, tutte le eventuali proposte di emendamento o di arricchimento di questo testo saranno benvenute e saranno sottoposte all\u2019esame di tutti i nostri corrispondenti. Ne faremo oggetto di dibattito pubblico al <em>Forom<\/em> e alla nostra <em>Universit\u00e9 Occitane de Lagu\u00e9pie<\/em> (Francia) cos\u00ec come, speriamo, durante i numerosi <em>Forums<\/em> o <em>F\u00eates des Langues<\/em> nelle quali collaboreremo.<\/p><p>Claude Sicre, presidente del <em>Carrefour Culturel Arnaud-Bernard<\/em>,<br \/>ideatore del <em>Forom des Langues du Monde.<\/em> Primavera 2019.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Introduzione di Henri Meschonnic<\/strong><\/p><p>La premessa alla \u201cDichiarazione dei diritti dell\u2019Uomo e del Cittadino\u201d del 1789 ricordava \u201ca tutti i membri del corpo sociale (&#8230;) incessantemente i loro diritti e i loro doveri\u201d. Osservando il mondo oggi non \u00e8 cambiato nulla, se non il fatto che &#8211; come diceva questa premessa &#8211; \u201cl\u2019ignoranza, l\u2019oblio o il disprezzo dei diritti dell\u2019uomo\u201d si sono di molto aggravati, in un generale cattivo stato delle societ\u00e0. <br \/>Da qui viene l\u2019urgenza di creare un rapporto tra etica e politica che \u00e8 ancora un\u2019utopia. Il paradosso del linguaggio \u00e8 che \u00e8 attraverso di esso, e solo attraverso di esso, che pu\u00f2 passare questo rapporto. Ora, questo \u00e8 il luogo della massima ignoranza. Per linguaggio intendo la funzione di espressione del pensiero, e per lingua un sistema sociale di segni. Le implicazioni non sono le stesse.<br \/>Difendere il linguaggio? Ma non viene attaccato! Peggio: viene ignorato senza che nessuno se ne renda conto. Ma come? Con cos\u00ec tanti studi e conoscenze! Per l\u2019appunto, \u00e8 proprio questo che \u00e8 paradossale, la presenza di tutto questo sapere che non sa di produrre ignoranza, una specifica ignoranza, e che per di pi\u00f9 impedisce di riconoscerla. Questione di punti di vista. C\u2019\u00e8 un punto cieco nello statuto del linguaggio, e questo punto \u00e8 vitale. Perch\u00e9 non \u00e8 il linguaggio a essere minacciato, ognuno di noi lo \u00e8.\u00a0<\/p><p>Perch\u00e9 anzitutto \u00e8 sempre con le parole che si agisce, che si fa male, e la questione della difesa delle lingue non \u00e8 che la manifestazione visibile di una ignoranza, di un oblio e di un disprezzo che non si riescono a misurare n\u00e9 a conoscere, perch\u00e9 tutta la nostra cultura umanistica non ha imparato a riconoscerli. <br \/>Il linguaggio non \u00e8 solamente il luogo e l\u2019ambito della comunicazione: \u00e8, prima di questo, e per questo, il luogo e l\u2019ambito della costituzione di ciascun essere umano nella sua storia. Il linguaggio \u00e8 quindi questione indissolubilmente etica e politica. E questione epica nel senso che \u00e8 qui che si costituiscono le avventure della voce umana. \u00c8 in quanto materia etica che \u00e8 materia artistica, perch\u00e9 \u00e8 all\u2019interno di esso che noi inventiamo e che l\u2019arte, tutte le arti, giocano un ruolo fondatore. E misconosciuto. Il problema della difesa delle lingue eccede la questione del diritto e delle lingue, che viene messa in primo piano e, come se fosse possibile farlo, isolata.<\/p><p>Invece di mettere in primo piano in maniera semplicistica la questione cos\u00ec ovvia dell\u2019egemonia economica e politica di una lingua sulle altre, \u00e8 necessario riconoscere che il problema pi\u00f9 grande nella difesa delle lingue, tanto vitale quanto misconosciuto, \u00e8 l\u2019incommensurabile ignoranza della teoria sul linguaggio. Quest\u2019ultima non viene insegnata da nessuna parte e si estende attraverso il riduzionismo e la regionalizzazione che caratterizzano il modo in cui viene trattato il linguaggio nella nostra cultura. In tutte le culture. <br \/>In questo senso, sar\u00e0 necessario pensare e realizzare un processo di civilizzazione, e insieme una sorta di rivoluzione culturale che abbia come fine quello di pensare e coltivare relazioni tra lingua e cultura, tra lingua e letteratura, tra linguaggio, arte, etica e politica. Questo perch\u00e9 ad oggi esse non vengono n\u00e9 pensate n\u00e9 messe in pratica. Considerato il peso del linguaggio nelle storie individuali e collettive, si pu\u00f2 dire che non ci sia nulla di pi\u00f9 profondo e di pi\u00f9 vitale per le societ\u00e0, e per la civilt\u00e0, che il senso del linguaggio. <br \/>Esso da solo rappresenta la premessa di una dichiarazione universale dei diritti del linguaggio, ovvero dei doveri dell\u2019insegnamento delle lingue, dell\u2019insegnamento dei rapporti tra lingua e societ\u00e0, dell\u2019insegnamento delle letterature, dell&rsquo;insegnamento dell\u2019etica e dell\u2019insegnamento della filosofia politica, tutti presi in esame nella loro interazione.<\/p><p>Giudicando lo stato attuale delle scienze sociali nel mondo, delle scienze del linguaggio, e delle discipline universitarie nella loro regionalizzazione &#8211; senza dimenticare l\u2019insegnamento della scuola primaria e secondaria &#8211; si tratta forse di un programma onirico? \u00c8 piuttosto la situazione attuale a essere un incubo. In pi\u00f9, c\u2019\u00e8 un\u2019urgenza: nella primavera 2004 si terr\u00e0 un Forum internazionale delle lingue e delle culture a Barcellona. Sar\u00e0 un incontro mondiale di grandissima importanza. Ci sono tutte le possibilit\u00e0 per ampliare la Dichiarazione universale dei diritti linguistici prodotta nel contesto della Conferenza mondiale dei diritti linguistici tenuta a Barcellona nel 1996. Altrimenti, questa dichiarazione continuer\u00e0 a prendere in considerazione solo l\u2019ambito giuridico. Essa infatti contempla esclusivamente il concetto di lingua e di gruppo linguistico. Queste nozioni correnti sono legittime, ma assolutamente insufficienti poich\u00e9 sottendono la mancanza di qualsiasi concezione generale del linguaggio, per non menzionare il suo insegnamento, che dovrebbe essere reso obbligatorio ovunque. Ne consegue una grande povert\u00e0 nella nozione stessa di lingua, ridotta a comunicazione.<br \/>Il complemento indispensabile a questo legalismo deve dunque essere una teoria di insieme sui legami tra linguaggio, arte, etica e pensiero politico. Questo consentir\u00e0 di rafforzare l\u2019efficacia e il senso delle rivendicazioni. <br \/>Sembra quindi che il ruolo urgente e specifico dei Forums des langues du monde che si sono svolti in Francia a partire dal Forum des langues di Tolosa dal 1992 debba essere quello di colmare questa carenza teorica: il contributo francese potrebbe essere quello di portare una teoria di insieme che abbia come base l\u2019idea forte che non si possano difendere le lingue senza una visione d\u2019insieme del linguaggio e della societ\u00e0.<\/p><p>Henri Meschonnic<\/p><p>Carrefour Culturel Arnaud-Bernard<\/p><p>\u2014<\/p><p>\u2014<\/p><p><strong>Proposta per una Dichiarazione dei Doveri nei confronti delle Lingue e del Linguaggio<\/strong><\/p><p>Testo proposto al Forom de langues il 28 maggio 2006, nella Place du Capitole a Tolosa, da Henri Meschonnic, Professore emerito di linguistica all\u2019Universit\u00e0 Paris-8, poeta, traduttore della Bibbia, saggista:<\/p><p><strong><br \/>Art. 1<\/strong><\/p><p>Bisogna anzitutto riconoscere una specificit\u00e0 alle questioni linguistiche. Questa specificit\u00e0 fa s\u00ec che non si possa applicare a tali questioni un semplice calco delle dichiarazioni esistenti dei diritti degli esseri umani e delle collettivit\u00e0.<\/p><p>Parlare di diritti implica anche parlare di doveri. L\u2019una e l\u2019altra cosa presuppongono che si abbia un&rsquo;idea di che cosa sono e che cosa fanno le lingue. La riflessione su queste tematiche, tuttavia, risulta pi\u00f9 operativa se la si considera in termini di doveri.<\/p><p>La specificit\u00e0 delle cose che riguardano il linguaggio implica essa stessa una teorizzazione\u00a0\u00a0 specifica. Per mantenere tutti gli elementi che questo ragionamento presuppone \u00e8 necessario postulare che essa debba essere una critica costante della propria storia, altrimenti si finisce per non pensare al suo oggetto, identificandosi con le idee ereditate riguardanti le lingue e la lingua.<\/p><p>La prima cosa da riconoscere \u00e8 che ragionare sulle lingue presuppone pensare a che cosa sia una lingua, a che cosa sia la lingua e in cosa consista storicamente e nel suo stato presente la teoria sulla lingua.<\/p><p>Se pensare la lingua significa limitarsi a concepire solo la lingua,e nient\u2019altro che la lingua, la conseguenza \u00e8 l\u2019isolamento della lingua dalle pratiche sociali del linguaggio in tutta la loro diversit\u00e0, che \u00e8 senza dubbio la situazione peggiore che si possa concepire se si vuole sapere che cos\u2019\u00e8 e che cosa fa una lingua, e se la si vuole difendere.<\/p><p><strong>Art. 2<\/strong><\/p><p>Di conseguenza ci si deve imporre che per difendere una lingua, e per conoscere preliminarmente i limiti di cosa significa la nozione di lingua, sia necessaria una teoria di insieme del linguaggio.<\/p><p>Per farlo bisogna creare un modello diverso rispetto a quello puramente istituzionale proposto dalla \u00abDichiarazione universale dei diritti linguistici\u00bb di Barcellona del giugno 1996, che riguarda solo le lingue e mostra i limiti di questa concezione del linguaggio.<\/p><p>Una tale teoria di insieme implica una riflessione sui ruoli, le attivit\u00e0 e le forze del linguaggio in tutte le pratiche sociali \u2013 una teoria dei rapporti tra lingua e discorso, tra la nozione di discorso e una teoria dei soggetti, tra una teoria dei soggetti e l\u2019arte, l\u2019etica e la politica, perch\u00e9 tutti questi elementi determinano la nozione di soggetto.<\/p><p>La lingua non \u00e8 quindi una questione che riguarda solo i linguisti, n\u00e9 solo i politici. La storia della politica delle lingue non \u00e8 solamente una storia politica. Essa include elementi che coinvolgono l\u2019arte, l\u2019etica, la storia sociale. Ragionare sulla politica delle lingue implica dunque una tale teoria di insieme \u2013 inscindibile dal linguaggio, dall\u2019arte, dall\u2019etica e dalla politica \u2013 per pensare ai rapporti tra lingua e societ\u00e0. Altrimenti si finisce per ricadere in un ragionamento che considera solo la lingua, o solo la politica, cosa che conduce immediatamente a misconoscere il ruolo dell\u2019arte nella societ\u00e0, il ruolo dell\u2019etica nella politica, dunque a misconoscere la libert\u00e0 dei soggetti.<\/p><p><strong>Art. 3<\/strong><\/p><p>Tenere insieme una teoria sul linguaggio e sui soggetti implica di conseguenza lavorare a una critica dell\u2019opposizione tra identit\u00e0 e alterit\u00e0, per pensare, al contrario, e alla loro interazione costante.<\/p><p>Riflettere sulla pluralit\u00e0 delle lingue e sull\u2019interazione tra esse presuppone quindi di pensare l\u2019identit\u00e0 attraverso l\u2019alterit\u00e0.<\/p><p><strong>Art. 4<\/strong><\/p><p>Per pensare l\u2019identit\u00e0 attraverso l\u2019alterit\u00e0, \u00e8 indispensabile pensare a come le arti letterarie in particolare, e l\u2019arte in generale, hanno trasformato i modi di pensare, di sentire e di comprendere, e quindi anche la concezione di linguaggio e di lingue.<\/p><p><strong>Art. 5<\/strong><\/p><p>In questo contesto \u00e8 importante riconoscere un ruolo privilegiato alle pratiche e alle teorie della traduzione, cosa che impone a sua volta di ripensare la traduzione in funzione di un riconoscimento delle arti del pensiero e non pi\u00f9 solamente come un passaggio da lingua a lingua, ma un passaggio da discorso a discorso, ed eventualmente da sistema del discorso a sistema del discorso. Altrimenti ci si trova davanti alla consueta ignoranza, mascherata da buona coscienza dei truismi compiuti e non si nota che le traduzioni cancellano. Cancellano culture, cancellano specificit\u00e0, cancellano differenze.<\/p><p>Questo presuppone a sua volta che una teoria della traduzione non possa essere isolata e autonoma, esattamente come la teoria del linguaggio non \u00e8 riducibile alla sola nozione di lingua. Questa apparente autonomia non \u00e8 nient\u2019altro che la condizione abituale della lingua nell\u2019ermeneutica, nel senso, nel segno. Da qui, essa cancella.\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Art. 6<\/strong><\/p><p>Di conseguenza occorre riconoscere anche che un nemico delle lingue, probabilmente il primo nemico delle lingue, non \u00e8 l\u2019egemonia culturale-economica-politica di una o dell\u2019altra lingua, ma \u00e8 in primo luogo l\u2019idea per la quale si riduce il linguaggio alla lingua. In tal modo si separa la lingua dall\u2019arte, dalla cultura, dalla societ\u00e0, dall\u2019etica e dalla politica e la si considera isolata \u2013 indipendentemente dallo studio tecnico delle sue funzioni che, in quanto tale, ha la sua legittimit\u00e0 nel suo stesso oggetto di studio, a condizione che ne vengano riconosciuti i limiti.<\/p><p><strong>Art. 7<\/strong><\/p><p>Il riconoscimento dell\u2019identit\u00e0 attraverso l\u2019alterit\u00e0 presuppone il riconoscimento dell\u2019identit\u00e0 come pluralit\u00e0 interna e come storia, non come natura.<\/p><p><strong>Art. 8<\/strong><\/p><p>A partire da qui, \u00e8 necessario proporre un insegnamento che non esiste (e prevederlo a tutti i livelli, come nuova forma di educazione civica), riguardante la teoria del linguaggio come riconoscimento dei rapporti tra identit\u00e0 e alterit\u00e0, tra unicit\u00e0 e pluralit\u00e0 interna, ossia come una poetica, un\u2019etica e una politica dei rapporti intersoggettivi, interculturali e internazionali. Dove poetica, etica e politica devono essere inseparabili, altrimenti si rischia di ricadere nel modello tradizionale, che risulta insufficiente. Molti non vedono questa insufficienza ed \u00e8 dunque necessario fare s\u00ec che ne prendano coscienza.<\/p><p><strong>Art. 9<\/strong><\/p><p>Questo insegnamento della teoria del linguaggio come teoria d\u2019insieme deve dunque lavorare affinch\u00e9 si riconosca, sotto il modello tradizionale e dominante del segno (con tutta la sua coerenza linguistica, antropologica, filosofica, teologica, sociale e politica) il lavoro del continuum come lavoro del corpo nel linguaggio, del soggetto sulla lingua, delle invenzioni intellettuali sulle lingue, e come interazione, inseparabilit\u00e0 e storicit\u00e0 radicale del linguaggio, dell\u2019arte, dell\u2019etica e della politica.<\/p><p>Questa esperienza di pensiero permetter\u00e0 di situare meglio i problemi legati all\u2019alterit\u00e0 e alla pluralit\u00e0 \u2013 generalmente concepiti come esclusivamente esterni \u2013 e di dimostrare che sono sia interni che esterni.<\/p><p><strong>Art. 10<\/strong><\/p><p>Contro la coerenza regnante del segno e del pensiero che considera solo la lingua, sarebbe necessario pensare, riconoscere, insegnare e coltivare una contro-cultura, una contro-coerenza: quella della solidariet\u00e0 e dell\u2019interazione tra le categorie della Ragione che un certo tipo di storia del pensiero continua a considerare eterogenee e separate, come dimostrano sia la storia della formazione di ci\u00f2 che noi chiamiamo scienze umane, sia le nostre discipline accademiche che ne sono scaturite. Una vera e propria critica della Ragion linguistica.<\/p><p>Si potrebbero e si dovrebbero dunque comprendere meglio e favorire i bilinguismi e i plurilinguismi, a seconda di ciascuna situazione culturale, situandoli in un ragionamento sulla pluralit\u00e0 interna, sull\u2019etica e sulla politica dei soggetti, cosa che la sola giustapposizione delle lingue non permette di fare.\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Art. 11<\/strong><\/p><p>Questo perch\u00e9, se si riconosce la pluralit\u00e0 delle lingue esclusivamente nella politica del segno, invece di farlo nell\u2019ambito di una teoria di insieme del linguaggio, essa finisce per risiedere nell\u2019opposizione tra identit\u00e0 e alterit\u00e0, nell\u2019oppressione delle minoranze causata dalle sole forze economico-politiche. Oppressione che favorisce i terrorismi particolaristici.<\/p><p>Sarebbe quindi meglio parlare di lingue-culture che di lingue, per meglio sviluppare e preservare i valori che sono stati creati al loro interno e di cui esse sono portatrici \u2013 valori antropologici, artistici, etici e politici.<\/p><p><strong>Art. 12<\/strong><\/p><p>La questione dei valori implica che si chiarisca ci\u00f2 che causa confusione nella nozione di disuguaglianza tra lingue. Inoltre, rende necessario affrontare il concetto di uguaglianza tra le lingue piuttosto che postularlo esclusivamente in modo astratto (la \u00abdemocrazia astratta\u00bb di Sartre).<\/p><p><strong>Art. 13<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00c8 incontestabile che tutte le lingue, comprese quelle parlate da un gruppo di persone poco numeroso e in un\u2019area geografica molto piccola \u2013 esattamente come tutti gli elementi che compongono una lingua \u2013 sono uguali tra loro nel senso che tutte le lingue adempiono integralmente alle funzioni linguistiche di una lingua, per pensare, sentire, comunicare in una data societ\u00e0.<\/p><p><strong>Art. 14<\/strong><\/p><p>Tuttavia, due fattori sono causa di confusione in questa nozione cruciale dell\u2019uguaglianza antropologica delle lingue. E questi fattori si pongono su due piani radicalmente diversi, che \u00e8 importante non confondere n\u00e9 mescolare.<\/p><p><strong>Art. 15<\/strong><\/p><p>Il primo \u00e8 la potenza economico-politica, o teologico-politica, di un insieme nazionale, che si impone sotto forma di trans-lingua di comunicazione pannazionale o internazionale. Cos\u00ec, come potenza teologico-politica, l\u2019arabo in Egitto nel corso dei secoli ha soffocato o proibito la lingua copta come lingua vernacolare, riducendola all\u2019uso esclusivamente liturgico. La potenza economico-politica \u00e8 oggi rappresentata dalla diffusione globale dell\u2019inglese come lingua di comunicazione.<\/p><p><strong>Art. 16\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><p>Un ulteriore fattore di supremazia culturale e di espansionismo, o la cui durata sia superiore a quella degli imperi, \u00e8 l\u2019invenzione di valori artistici, etici e politici in questa o quella lingua. In questo caso sono proprio questi a determinare l\u2019espansione e il prestigio delle lingue, al di l\u00e0 di tutte le nozioni di comunicazione linguistica, locale, regionale o planetaria.\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Art. 17<\/strong><\/p><p>Sono allora questi valori a rendere le lingue ci\u00f2 che sono, esistono soltanto madriopere e non madrilingue. Sebbene tale fenomeno sia di per s\u00e9 storicamente incontestabile non ha nulla in comune n\u00e9 con ci\u00f2 che linguisticamente \u00e8 e fa una lingua, e tutte le lingue, n\u00e9 con la forza degli imperi economici e politici. \u00c8 fondamentale smettere di attribuire alle lingue ci\u00f2 che \u00e8 un tratto precipuo delle opere, anche e soprattutto se i loro valori costituiscono un apporto specifico a questa o quella lingua, al punto da identificarsi con essa.\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Art. 18\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><p>Tali valori possono essere resi universali. I valori politici della Dichiarazione dei diritti dell\u2019uomo del 1789, o della lotta per la verit\u00e0 contro il mantenimento dell\u2019ordine nel caso Dreyfus, hanno simbolizzato e universalizzato la lingua francese, ma allo stesso tempo non sono da ascrivere alla sola lingua francese, e possono essere detti e riproposti in tutte le lingue e in tutti i luoghi.\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Art 19\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><p>Lo stesso vale, in modo diverso, per i valori estetici ed etici delle opere letterarie e delle opere di pensiero. Ci\u00f2 ha come effetto che alcune lingue sono pi\u00f9 prestigiose rispetto ad altre e che allo stesso tempo veicolano e sono veicolate da questi valori.\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Art 20\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><p>Questi effetti di supremazia non sono un elemento a favore dell\u2019idea che certe lingue siano superiori ad altre, idea che nasce nella e per via della confusione tra la lingua e le elaborazioni del pensiero o le lotte di pensiero create da questa o quella cultura. Tali valori non dipendono dalle lingue in quanto lingue. Dato che le associa inevitabilmente tra di loro, la storia culturale non consente di riconoscere che sono le opere e le lotte, a volte sostenute da un piccolo numero di persone contro la propria collettivit\u00e0, che consentono di attribuire alla lingua ci\u00f2 che si compie in essa e a volte anche, poeticamente, contro di essa. Nel rifiuto dei contemporanei.<\/p><p><strong>Art 21<\/strong><\/p><p>Queste distinzioni sono essenziali sia per non attribuire a una lingua delle virt\u00f9 intrinseche che conducono verso il mito del genio innato delle lingue, sia affinch\u00e9 non si riduca il linguaggio alla lingua, e ancor meno alla comunicazione. Tendenza recente contro la quale occorre lottare.\u00a0<\/p><p>L\u2019impoverimento del pensiero e delle capacit\u00e0, che tale riduzionismo apporta, conduce al rafforzamento dei progressi tecnici della comunicazione. Nascondendo per\u00f2 il fatto che questi stessi progressi rappresentano un fattore di regressione e barbarie.<\/p><p>L\u2019idea del linguaggio come teoria d\u2019insieme \u00e8 la sola che possa permettere di contrastare gli effetti perversi dell\u2019idea delle lingue come natura \u2013 come genio, mediante il costante rimando ai legami tra specificit\u00e0 e storicit\u00e0. Storicit\u00e0 radicale.\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Art. 22<\/strong><\/p><p>In tal modo la fobia dell\u2019inglese nel contesto francese potr\u00e0 meglio apparire come un disconoscimento del carattere storico dei prestiti, e dei loro limiti, lessicali e sintattici. Il disconoscimento di questo carattere provoca il rigetto dei prestiti e dei legami in nome di un purismo che implica a volte un disconoscimento della storia stessa delle lingue, un passatismo, quindi un accademismo, un senso di declino (variabile: per Gobineau il declino del francese comincia nel XIV secolo; per altri nel XIX secolo; per altri ancora il francese di oggi \u00e8 \u201cun capolavoro in pericolo\u201d di cui non cessano di annunciare la morte).\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Art. 23<\/strong><\/p><p>Un altro aspetto di questa fobia purista \u00e8 la codardia etica e politica che induce degli specialisti a rinunciare a esprimersi nella propria lingua, contribuendo in tal modo alla massificazione della comunicazione.<br \/>Attribuire soltanto alla lingua delle virt\u00f9 connesse a una storia mostra contemporaneamente sia come si sbagli a scegliere il genio, sia quanto abbiano poco genio, e senso del linguaggio, gli pseudo-difensori della lingua.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Art 24\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><p>Al contrario, dal punto di vista di una teoria d\u2019insieme si possono sottolineare due cose.\u00a0<\/p><p>La prima \u00e8 che il pi\u00f9 grande pericolo per una lingua non \u00e8 l\u2019egemonia di un\u2019altra, anche e soprattutto se questa egemonia \u00e8 unicamente economica e politica; il pericolo maggiore (conseguenza della riduzione del linguaggio a lingua) \u00e8 l\u2019assenza di creazione di valori (artistici, etici, politici) per coloro che la parlano. L\u2019assenza di creazione equivale a tradire.\u00a0<\/p><p>Il greco classico, la cui importanza non \u00e8 sopravvissuta all\u2019impero di Alessandro, e l\u2019ebraico biblico, che non ha mai avuto un\u2019importanza politica, sono il perfetto esempio di come le lingue non abbiano avuto e non abbiano tuttora la loro importanza transtorica se non per mezzo delle opere che sono state prodotte in queste lingue. E sono le opere, le elaborazioni del pensiero, ad aver creato non solo le lingue, ma anche ci\u00f2 di cui sono latrici, perch\u00e9 non sono le lingue, come tali, a produrre le opere. E anche quando lo stato della lingua \u00e8 antico, o la lingua sembra morta, come il latino, la parola \u00e8 viva.\u00a0<\/p><p>Cos\u00ec il latino, che si diceva essere morto nel XVII secolo ed essere la lingua usata unicamente tra gli eruditi (e le tesi nel XIX secolo si scrivevano ancora in latino, come ad esempio quella di Jaur\u00e9s), non si pu\u00f2 dire che sia una lingua morta (un\u2019apparente banalit\u00e0 che riprende un\u2019opera recente di Fran\u00e7oise Waquet <em>Le latin ou l\u2019empire d\u2019un signe, XVI-XX secolo<\/em>, Albin Michel, 1998) se Francis Bacon, Hobbes, Cartesio, Spinoza, Leibiniz inventano il pensiero, a quel tempo inventano il loro pensiero in latino.\u00a0<\/p><p>Contrariamente l\u2019aramaico, che nell\u2019epoca post-biblica aveva un\u2019importanza comunicativa transnazionale, non esiste pi\u00f9 se non in qualche villaggio. Per quanto riguarda i grandi imperi di allora, essi non ci hanno lasciato che dei resti archeologici.\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Art 25\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><p>Occorre riconoscere una storicit\u00e0 della percezione delle relazioni tra le lingue. In un primo momento, all\u2019interno della transnazionalit\u00e0 del latino nell\u2019Europa medievale, c\u2019\u00e8 pace\u00a0tra le lingue vernacolari. Segue una guerra delle lingue contro il latino, e a partire dal XVI secolo tra loro stesse. Da qui la lotta della Rivoluzione francese contro i \u201cpatois\u201d (mescolando indistintamente i dialetti del francese e le altre lingue \u2013 il bretone, il basco) fino alla Terza Repubblica. Per quanto riguarda la francofonia attuale, o molteplicit\u00e0 del francese nel mondo, essa non \u00e8 compatibile con Rivarol. Anche questo richiede una riflessione.<\/p><p><strong>Art. 26\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00c8 certo che il senso della pluralit\u00e0 interna (e anche esterna) \u2013 senso usato nell\u2019accezione di percezione di una necessit\u00e0 e di una compresenza \u2013 sia recente, e certamente legato alla storia delle decolonizzazioni, ma in realt\u00e0 risale alle relazioni tra il romanticismo delle specificit\u00e0 e i nazionalismi che ne sono la politicizzazione.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Art. 27\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><p>Tuttavia questo senso della pluralit\u00e0 pu\u00f2 lui stesso essere sia regionalista e nazionalista, fermo su s\u00e9 stesso (riproducendo su scala minore la chiusura della concezione della lingua), sia pluralista, che vuol dire ritenere che la realizzazione di se stesso sia un processo di riconoscimento delle pluralit\u00e0 interne e della pluralit\u00e0 dell\u2019identit\u00e0. Capace dunque di una teoria d\u2019insieme.\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Art. 28<\/strong><\/p><p>Dal momento che riconosciamo che l\u2019estinzione di una lingua pu\u00f2 essere causata sia dalla distruzione di una popolazione, sia da una frantumazione culturale, \u00e8 chiaro che la difesa delle lingue non sia un problema della lingua, ma implica inevitabilmente il riconoscimento dell\u2019interazione tra la teoria del linguaggio, la teoria degli atti del pensiero, l\u2019etica e la politica.\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Art. 29\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><p>In caso contrario, dato che regna l\u2019eterogeneit\u00e0 delle categorie della ragione, la sola etica \u00e8 impotente, la sola politica \u00e8 onnipotente, i prodotti artistici non sono ritenuti la miglior difesa delle lingue, ed essendo le lingue ridotte a dei mezzi di comunicazione soltanto quelle che comunicano il potere economico e politico si diffondono e soffocano le altre.\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Art. 30<\/strong><\/p><p>La conclusione che emerge da questa coreografia di ragioni \u00e8 paradossale &#8211; ma il lavoro del pensiero \u00e8 proprio quello di trasformare i paradossi in truismi del futuro. La difesa delle lingue non \u00e8 all&rsquo;interno della concezione della lingua, ma nel legame che ne fa ancora l&rsquo;utopia della concezione del linguaggio: il legame tra linguaggio, arte, etica e politica in quanto teoria d\u2019insieme. Ossia un insegnamento obbligatorio del senso del linguaggio.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"10\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-20810\" aria-expanded=\"false\">CHINOIS TRADITIONNEL<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-20810\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"10\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-20810\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><p><strong>Traduction en chinois traditionnel par Xinmin XIAO<\/strong><\/p><p>\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u5c0d\u4ea8\u5229\u00b7\u6885\u8096\u5c3c\u5947\uff08Henri MESCHONNIC\uff09\u7684\u300a\u95dc\u65bc\u8a9e\u7a2e\u548c\u8a9e\u8a00<sup>[1]<\/sup>\u8cac\u4efb\u5ba3\u8a00\u7684\u63d0\u6848\u300b\u4e00\u6587\u7684<strong>\u5c0e\u8b80<\/strong>\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c0d\u7528\u591a\u7a2e\u8a9e\u8a00\u7ffb\u8b6f\u8a72\u6587\u7684<strong>\u547c\u7c72<\/strong>\u3002<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>\u7ffb\u8b6f\u547c\u7c72<\/strong><\/p><p>\u4ea8\u5229\u00b7\u6885\u8096\u5c3c\u514b\u7684\u9019\u4e00\u63d0\u6848\u662f\u53d7\u963f\u723e\u8afe\u00b7\u8c9d\u723e\u7d0d\u8857\u5340\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff08\u4f4d\u65bc\u6cd5\u570b\u5716\u76e7\u8332\uff09\u59d4\u8a17\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u3002\u591a\u5e74\u4f86\uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u8209\u8fa6\u300c\u4e16\u754c\u8a9e\u7a2e\u8ad6\u58c7\u300d\uff0c\u8a72\u6a5f\u69cb\u4e00\u76f4\u81f4\u529b\u65bc\u5c0d\u8a9e\u8a00\u9818\u57df\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u570b\u969b\u5ba3\u8a00\u6216\u63d0\u6848\u9032\u884c\u6279\u5224\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/p><p>\u6885\u8096\u5c3c\u514b\u57fa\u65bc\u4ed6\u500b\u4eba\u5c0d\u8a9e\u7a2e\u548c\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u57281994\u5e74\u81f32008\u5e74\u53d7\u9080\u64d4\u4efb\u300c\u4e16\u754c\u8a9e\u7a2e\u8ad6\u58c7\u300d\u4e3b\u8b1b\u4eba\u671f\u9593\u5c0d\u8a72\u6a5f\u69cb\u767c\u8d77\u7684\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u8a9e\u7a2e\u548c\u6587\u5316\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\u5c08\u6848\u7684\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u69cb\u601d\u4e26\u64b0\u5beb\u4e86\u9019\u4e00\u63d0\u6848\u3002\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u8a9e\u7a2e\u548c\u6587\u5316\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\u9805\u76ee\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u5c0d\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u4eba\u6b0a\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u7684\u88dc\u5145\uff0c\u5b83\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u8a31\u591a\u5728\u5176\u539f\u7c4d\u570b\u548c\u300c\u4e16\u754c\u8a9e\u7a2e\u8ad6\u58c7\u300d\uff08\u81ea\u6d3b\u52d5\u555f\u52d5\u4ee5\u4f86\uff0c\u5df2\u6709\u4e00\u767e\u4e94\u5341\u591a\u500b\u8a9e\u7a2e\u4ee3\u8868\u53c3\u52a0\uff09\u91cc\u5f9e\u4e8b\u4fdd\u8b77\u548c\u5c55\u793a\u5176\u8a9e\u7a2e\u548c\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5354\u6703\u6210\u54e1\u7684\u652f\u63f4\u3002<\/p><p>28\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u51fa\u65bc\u5f9e\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u884c\u52d5\u4e0a\u4fdd\u8b77\u5967\u514b\u8a9e\u7684\u521d\u8877\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5728\u5716\u76e7\u8332\u8209\u8fa6\u4e86\u300c\u4e16\u754c\u8a9e\u7a2e\u8ad6\u58c7\u300d\u3002\u4e5f\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u9019\u4e00\u521d\u8877\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u5236\u5b9a\u9019\u4e00\u5ba3\u8a00\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\uff1a\u5f9e\u8a72\u8a9e\u7a2e\u548c\u6587\u5316\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u548c\u73fe\u72c0\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u5967\u514b\u8a9e\u7684\u554f\u984c\u9700\u8981\u7684\u662f\u8d85\u8d8a\u570b\u5bb6\u6216\u5730\u5340\u653f\u6cbb\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u3001\u66f4\u5ee3\u6cdb\u5c64\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u56de\u61c9\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u8981\u91cd\u8996\u5b83\u5404\u7a2e\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u6587\u5b78\u548c\u6587\u5316\u85dd\u8853\u5275\u4f5c\uff0c\u9019\u4e00\u60f3\u6cd5\u4e5f\u4fc3\u9032\u4e86\u6211\u5011\u8207\u5967\u514b\u8a9e\u5beb\u4f5c\u4ff1\u6a02\u90e8\u7684\u5bc6\u5207\u5408\u4f5c\u3002\u5f9e\u9019\u65b9\u9762\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u6885\u8096\u5c3c\u514b\u8ddf\u6211\u5011\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6bd4\u6211\u5011\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u66f4\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u3002<\/p><p>\u81ea2006\u5e74\u8d77\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u958b\u59cb\u9080\u8acb\u300c\u4e16\u754c\u8a9e\u7a2e\u8ad6\u58c7\u300d\u91cc\u4e00\u4e9b\u8a9e\u7a2e\u6587\u5316\u5354\u6703\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u7ffb\u8b6f\u9019\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u3002<\/p><p>\u4eca\u5e74\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u518d\u6b21\u63d0\u51fa\u9019\u4e00\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u6211\u5011\u5c07\u6839\u64da\u60a8\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e9b\u8b6f\u6587\u3002\u7b49\u5176\u4ed6\u8b6f\u6587\u9678\u7e8c\u5bc4\u4f86\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e5f\u6703\u5c07\u628a\u5b83\u5011\u63d0\u4f9b\u7d66\u60a8\u3002\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u73fe\u5728\u548c\u5c07\u4f86\u63d0\u4f9b\u7d66\u60a8\u7684\u8b6f\u6587\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u6211\u5011\u7684\u6700\u7d42\u7248\u672c\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u9084\u5728\u8655\u7406\u4e2d\u7684\u7248\u672c\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u6240\u6709\u5c0d\u9019\u4e00\u6587\u672c\u611f\u8208\u8da3\u4e26\u5e0c\u671b\u4ee5\u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u6700\u597d\u7684\u7248\u672c\u50b3\u64ad\u7684\u4eba\u4e4b\u9593\u9032\u884c\u4ea4\u6d41\u7684\u8f09\u9ad4\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u8f09\u9ad4\u7121\u7591\u6703\u5e36\u4f86\u7121\u7aae\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u91cf\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9664\u4e86\u63d0\u6848\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u548c\u8868\u9054\u65b9\u5f0f\u6703\u5f15\u8d77\u9577\u671f\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8a9e\u7a2e\u548c\u6587\u5316\u74b0\u5883\u7684\u8b8a\u5316\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u96a8\u4e4b\u5e36\u4f86\u5c0d\u67d0\u4e9b\u6bb5\u843d\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u89e3\u91cb\u4e26\u5c0e\u81f4\u6587\u7ae0\u9700\u8981\u91cd\u65b0\u7ffb\u8b6f\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6b61\u8fce\u5c0d\u8a72\u6587\u672c\u63d0\u51fa\u4efb\u4f55\u4fee\u6539\u6216\u88dc\u5145\u5efa\u8b70\uff0c\u4e26\u6703\u5c07\u9019\u4e9b\u5efa\u8b70\u63d0\u4ea4\u7d66\u6240\u6709\u76f8\u95dc\u65b9\u5be9\u8b70\u3002\u6211\u5011\u5e0c\u671b\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u5efa\u8b70\u5c07\u6210\u70ba\u300c\u4e16\u754c\u8a9e\u7a2e\u8ad6\u58c7\u300d\u548c\u4f4d\u65bc\u6cd5\u570b\u62c9\u84cb\u76ae\u7684\u5967\u514b\u8a9e\u5927\u5b78\u7684\u516c\u958b\u8faf\u8ad6\u4e3b\u984c\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c07\u6210\u70ba\u8207\u6211\u5011\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u773e\u591a\u8ad6\u58c7\u6216\u8a9e\u8a00\u7bc0\u7684\u4e3b\u984c\u3002<\/p><p>\u514b\u52de\u5fb7\u00b7\u897f\u79d1\u723e<\/p><p>\u963f\u723e\u8afe\u00b7\u8c9d\u723e\u7d0d\u8857\u5340\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e3b\u5e2d\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u8a9e\u7a2e\u8ad6\u58c7\u7b56\u5283\u4eba<\/p><p>2019\u5e74\u6625\u5929<\/p><p><strong>\u4ea8\u5229<\/strong><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>\u6885\u8096\u5c3c\u514b\u7684\u5c0e\u8b80<\/strong><\/p><p>1789 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\u00a0\u4e00\u65e6\u6211\u5011\u8a8d\u8b58\u5230\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u8a9e\u7a2e\u7684\u6d88\u5931\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7531\u65bc\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u6bc0\u6ec5\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7531\u65bc\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5d29\u6f70\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u5f88\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u4fdd\u8b77\u8a9e\u7a2e\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u8a9e\u7a2e\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u800c\u5fc5\u7136\u662f\u5c0d\u8a9e\u8a00\u7406\u8ad6\u3001\u601d\u60f3\u884c\u70ba\u7406\u8ad6\u3001\u502b\u7406\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u4e4b\u9593\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u3002<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e5d\u689d<\/strong> \u00a0\u5982\u679c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u9019\u7a2e\u6574\u9ad4\u8a8d\u8b58\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u7406\u6027\u5206\u985e\u7684\u7570\u8cea\u6027\u5c07\u5728\u7d71\u6cbb\u4e2d\u5f97\u4ee5\u4fdd\u6301\u3002\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u50c5\u6709\u502b\u7406\u7684\u8a71\u662f\u7121\u80fd\u70ba\u529b\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u8a71\u5247\u6703\u8b93\u6b0a\u529b\u8086\u610f\u5984\u70ba\uff0c\u85dd\u8853\u7684\u6771\u897f\u4e0d\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u70ba\u8a9e\u7a2e\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u9632\u79a6\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u8a9e\u7a2e\u6dea\u70ba\u4ea4\u6d41\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u7528\u65bc\u50b3\u64ad\u4e26\u627c\u6bba\u5176\u4ed6\u50b3\u64ad\u7d93\u6fdf-\u653f\u6cbb\u6b0a\u529b\u3002<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>\u7b2c\u4e09\u5341\u689d<\/strong> \u00a0\u5f9e\u9019\u4e00\u9023\u4e32\u7684\u7406\u7531\u4e2d\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u662f\uff1a\u4fdd\u8b77\u8a9e\u7a2e\u4e0d\u662f\u7528\u8a9e\u7a2e\u601d\u7dad\u4fdd\u8b77\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7528\u4e00\u7a2e\u4f7f\u5176\u6210\u70ba\u8a9e\u8a00\u601d\u7dad\u7684\u70cf\u6258\u90a6\u7684\u806f\u7e6b\uff0c\u4e00\u7a2e\u5c07\u8a9e\u8a00\u3001\u85dd\u8853\u3001\u502b\u7406\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u806f\u7e6b\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u6574\u9ad4\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u63db\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8a9e\u8a00\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u7fa9\u52d9\u6559\u5b78\u3002\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\uff0c\u4f46\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5c31\u662f\u5c07\u6096\u8ad6\u8f49\u5316\u70ba\u672a\u4f86\u7684\u771f\u7406\u3002<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u8a9e\u8a00\u8ad6\u58c7\u4e0a\u5ba3\u8b80\u7684\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u767c\u8868\u65bc<em>Linha Imaginot<\/em>\uff08GRQM \u5b63\u520a\uff09\u7b2c 66 \u671f\uff082006 \u5e74 6 \u6708\uff09\u3002<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u4e16\u754c\u8a9e\u7a2e\u8ad6\u58c7\u7531\u963f\u723e\u8afe\u00b7\u8c9d\u723e\u7d0d\u8857\u5340\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u5fc3\u8209\u8fa6\uff1awww.arnaud-bernard.net<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a9 CARREFOUR CULTUREL ARNAUD-BERNARD<\/p><p>carrefourculturel@arnaud-bernard.net<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u8a3b\u89e3<\/p><p>[1] \u8b6f\u8005\u8a3b\uff1a\u539f\u6587\u70ba\u300cles Langues et le Langage\u300d\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u6f22\u8a9e\u4e2d\u9019\u5169\u500b\u55ae\u5b57\u90fd\u5c0d\u61c9\u300c\u8a9e\u8a00\u300d\uff0c\u70ba\u4f5c\u5340\u5206\uff0c\u8b6f\u8005\u6839\u64da\u6587\u7ae0\u610f\u601d\u5c07langue\u8b6f\u4f5c\u8a9e\u7a2e\uff0c\u5c07langage\u8b6f\u4f5c\u8a9e\u8a00\u3002\u5982\u82e5\u8b6f\u932f\uff0c\u8acb\u4e0d\u541d\u8cdc\u6559\u3002<\/p><p>[2] \u8b6f\u8005\u8a3b\uff1a\u539f\u6587\u70ba\u300cla bonne conscience des truismes accomplis\u300d\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u672a\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u53e5\u610f\uff0c\u8b6f\u8005\u6839\u64da\u8a5e\u5f59\u610f\u601d\u5c0d\u53e5\u5b50\u9032\u884c\u76f4\u8b6f\u3002\u5982\u82e5\u8b6f\u932f\uff0c\u8acb\u4e0d\u541d\u8cdc\u6559\u3002<\/p><p>[3] \u8b6f\u8005\u8a3b\uff1a\u539f\u6587\u70ba\u300c[&#8230;]qui font qu&rsquo;on attribue \u00e0 la langue ce qui s&rsquo;est fait en elle et parfois aussi, po\u00e9tiquement, contre elle\u300d\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u672a\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u53e5\u610f\uff0c\u8b6f\u8005\u6839\u64da\u8a5e\u5f59\u610f\u601d\u5c0d\u53e5\u5b50\u9032\u884c\u76f4\u8b6f\u3002\u5982\u82e5\u8b6f\u932f\uff0c\u8acb\u4e0d\u541d\u8cdc\u6559\u3002<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"11\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-20811\" aria-expanded=\"false\">CHINOIS SIMPLIFI\u00c9<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-20811\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"11\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-20811\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><p><strong>Traduction en chinois simplifi\u00e9 par Xinmin XIAO<\/strong><\/p><p>\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u5bf9\u4ea8\u5229\u00b7\u6885\u8096\u5c3c\u5947\uff08Henri MESCHONNIC\uff09\u7684\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u8bed\u79cd\u548c\u8bed\u8a00<sup>[1]<\/sup>\u8d23\u4efb\u5ba3\u8a00\u7684\u63d0\u6848\u300b\u4e00\u6587\u7684<strong>\u5bfc\u8bfb<\/strong>\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u7528\u591a\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u7ffb\u8bd1\u8be5\u6587\u7684<strong>\u547c\u5401<\/strong>\u3002<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>\u7ffb\u8bd1\u547c\u5401<\/strong><\/p><p>\u4ea8\u5229\u00b7\u6885\u8096\u5c3c\u514b\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u63d0\u6848\u662f\u53d7\u963f\u5c14\u8bfa\u00b7\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\u8857\u533a\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff08\u4f4d\u4e8e\u6cd5\u56fd\u56fe\u5362\u5179\uff09\u59d4\u6258\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u3002\u591a\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e3e\u529e\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u79cd\u8bba\u575b\u201d\uff0c\u8be5\u673a\u6784\u4e00\u76f4\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u5bf9\u8bed\u8a00\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u56fd\u9645\u5ba3\u8a00\u6216\u63d0\u6848\u8fdb\u884c\u6279\u5224\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/p><p>\u6885\u8096\u5c3c\u514b\u57fa\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4e2a\u4eba\u5bf9\u8bed\u79cd\u548c\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u57281994\u5e74\u81f32008\u5e74\u53d7\u9080\u62c5\u4efb\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u79cd\u8bba\u575b\u201d\u4e3b\u8bb2\u4eba\u671f\u95f4\u5bf9\u8be5\u673a\u6784\u53d1\u8d77\u7684\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u79cd\u548c\u6587\u5316\u7684\u6743\u5229\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u6784\u601d\u5e76\u64b0\u5199\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u63d0\u6848\u3002\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u79cd\u548c\u6587\u5316\u7684\u6743\u5229\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\u9879\u76ee\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5bf9\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u4eba\u6743\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u7684\u8865\u5145\uff0c\u5b83\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u5728\u5176\u539f\u7c4d\u56fd\u548c \u201c\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u79cd\u8bba\u575b\u201d\uff08\u81ea\u6d3b\u52a8\u542f\u52a8\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5df2\u6709\u4e00\u767e\u4e94\u5341\u591a\u4e2a\u8bed\u79cd\u4ee3\u8868\u53c2\u52a0\uff09\u91cc\u4ece\u4e8b\u4fdd\u62a4\u548c\u5c55\u793a\u5176\u8bed\u79cd\u548c\u6587\u5316\u7684\u534f\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/p><p>28 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\u00a0\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fde\u4e32\u7684\u7406\u7531\u4e2d\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u662f\uff1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u8bed\u79cd\u4e0d\u662f\u7528\u8bed\u79cd\u601d\u7ef4\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7528\u4e00\u79cd\u4f7f\u5176\u6210\u4e3a\u8bed\u8a00\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u4e4c\u6258\u90a6\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u5c06\u8bed\u8a00\u3001\u827a\u672f\u3001\u4f26\u7406\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8bed\u8a00\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u6559\u5b66\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u4f46\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5c31\u662f\u5c06\u6096\u8bba\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u672a\u6765\u7684\u771f\u7406\u3002<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u8a00\u8bba\u575b\u4e0a\u5ba3\u8bfb\u7684\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u53d1\u8868\u4e8e<em>Linha Imaginot<\/em>\uff08GRQM\u5b63\u520a\uff09\u7b2c 66 \u671f\uff082006 \u5e74 6 \u6708\uff09\u3002<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u79cd\u8bba\u575b\u7531\u963f\u5c14\u8bfa\u00b7\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\u8857\u533a\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e3e\u529e\uff1awww.arnaud\u2014bernard.net<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a9 CARREFOUR CULTUREL ARNAUD\u2014BERNARD<\/p><p>carrefourculturel@arnaud\u2014bernard.net<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u6ce8\u91ca<\/p><p>[1] \u8bd1\u8005\u6ce8\uff1a\u539f\u6587\u4e3a\u201cles Langues et le Langage\u201d\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u6c49\u8bed\u4e2d\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u5355\u8bcd\u90fd\u5bf9\u5e94\u201c\u8bed\u8a00\u201d\uff0c\u4e3a\u4f5c\u533a\u5206\uff0c\u8bd1\u8005\u6839\u636e\u6587\u7ae0\u610f\u601d\u5c06\u201clangue\u201d\u8bd1\u4f5c\u8bed\u79cd\uff0c\u5c06\u201clangage\u201d\u8bd1\u4f5c\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\u5982\u82e5\u8bd1\u9519\uff0c\u8bf7\u4e0d\u541d\u8d50\u6559\u3002<\/p><p>[2] \u8bd1\u8005\u6ce8\uff1a\u539f\u6587\u4e3a\u201cla bonne conscience des truismes accomplis\u201d\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u672a\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u53e5\u610f\uff0c\u8bd1\u8005\u6839\u636e\u8bcd\u6c47\u610f\u601d\u5bf9\u53e5\u5b50\u8fdb\u884c\u76f4\u8bd1\u3002\u5982\u82e5\u8bd1\u9519\uff0c\u8bf7\u4e0d\u541d\u8d50\u6559\u3002<\/p><p>[3] \u8bd1\u8005\u6ce8\uff1a\u539f\u6587\u4e3a\u201c[&#8230;]qui font qu&rsquo;on attribue \u00e0 la langue ce qui s&rsquo;est fait en elle et parfois aussi, po\u00e9tiquement, contre elle\u201d\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u672a\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u53e5\u610f\uff0c\u8bd1\u8005\u6839\u636e\u8bcd\u6c47\u610f\u601d\u5bf9\u53e5\u5b50\u8fdb\u884c\u76f4\u8bd1\u3002\u5982\u82e5\u8bd1\u9519\uff0c\u8bf7\u4e0d\u541d\u8d50\u6559\u3002<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2d170fcd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2d170fcd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d886eb0\" data-id=\"d886eb0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa5d5d8 elementor-align-right elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"aa5d5d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-xs\" href=\"#Haut\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-arrow-up\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>APPEL \u00c0 LA TRADUCTION T\u00e9l\u00e9charger le texte de\u00a0L&rsquo;appel \u00e0 la traduction\u00a0(format PDF)\u00a0 FRAN\u00c7AIS GALICIEN ALBANAIS ARABE ANGLAIS JAPONAIS BR\u00c9SILIEN H\u00c9BREU ITALIEN CHINOIS TRADITIONNEL CHINOIS SIMPLIFI\u00c9 FRAN\u00c7AIS INTRODUCTION \u00e0 la lecture de la Proposition d\u2019Henri MESCHONNICPour une D\u00e9claration sur les Devoirs envers les Langues et le Langage et APPEL \u00e0 sa traduction en 1000 langues (pour 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